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Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, are protein-like, often cross-linked molecules formed abiotically from amino acids. Sidney W. Fox initially proposed
Proteinoid
Aqueous phase rich in macromolecules
later borrowed by Russian biologist Alexander I. Oparin to describe the proteinoid microspheres proposed to be primitive cells (protocells) on early Earth
Coacervate
Biological kingdom
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Animal
Domain of microorganisms
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Bacteria
American biochemist (1912–1998)
called "proteinoids" from inorganic molecules and thermal energy, and created what he thought was the world's first protocell out of proteinoids and water
Sidney_W._Fox
Kingdom of organisms
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Plant
Matter with biological processes
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Life
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Mitochondria
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Eukaryote
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Virus
Oldest cultured human cell line (1951)
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
HeLa
Life that has no cellular structure
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Non-cellular_life
Biological process
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Cell_division
Proposed alternative scenarios related to abiogenesis
1960s that proteinoids could form cell-like structures named "proteinoid microspheres". The amino acids had combined to form proteinoids, which formed
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios
Domain of organisms
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Archaea
Family of retrotransposons
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Retrozyme
Pathogenic small single-stranded circular RNA
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Viroid
Pathogenic type of misfolded protein
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Prion
Phylogenetic group described in January 2024
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Obelisk_(biology)
Cancer capable of infecting other individuals
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Clonally_transmissible_cancer
Family of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Halspiviridae
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Fungus
Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
selection. Partitioning may have begun from cell-like spheroids formed by proteinoids, which are observed by heating amino acids with phosphoric acid as a
Evolution_of_cells
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Plastid
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Protist
Unique single-celled organism of uncertain taxonomy
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Parakaryon
Proline Propionic acid Prostaglandins Protamine Protease Proteasome Protein Proteinoid Purine Putrescine Pyrethrin Pyridoxine or pyridoxamine (Vitamin B6) Pyrimidine
List_of_biomolecules
Soviet biochemist (1894–1980)
origin of life from carbon-based molecules, 1924) Microsphere Oparin Medal Proteinoid Sidney W. Fox Stanley Miller Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aleksandr
Alexander_Oparin
and to globules of coloured pigments and what Herrera described as a “proteinoid condensation product”. It was appreciated that Herrera used starting products
Sulphobes
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Spherical particle larger than nano particles but smaller than sand particles
upon exposure to moderate heat. When the resulting polypeptides, or proteinoids, were dissolved in hot water and the solution allowed to cool, they formed
Microparticle
Small DNA molecule within a cell
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Plasmid
American scientist (1930–2007)
of Life in 2008. Abiogenesis Alexander Oparin Biochemistry Microsphere Proteinoid Sidney W. Fox Antonio Lazcano Joan Oró "Biography 26: Stanley Lloyd Miller
Stanley_Miller
Tumor cell
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Cancer_cell
Rock and sediment microstructure
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Nanobe
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Earliest_known_life_forms
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Riboviria
DNA sequence that jumps/transposes within a genome
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Transposable_element
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Self-replication
Unclassified/poorly understood genetics
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Biological_dark_matter
Genus of bacteria
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Nanobacterium
Cellular process of protein synthesis
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Translation_(biology)
Branch of environmental chemistry
what is termed albuminoid nitrogen or nitrogen still within an organic proteinoid molecule. The differing forms of nitrogen are relatively stable in most
Freshwater environmental quality parameters
Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters
Prion that infects fungal hosts
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Fungal_prion
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Duplodnaviria
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Singelaviria
Biological process
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
DNA_replication
DNA that does not code for proteins
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Non-coding_DNA
Family of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Finnlakeviridae
Branch of virology
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Synthetic_virology
DNA-based cloning vector
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Phagemid
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Transpoviron
Synthetic viral vector
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Helper_dependent_virus
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Transcription_(biology)
Viral parasites of giant viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Virophage
Catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Telomerase reverse transcriptase
Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Adnaviria
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Varidnaviria
RNA molecule chain
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Spiegelman's_Monster
Cell organelle in a few species
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Mitosome
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Bio-like_structure
RNA family
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Retron
Virus-derived DNA in another organism
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Endogenous_viral_element
Type of RNA molecules
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Ribozyme
Subviral agent which depends on a helper virus for its replication
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Satellite_(biology)
Defective viral particles
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Defective interfering particle
Defective_interfering_particle
Israeli chemist
6b12821. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 28005334. S. Margel, M, Kolitz Domb, et.al. "Proteinoid compounds, process of preparing same and uses thereof". US patent application
Shlomo_Margel
Class of membrane-less organelles within biological cells
These ideas strongly influenced the subsequent work of Sidney W. Fox on proteinoid microspheres. When cell biologists largely abandoned colloidal phase separation
Biomolecular_condensate
Type of hybrid plasmid
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Fosmid
Adjacent repeated pattern of nucleotides within DNA
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Tandem_repeat
Type of hybrid plasmid
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Cosmid
Mobile genetic elements
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Integrative and conjugative element
Integrative_and_conjugative_element
DNA region replicating from a single origin
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Replicon_(genetics)
Synthetic proto-cells model
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Jeewanu
Sequence in a genome
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Origin_of_replication
Genus of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Deltasatellite
Circular single-stranded RNA(s) dependent on viruses for replication
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Virusoid
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Diversity-generating retroelement
Diversity-generating_retroelement
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Protocell
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
ancestor Earliest known life forms ?RNA life Ribozyme †Protocell Coacervate Proteinoid Sulphobe Research Model lipid bilayer Jeewanu See also Organism Cell Cell
Hydrogenosome
Realm of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Ribozyviria
Genetic element
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Retroposon
translocation - protein-tyrosine kinase - protein-tyrosine-phosphatase - proteinoid - proteomics - protirelin - proto-oncogene - proto-oncogene proteins -
Index of biochemistry articles
Index_of_biochemistry_articles
Genus of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Betasatellite
Family of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Thaspiviridae
Family of viruses
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Ovaliviridae
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Model_lipid_bilayer
Family of satellites
conjugative element Jeewanu Phagemid Plasmid Episome Prion Fungal prion Proteinoid microsphere Retroelements not elsewhere classified Retron Diversity-generating
Tolecusatellitidae
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