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Phonological process
see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Indo-European language
Characteristics not shared with either Old Saxon or Old High German Final obstruent devoicing. This later spread to the other Germanic dialects (as well as
Old_Dutch
West Germanic language phonology
Frisian has final obstruent devoicing and so voiced obstruents are merged with the voiceless obstruents at the end of words. Thus, word-final /b, d, v,
West_Frisian_phonology
Sound changes
world. Final obstruent devoicing is the full devoicing of final obstruents that occurs for some AAVE speakers in Detroit where obstruents are devoiced at
Phonological history of English consonants
Phonological_history_of_English_consonants
Romance language
dialects is pronounced /dʒ/ in standard Valencian. Voiced obstruents undergo final-obstruent devoicing: /b/ > [p], /d/ > [t], /ɡ/ > [k]. Voiced stops become
Catalan_language
Song by Austrian rock band Opus
sometimes mistaken as "Life Is Life": Standard German phonology has final-obstruent devoicing, so that the word "live" sounds like "life". After having released
Live_Is_Life
West Germanic language
grammatical consequences – as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and (similar) word order. Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic;
Dutch_language
Sounds and pronunciation of Catalan
regional pronunciation differences. Catalan is characterized by final-obstruent devoicing, lenition and (in some dialects) fortition of plosives, voicing
Catalan_phonology
Reconstructed ancestor of the Malayic languages
(pronounced the same, an orthographic change), *-D-, *-j- > *-d-. Final-obstruent devoicing of *-b, *-d, and *-g to *-p, *-t, *-k, except in the case of *-D
Proto-Malayic_language
Mnemonic for Dutch language
See Dutch orthography for more information. Because of regular final-obstruent devoicing, the past participle ending is pronounced with a voiceless /t/
't_kofschip
Standard pronunciation of the German language
Standard German, final-obstruent devoicing does not occur and so speakers are more likely to retain the original pronunciation of word-final lenes (although
Standard_German_phonology
Group of languages
of word-final /z/. Only Old High German preserves it at all (as /r/) and only in single-syllable words. Following the later loss of word-final /a/ and
West_Germanic_languages
Phone used to pronounce a single phoneme
plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels
Allophone
Hiatus between prosodic units
case with the final-obstruent devoicing of German, Turkish, Russian, and other languages whose voiced obstruent consonants are devoiced pre-pausa and
Pausa
Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
languages such as French and Czech.) Maltese has final-obstruent devoicing of voiced obstruents and word-final voiceless stops have no audible release, making
Maltese_language
are allowed in syllable onset. No /b/, /d/, /g/ in coda (see final-obstruent devoicing). Historical /ʁ/ in coda has evolved to /w/ in most cases. /h/
Bashkir_phonology
King of the Franks from 481 to 511
The second element corresponds to Middle High German wîc, with final-obstruent devoicing, as in Ludewic. The Middle Dutch form is wijch (modern Dutch wijg
Clovis_I
Turkic language
orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing, a form of consonant mutation whereby the voiced obstruents /b d d͡ʒ ɡ/ are devoiced to /p t t͡ʃ k/ at the
Turkish_language
Language of the Valencian Community
standard), final plosives may assimilate to the voicing of the following vowel (see "plosives"). Voiced obstruents undergo final-obstruent devoicing so that
Valencian_language
West Germanic language of the High and Late Middle Ages
terms, follow the links on the headings. Notes: All obstruents underwent final-obstruent devoicing as in Old and Modern Dutch. During the first part of
Middle_Dutch
Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland
opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called final-obstruent devoicing even though, in the case of German, phonetic voice may not be
Swiss_German
Variety of the English language
labiodental approximant [ʋ], has also been reported. Some degree of final-obstruent devoicing has been reported to occur in Singapore English, though it is
Singapore_English
Phonological system of the Japanese language
Phonemic devoicing like this (which may be marked in spelling) has been argued to be conditioned by the presence of another voiced obstruent. Another
Japanese_phonology
Dialect of Dutch spoken on Ameland
Midslands it is the only dialect of Dutch which does not feature final obstruent devoicing. Jansen, Mathilde, and Marc van Oostendorp, Taal van de Wadden
Amelands
Contact language spoken in Singapore
may be a glottal stop at the end of words like back and out. Final-obstruent devoicing: Word-finally, the distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds
Singlish
Gallo-Romance language spoken primarily in Wallonia
"party, feast"), tchestea (Fr. château "castle"), and so on. Final obstruent devoicing: rodje "red" is pronounced exactly as rotche "rock". Nasal vowels
Walloon_language
Arabic male name
realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans Final-obstruent devoicing principles. Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855), Arab Muslim jurist, theologian
Ahmad
Study of the interaction between morphology and phonology
inflected forms. Similar considerations apply to languages with final obstruent devoicing, in which the isolation form undergoes loss of voicing contrast
Morphophonology
Medieval form of the Catalan Language
the ⟨tz⟩ spelling. Also due to final-obstruent devoicing, word-final instances of /dʒ/ would devoice to /tʃ/ (such as final -⟨ig⟩: puig 'hill', mig 'half')
Old_Catalan
Dialect of the Portuguese language
enunciating very clearly). At the end of a phrase, due to final-obstruent devoicing, they may even be devoiced to [ɸ], [θ], and [x] (for example, verde at the end
European_Portuguese
Phonology of the Turkish language
(except for the exceptions above) No /b, d͡ʒ, d, ɟ, ɡ/ in coda (see Final-obstruent devoicing), except for some recent loanwords such as psikolog and some contrasting
Turkish_phonology
Finnic language south of Lake Onega, Russia
gʹ in Pondala, Voylahta, Nemzha, and Shimozero (gʹono, aggʹ). Final obstruent devoicing in Kuya Veps (sanub > sanup, vellesed > velleset). Unrounding
Veps_language
Non-standard language usage
perceived as nonstandard and instead realized as [ɪɡ̊] or [ɪk] (final obstruent devoicing) even by speakers from dialect areas that pronounce the digraph
Hypercorrection
East Baltic language
apgabals [ˈabɡabals] or labs [ˈlaps]. Latvian does not feature final-obstruent devoicing. Consonants can be long (written as double consonants) mamma [ˈmamːa]
Latvian_language
South Slavic supradialect or language
(including Slovenian, but not Štokavian), Kajkavian exhibits final-obstruent devoicing, however it is not consistently spelled out (cf. Kajkavian vrak
Kajkavian
Phonetic differences that make meaning distinct in a given language
differentiate words due to sound change. For example, due to final-obstruent devoicing, Russian бес ('demon', phonemically /bʲes/) and без ('without'
Phonemic_contrast
Varieties of the Catalan language
(as /u/). Catalan and Valencian dialects are characterised by final-obstruent devoicing, lenition and voicing assimilation. Additionally, many dialects
Catalan_dialects
Consonantal change
fricative [s] to affricate [ts]. Fortis and lenis Consonant mutation Final-obstruent devoicing Grimm's law Historical linguistics Sotho phonology Carr, Philip
Fortition
Overview of English-learners' pronunciation
/t/ even more than General American speakers. Russian exhibits final-obstruent devoicing, which may also be used by speakers in English. Since there are
Non-native pronunciations of English
Non-native_pronunciations_of_English
Scripts used to write the Turkmen language
one letter, as they are pronounced as a single sound. Due to final-obstruent devoicing, native Turkmen words do end in the letters ب b, د d or ج j. Instead
Turkmen_alphabet
Latin letter Z with dot above
⟨rz⟩, except that ⟨rz⟩ (unlike ⟨ż⟩) also undergoes devoicing when preceded by a voiceless obstruent. The difference in spelling comes from their historical
Ż
Extinct East Frisian variety
other Germanic languages, Wangerooge Frisian did not undergo final-obstruent devoicing. The cluster /hw/ was simplified from Old Frisian to a simple
Wangerooge_Frisian
Ripuarian dialect
The Kerkrade dialect features final-obstruent devoicing, which means that the underlying /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, ɣ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k, f, s, ʃ, χ ~ ç]
Kerkrade_dialect
are neutralized by voicing, but Serbo-Croatian does not exhibit final-obstruent devoicing as most other Slavic languages do. Assimilation is practically
Serbo-Croatian_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Polish language
followed by a voiced obstruent (even across a word boundary), in accordance with the rules given under § Voicing and devoicing below. For example, klechda
Polish_phonology
Orthography of the Catalan language
she buzzes', hertz 'hertz' - see final-obstruent devoicing). Etymological final ⟨g⟩ after i /d͡ʒ/ is also devoiced to [t͡ʃ] (e.g. mig 'half'). See also
Catalan_orthography
Japanese language feature
former of which is said to regulate pitch but to still be active during devoicing, while the latter is said to cause pitch falls, in words where the accented
Japanese_pitch_accent
The Kerkrade dialect features final-obstruent devoicing, which means that the underlying /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʒ, ɣ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k, f, s, ʃ, χ ~ ç]
Kerkrade_dialect_phonology
Morphology and syntax of Catalan
("ugly") Loss of n: pla/plana ("flat") vs. segon/segona ("second") Final obstruent devoicing: sentit/sentida ("felt") vs. dit/dita ("said") vs. fred/freda
Catalan_grammar
Sound system of the French language
default realisation, complemented by a devoiced variant [χ] in the positions before or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See French
French_phonology
System of writing the Silesian language
pronounced /pʂi'xɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ/ Consonants are also devoiced at the end of a word, known as final-obstruent devoicing. miydź is pronounced /mjɪt͡ɕ/ Rarely, ⟨rz⟩
Silesian_orthography
Phonetic sound change
applies also to borrowings, not only to native lexicon: snob [znɔb]. Final devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Pronunciation history of the Western Romance language
[ˈpe(j)ʒˈβɔ]. (The same final-obstruent devoicing occurs in all of the Western Romance languages to the extent that obstruents become final, but this is fairly
Phonological history of Catalan
Phonological_history_of_Catalan
Form of the Latin script used to write Czech language
"raised alveolar trill". All the obstruent consonants are subject to voicing (before voiced obstruents except ⟨v⟩) or devoicing (before voiceless consonants
Czech_orthography
Features distinctive of Swiss Standard German that distinguish it from Standard German
French). /b d g z/ are voiceless lenes [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥] There is no final-obstruent devoicing. /v/ is pronounced as an approximant [ʋ]; in some words, it is
Helvetism
Phenomenon in linguistics
is no longer the structure /bt/ subject to the partial assimilation of devoicing of /b/ and full assimilation to produce [tt]. Over time, phonetic [tt]
Assimilation_(phonology)
Rhaeto-Romance language of northeast Italy
before obstruents a sibilant fricative can appear before either a plosive or affricate obstruents in word final become voiceless Final devoicing is common
Ladin_language
Term used in phonetics and phonology
International Phonetic Alphabet have a notation for partial voicing and devoicing as well as for prevoicing: Partial voicing can mean light but continuous
Voice_(phonetics)
Sounds and pronunciation of the Russian language
before obstruents (except for /v/, and /vʲ/ when followed by a vowel or sonorant). The voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in
Russian_phonology
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
not adjacent to another obstruent. Thus, two-obstruent combinations like kt, st and tk did not undergo lenition, nor did obstruent-sonorant combinations
Consonant_gradation
Sounds and pronunciation of the Burmese language
ha-to to indicate devoicing: ⟨မှ နှ ညှ ငှ လှ ရှ ယှ ဝှ⟩ /m̥ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ l̥ ʃ ʃ ʍ/, although as noted above, /ʍ/ is incredibly rare. Devoicing in Burmese is not
Burmese_phonology
Variety of Spanish language
[raxːo] 'feature'. This kind of devoicing is less widespread, geographically and socially, than simple assimilation. Final /s/ may also become [ɹ] (where
Andalusian_Spanish
Unified set of pronunciation rules for German
rather than the standard [ˈpsyːçə]. As in Standard German, syllable-final obstruents written with the letters used also for syllable-initial lenis sounds
Bühnendeutsch
Rhenish phonetic writing system
most dialects follow the German, and Lower Franconian, rule of final-obstruent devoicing, voiced consonants cannot, or hardly ever, appear at the end of
Rheinische_Dokumenta
Phonology of the Esperanto language
generally ignored regressive devoicing in words such as absurda, progressive devoicing tends to go unnoticed within obstruent–sonorant clusters, as in plua
Esperanto_phonology
Japanese dialect
way as both the moraic nasal and obstruent do not. Devoicing or deletion of high vowels can also trigger devoicing of the fricative /z/, so that 火事 /kʷazi/
Kagoshima_dialect
pě = vje, fje, bje, pje; mě = mňe. Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian. ř after obstruent is itself devoiced rather than trigger voicing: přímý
Slavic_vocabulary
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
cluster was devoiced, and the first obstruent also lost its labialisation, if it was present. Most examples of this occurred with obstruents preceded by
Grimm's_law
Phonology of the Dutch language
syllabic uvular nasal, as in lagen and/or lachen [ˈlaːχɴ̩] Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words, which is partly reflected in the spelling
Dutch_phonology
Consonant preceded by strong burst of air
the closure of a voiceless obstruent, basically an [h]-like sound preceding the obstruent. In other words, when an obstruent is preaspirated, voicing stops
Preaspiration
Sound systems of the Bulgarian language
from Serbo-Croatian and Ukrainian, Bulgarian features word-final devoicing of obstruents, unless the following word begins with a voiced consonant. Thus
Bulgarian_phonology
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
*amsaz, *mimzą, *gans; questionably *samdaz. Nasal + obstruent + w: *sinkwaną, *singwaną. Two obstruents: *aspō, *fastuz, *fiskaz, *aftanē, *wafsō, *ahtōu
Proto-Germanic_language
Hypothesis of phonological analysis
is preserved elsewhere. For example, in languages with final devoicing, a word-final obstruent may surface voiceless while related forms show a voiced
Underlying_representation
Algonquian language of the Midwestern US
intervocalic clusters permitted are -hC- and -NC-, where C is a non-glottal obstruent /p t tʃ k s ʃ/ and N is a homorganic nasal. -hC- clusters are described
Miami–Illinois_language
Sound system of the Korean language
understand. Velar obstruents found in final position: ㄱ g, ㄲ kk, ㅋ k Final coronal obstruents: ㄷ d, ㅌ t, ㅅ s, ㅆ ss, ㅈ j, ㅊ ch Final labial obstruents: ㅂ b, ㅍ p
Korean_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Luxembourgish language
of the former, unless a word-initial vowel follows in which case the obstruent is voiced and are resyllabified, that is, moved to the onset of the first
Luxembourgish_phonology
Standard Dutch, Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect devoices all obstruents at the ends of words. Morpheme-final /p, t, k/ may be voiced if a voiced plosive or
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology
Phonetic changes in the French language
[loˈɣaːre] > French louer, rūga > French rue Obstruents are devoiced when final or when followed by a voiceless obstruent, including after vowel loss. /s/ is affricated
Phonological history of French
Phonological_history_of_French
roztok [rostok] ('solution'). Voiced obstruents are realized voiceless in the pre-pausal position (final devoicing). Compare led [lɛt] ('ice') – ledu [lɛdu]
Czech_phonology
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
of impossible clusters resulting from syncope and final-vowel deletion: Adjacent homorganic obstruents where either sound was a fricative became a geminate
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Systematic change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language
onsets of /aj/ and /aw/ raise to mid vowels when they precede voiceless obstruents (the sounds /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, and /f/). Canadian pronunciation of "about"
Vowel_shift
Sound system of Spanish
learners. In Standard European Spanish, the voiced obstruents /b, d, ɡ/ before a pause are devoiced and laxed to [β̥˕, ð̥˕, ɣ̊˕] ([ɸ, θ, x]), as in club
Spanish_phonology
Phonology of the Irish language
obstruent or /w/ comes into contact with /h/, the /h/ is absorbed into the other sound, which then becomes voiceless (in the case of /w/, devoicing is
Irish_phonology
Language of Papua New Guinea
than /ʎ/ tend toward final devoicing. For example, final /d/ is [ntʰ] and final /l/ tends to [ɬ]. (/w/ and /j/ do not occur in final position, while nasals
Kobon_language
Siberian Turkic language of Gansu, China
morpheme-final, especially after an obstruent. /ɯ/ is generally [ɯ] when in a word-initial syllable and [ɯ̞̈] in a word-final syllable, except when word-final
Western_Yugur_language
Consonant sound change
Catalan is among numerous Romance languages with diachronic word-final devoicing (frigidus > */ˈfɾɛd/ > fred [ˈfɾɛt]. Fortition also occurs in Catalan
Lenition
Extinct Uto-Aztecan language of Kern County, California, US
with a corresponding alternately voiced phoneme present for almost every obstruent. Tübatulabal voiceless consonants are unaspirated, like those in English
Tübatulabal_language
Pronunciation and sounds of Old English
additional two-obstruent coda clusters may rarely occur: /fs/ was normally replaced with /ps/, but there are some variant spellings with final ⟨fs⟩, such
Old_English_phonology
Branch of the Chinese language family
of the Middle Chinese initial, while rising tone syllables with voiced obstruent initials have shifted to the departing tone. The following examples from
Mandarin_Chinese
several other Slavic languages, Ukrainian does not have final devoicing for most obstruents, as can be seen, for example, in віз "cart", which is pronounced
Ukrainian_phonology
Southwestern Mandarin dialects
shown in red. Guiliu Mandarin generally follows the devoicing pattern of Middle Chinese voiced obstruents of other Mandarin varieties. In the 平 píng tone
Gui-Liu_Mandarin
Aboriginal Australian language
the process is not final vowel devoicing, but rather stressed vowel lengthening accompanied by final vowel devoicing — except in the case of words such
Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
and feminine nouns. This ending would cause devoicing, delabialisation and/or hardening of the stem-final consonant, as seen in *sniks above. Neuter nouns
Proto-Italic_language
Sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel
consonant or front vowel. In southwestern Romance, clusters of a voiceless obstruent with /l/ were palatalized once or twice. This first palatalization was
Palatalization_(sound_change)
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA
Velde, Hans Van de; Gerritsen, Marinel; Hout, Roeland van (1996). "The Devoicing of Fricatives in Standard Dutch. A Real-time study based on radio recordings"
Voiced_velar_fricative
Kipchak Turkic language
back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Voiced obstruents syllable-finally become devoiced, as normally indicated in the orthography. /ŋ/ can never
Kazakh_language
System of sounds of the Estonian language
only obstruents can be long, other consonants are always short. In consonant clusters, voiced plosives are devoiced when next to another obstruent. That
Estonian_phonology
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJorden1952 (help) Bauer, Michael. "Final devoicing or Why does naoidh sound like Nɯiç?". Akerbeltz. Retrieved 11 December
Voiceless_palatal_fricative
Sounds and pronunciation of the Swedish language
fricated near fricatives. Preaspiration of medial and final fortis stops, including the devoicing of preceding sonorants, is common, though its length
Swedish_phonology
North American aboriginal language
falling tone. Obstruents are devoiced in two environments: in syllable-final position and following a voiceless obstruent. Voiced stops are devoiced in syllable-final
Kiowa_language
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