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Phonological assimilation
Consonant harmony is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation of consonants, akin to the assimilatory process involving vowels in vowel harmony
Consonant_harmony
Linguistic concept
Vowel–consonant harmony, or consonant–vowel harmony, is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation, akin to the similar assimilatory process
Vowel–consonant_harmony
Sound change in vowels
that are separated by intervening segments (usually consonant segments). In other words, harmony refers to the assimilation of sounds that are not adjacent
Vowel_harmony
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found
Consonant_gradation
Aspect of music
distinguished from harmony. Typically, in the classical common practice period, a dissonant chord (chord with tension) "resolves" to a consonant chord. Harmonization
Harmony
Bantu language of Burundi and adjacent states
deep structure, with the consonant coalescing with the first vowel. Rundi has been shown to have properties of consonant harmony particularly when it comes
Kirundi
Language of Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania
in whether they indicate vowel harmony in writing, as well as whether they write clitics as separate words. Consonants in word-initial position are as
Wolof_language
Type of consonant articulation
A retroflex (/ˈrɛtrəflɛks, -roʊ-/ ) consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between
Retroflex_consonant
Style of vocal music
Vocal harmony is a style of vocal music in which a consonant note or notes are simultaneously sung as a main melody in a predominantly homophonic texture
Vocal_harmony
Type of secondary articulation in speech
secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International
Velarization
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
Assibilation Assimilation Coarticulation (Co-articulated consonant, Secondary articulation) Consonant harmony Crasis Dissimilation Labialisation Language game
Epenthesis
Phenomenon in linguistics
Assibilation Phonological history of English consonant clusters Co-articulated consonant Consonant harmony Crasis Deletion (phonology) Dissimilation Epenthesis
Assimilation_(phonology)
Type of consonant
are attached to words beginning with [n], resulting in nasal vowel-consonant harmony. Despite these examples, no language is known to contrast [r̃] phonemically
Trill_consonant
Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The Middle Chinese consonant 日 ([ȵʑ]; [ʐ] in
Nasalization
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The
Rhotacism
Sound change of vowels assimilating to each other, especially in Germanic languages
vowels get drawn closer together. The phenomenon is also known as vowel harmony, the complete or partial identity of vowels within a domain, typically
Umlaut_(linguistics)
Extinct Karluk Turkic language
inflection. These affect the suffixes that are applied to words. Consonant harmony is relatively less common and only appears in a few suffixes such
Chagatai_language
Sound changes
delimiters. In phonology, fronting is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes fronted, advanced or pronounced further to the front of the vocal
Fronting_(sound_change)
Sound change happening in linguistics
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonant mutation is change in a consonant in a word according to its morphological or syntactic
Consonant_mutation
Music using limited or minimal materials
minimalist music include repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, consonant harmony, and reiteration of musical phrases or smaller units. It may include
Minimal_music
Loss of word-final sounds
the loss of a final vowel, it can also describe the deletion of final consonants or even entire syllables. For instance, in much spoken English, the t
Apocope
Sounds and pronunciation of Catalan
assimilation, and gemination (consonant lengthening); a set of 7 to 8 phonemic vowels, vowel assimilations (including vowel harmony), many phonetic diphthongs
Catalan_phonology
Syllabic separation of two adjacent vowels
of two separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables with no intervening consonant. When two vowel sounds instead occur together as part of a single syllable
Vowel_hiatus
Elision through dissimilation
For if there are no other consonants between the two identical ones (affected by haplology), the vowel after the first consonant is thrown out (ἀμ(φι)φορεύς
Haplology
Topics referred to by the same term
absence of hostility and violence Consonant harmony, in linguistics Vowel harmony, in linguistics Logical harmony, a property of rules of inference within
Harmony_(disambiguation)
Phonetic sound change
phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Sound change within a word that indicates grammatical information
suprafixes, superfixes, or simulfixes. Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonant gradation. Bemba indicates causative verbs
Apophony
Vowel shift
phonology and phonetics, raising is a sound change in which a vowel or consonant becomes higher or raised, meaning that the tongue becomes more elevated
Raising_(sound_change)
Language sound system
actual lexical items and displays of consonant harmony. The consonant phonemes of Navajo are listed below. All consonants are long, compared to English: with
Navajo_phonology
Loss of a sound within a word
vowel of a word was deleted unless it was adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant. Apheresis (linguistics) Apocope Clipping (morphology) Clipping
Syncope_(phonology)
Consonantal change
articulatory phonetics, fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree or duration of stricture. It is the
Fortition
Change in tone contour based on adjacent syllable tones
different tone, and which tone it turns into sometimes depending on the final consonant of the syllable that bears it. Take for example Taiwanese varieties of
Tone_sandhi
Linguistic phenomenon where sounds diverge
of Linguistics, 2nd ed.) Bennett, Wm G. (2015). The Phonology of Consonants: Harmony, Dissimilation and Correspondence. Cambridge University Press. doi:10
Dissimilation_(phonology)
Situational pronunciation of /r/ in non-rhotic varieties of English
Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi phenomena wherein a rhotic consonant is pronounced between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of avoiding a
Linking_and_intrusive_R
Volta-Niger language spoken in Nigeria
non-phonemic, but are frequent due to nasal vowel-consonant harmony. Alerechi (2018) states that the consonants in parentheses occur in the Ọgbakiri dialect
Ikwerre_language
Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
the nature of the preceding sound. If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant (one of /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/), or an affricate (one of /tʃ/, /dʒ/), the
Alternation_(linguistics)
Northern Athabaskan language of British Columbia
and low tone. Chilcotin has vowel flattening and consonant harmony. Consonant harmony (sibilant harmony) is rather common in the Athabaskan language family
Tsilhqotʼin_language
Fictional languages in "Game of Thrones"
use the m-forms for both. When this occurs, the consonant in question experiences consonant harmony, causing the use of what might otherwise be a comitative
Valyrian_languages
Group of consonants without a vowel in between
transcription delimiters. In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel.
Consonant_cluster
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɰ⟩ in IPA
A voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_velar_approximant
Endangered Athabaskan language of Canada
fricative in voicing alternations. There are 9 vowels: Vowel flattening Consonant harmony Vowel nasalization Vowel laxing "Tahitan". Ethnologue (18 ed.). 2015
Tahltan_language
German dialect
develops a vowel to consonant harmony; becomes [ʃ~ʒ] after front vowels and [x~ɣ] after back vowels /g/ also develops this harmony but tends to elide after
Central_Hessian
Pronunciation of a latent word-final consonant immediately before a following vowel sound
liaison (French pronunciation: [ljɛzɔ̃] ) is the pronunciation of a linking consonant between two words in an appropriate phonetic and syntactic context. For
Liaison_(French)
Process by which monophthongs become diphthongs and triphthongs
the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be /u/ (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (such as velar
Vowel_breaking
Type of sound change at morpheme or syllable boundaries
silent final consonants of words before words beginning with vowels) and Italian raddoppiamento fonosintattico (lengthening of initial consonants of words
Sandhi
Vowel sound change
Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus
Monophthongization
Phonological sound change
In linguistics, assibilation is a sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant. It is a form of spirantization and is commonly the final phase of palatalization
Assibilation
Phonological process
final position (at the end of a word) become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa. The process can be written as *C[+ obstruent, +voice] →
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Insertion of a sound at the beginning of a word
changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure. A vowel or consonant added by prothesis is called prothetic or less commonly prosthetic. Prothesis
Prothesis_(linguistics)
Grammatical change of vowels in Indo-European languages
pronunciation may have originally involved the consonantal sounds with a very slight schwa before and/or after the consonant. In pre-vocalic positions, the phonemes
Indo-European_ablaut
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
voiceless in Proto-Afroasiatic. A form of long-distance consonant assimilation known as consonant harmony is attested in Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic:
Afroasiatic_languages
Omission of sounds in words or phrases
or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also
Elision
Khagan of the Northern Yuan Empire
to be a loan, the letter g would (by means of consonant harmony and its interaction with vowel harmony) indicate that the word only contains front vowels
Ligdan_Khan
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus
Connected_speech
Switching the order of sounds
as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis: anemone > **anenome (onset consonants of adjacent syllables) cavalry > **calvary (codas of adjacent syllables)
Metathesis_(linguistics)
Adding sounds to the end of a word
Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus
Paragoge
Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be labialized and are usually transcribed
Labialization
Sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel
articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting
Palatalization_(sound_change)
Loss of the vowel at the beginning of a word
broader sense, it can refer to the loss of any initial sound (including consonants) from a word or, in a less technical sense, to the loss of one or more
Apheresis_(linguistics)
Class of speech sounds
and transcription delimiters. In linguistics, a liquid consonant or simply liquid is a consonant class that consists of rhotics and laterals, which are
Liquid_consonant
Systematic change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language
Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus
Vowel_shift
Type of linguistic sound change
distinctive features merge into a single segment. This can occur both on consonants and in vowels. A word like educate is one that may exhibit fusion: /ˈɛdjʊkeɪt/
Fusion_(phonetics)
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
of a sequence of changes: *[t] first changed to [θ] (like the initial consonant of English thin), which has since yielded [f] and can be represented more
Sound_change
Oghuz Turkic language spoken in Iran
dropped and pronunciation is derived from context and from vowel/consonant harmony rules. In the table below, these vowels are shown with a beige background
Khorasani_Turkic
Sound changes affecting each other
b → p → f dʱ → d → t → θ ɡʱ → ɡ → k → h, x Another is the High German consonant shift which separated Old High German from other West Germanic dialects
Chain_shift
Repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming
either in terms of their vowel phonemes (e.g., lean green meat) or their consonant phonemes (e.g., Kip keeps capes). However, in American usage, assonance
Assonance
Merging of two syllables into one
Final devoicing Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony Dissimilation Sandhi Liaison, linking R Consonant mutation Tone sandhi Vowel hiatus
Synalepha
Consonant sound change
voiceless consonant, causing a consonant to relax occlusion, to lose its place of articulation (a phenomenon called debuccalization, which turns a consonant into
Lenition
Pronouncing "l" sounds as vowels
Modern English, in certain -al- and -ol- sequences before coronal or velar consonants, or at the end of a word or morpheme. In these sequences, /al/ became
L-vocalization
Concept in phonetics
sound, /θ/, is dental. the production of a co-articulated consonant, that is, a consonant with two simultaneous places of articulation. An example of
Coarticulation
Music genre
ambient music such as repetitive patterns or pulses, steady drones, and consonant harmony. Many records were released in Europe and the United States of America
Ambient_music
Phonology of the Turkish language
system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones
Turkish_phonology
Canadian linguist
Studies. Goad's work on child language has shown the prevalence of consonant harmony via primary place of articulation. The influence of her acquisition
Heather_Goad
Simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments
and historical linguistics, cluster reduction is the simplification of consonant clusters in certain environments or over time. Cluster reduction can happen
Cluster_reduction
Musical scale
integers whose factors are 3, 5, and 7. Thus the scale contains consonant harmonies based on the odd harmonic overtones 3:5:7:9 (play). The chord formed
Bohlen–Pierce_scale
System of sounds of the Finnish language
be found in loan words). Word-initial consonant clusters No consonant clusters in native words, various consonant clusters in modern loanwords (e.g. /klinikkɑ/
Finnish_phonology
Aboriginal Australian language
consonant, there are no syllable-initial consonant clusters and no syllable begins with a vowel. After the consonant is a single long or short vowel, which
Warlpiri_language
Grammar of the Uyghur language
articles. The language's inventory of 24 consonants and eight vowels features both vowel harmony and consonant harmony. Nouns are marked for ten cases, in
Uyghur_grammar
Lengthening of vowel sounds in place of a deleted consonant
loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered by consonant loss may be considered
Compensatory_lengthening
Phonological process of sound change
Proto-Indo-European had two vowels separated by the consonant s or y (esu "good"). In Greek, this consonant changed to h (ehu), and was lost between vowels
Synaeresis
Sahaptian language of Northwestern USA
Mouton. Lightner, Theodore (1965). "On the description of vowel and consonant harmony". Word. 21 (2): 244–250. doi:10.1080/00437956.1965.11435427. Rigsby
Nez_Perce_language
Concept in linguistics
the consonants /t/ and /d/ into a quick flap consonant ([ɾ]) in words such as "butter" ([ˈbʌɾɹ]) and "notable" ([ˈnoʊɾəbl]). The stop consonants /t/ and
Phonological_rule
Welsh poet and writer (1914–1953)
that it is a 'difficult enterprise' to find traces of cynghanedd (consonant harmony) or cerdd dafod (tongue-craft) in Thomas's poetry. Instead he believes
Dylan_Thomas
Sound change towards glottal articulation
an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis ([h], [ɦ], or [ʔ]). The pronunciation of a consonant as [h] is
Debuccalization
Extinct language family of California
relatives. The Chumashan languages are well known for their consonant harmony (regressive sibilant harmony). Mithun presents a scholarly synopsis of Chumashan
Chumashan_languages
Class of vowel change
affected vowel by several consonants, or sometimes even by several syllables. For more discussion, see the article on vowel harmony. There are two types:
Metaphony
Music that uses a tuning system outside of 12-TET
and the Etude is based mainly upon this property. The fundamental consonant harmony employed is a minor triad with an added minor seventh. Darreg explains:
Xenharmonic_music
Sounds and pronunciation of the Hungarian language
Hungarian is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal
Hungarian_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Italian language
infrequently produced correctly by children, and are often subject to consonant harmony. In Italian, stress is lexical, meaning it is word-specific and partly
Italian_phonology
Concept in historical linguistics
contrasting two words */sat/ vs. */san/ may evolve historically so that final consonants are dropped, yet the modern language preserves the contrast through the
Transphonologization
Finnic language south of Lake Onega, Russia
leaving palatalization of the preceding consonant (pästi > pästʹ, väti > vätʹ, kolkati > kolkatʹ). Vowel harmony is preserved well (höblötädä, pörüdä, södä)
Veps_language
Phenomenon in phonology
Latin is the rule whereby syllable-final stops, when followed by a nasal consonant, assimilated with it in nasality, while preserving their original point
Phonological_change
colloquial varieties are known for a type of vowel harmony in which the presence of an "emphatic consonant" triggers backed allophones of nearby vowels (especially
Standard_Arabic_phonology
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
languages—additionally use tones to distinguish one word from another, just as consonant and vowel sounds do in all languages. The distinctive tonal patterns of
Tone_(linguistics)
Turkic language
and consonants in the root- vowel harmony rules will apply; consonant-initial suffixes will follow the voiced/ voiceless character of the consonant in
Turkish_language
Phonetic phenomenon
occur where the language etymologically had a pharyngeal or laryngeal consonant. Rhinoglottophilia has been documented elsewhere in Gurage, also. Similar
Rhinoglottophilia
Kipchak Turkic language with Hebrew influences
Trakai Karaim shows harmony in palatalization of consonants. Thus, in any given word, only palatalized or only non-palatalized consonants can be found. Palatalized
Karaim_language
Vowel sound change
English ⟨y⟩ in yes). It is a category of regressive metaphony, or vowel harmony. The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages: it is
I-mutation
Siberian Turkic language spoken in China
with the addition of /e/. Girgis displays vowel harmony as well as consonant harmony. The consonant sounds in Girgis, including allophone variants, are
Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language
Sound change
often before a lateral approximant or historical r, though neither liquid consonant is required for smoothing to occur. Smoothing may also take place across
Triphthong_smoothing
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