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The interacting boson model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons (protons or neutrons) pair up, essentially acting as a single particle
Interacting_boson_model
Model of the atomic nucleus
shell model basis of the elegant and successful interacting boson model. A model derived from the nuclear shell model is the alpha particle model developed
Nuclear_shell_model
Italian nuclear engineer and theoretical physicist
He and his collaborator Akito Arima are the creators of the "interacting boson model". Iachello attained a doctorate in 1964 as a nuclear technology
Francesco_Iachello
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary
W_and_Z_bosons
Structure of the atomic nucleus
analytically. The interacting boson model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons are represented as pairs, each of them acting as a boson particle
Nuclear_structure
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
Aage Bohr and Ben Roy Mottelson modelled non-spherical nuclei Nuclear medicine Radioactivity Interacting boson model 26,634 derives from 2 x 156 pm /
Atomic_nucleus
Japanese politician (1930–2020)
Japanese nuclear physicist, politician, and haiku poet, known for the interacting boson model. Arima was born 1930 in Osaka. He studied at the University of
Akito_Arima
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted with great accuracy
Standard_Model
Chinese physicist
research of nuclear shell structure, many-body theory, and the interacting boson model. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yang_Liming
Topics referred to by the same term
disease Injection blow molding, blow molding manufacturing process Interacting boson model, in nuclear physics International Brotherhood of Magicians itty
IBM_(disambiguation)
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
particle physics theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson that couples to (interacts with) particles whose mass arises from
Higgs_boson
Elementary particles that are force carriers
theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All
Gauge_boson
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
complicated models for the nucleus have also been proposed, such as the interacting boson model, in which pairs of neutrons and protons interact as bosons. Ab
Nuclear_physics
Class of subatomic particle
physics, a boson (/ˈboʊzɒn/ /ˈboʊsɒn/) is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2, ...). The class of bosons is one of
Boson
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Primordial_nuclide
Restricted model of non-universal quantum computation
particles", thus generating "an equation in many unknowns." Boson sampling is a restricted model of non-universal quantum computation introduced by Scott
Boson_sampling
Israeli nuclear physicist (1925–2026)
mappings required to connect the interacting-boson model with its shell-model roots and in the introduction of the boson F-spin analog to nucleon isospin
Igal_Talmi
Dissipation in quantum systems
sometimes referred in the literature as the spin-boson model, and it is closely related to the Jaynes–Cummings model. The Hamiltonian for the dissipative two-level
Quantum_dissipation
Subatomic particle having no substructure
composed of other particles. The Standard Model recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color
Elementary_particle
Force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms
massive bosons (mesons) mediate the interaction between two nucleons. In light of quantum chromodynamics (QCD)—and, by extension, the Standard Model—meson
Nuclear_force
Subatomic particle with positive charge
complicated, because they are determined by the quarks' exchanging gluons, and interacting with various vacuum condensates. Lattice QCD provides a way of calculating
Proton
American theoretical physicist (1927–2003)
In the 1980s he occupied himself with, among other things, the interacting boson model, and in the 1970s with quantum field theory in strong fields (with
Abraham_Klein_(physicist)
Type of radioactive decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Proton_emission
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
while bosons have integer spin. All the elementary particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012
List_of_particles
Atomic species
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Nuclide
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
electrons (the Rutherford model). Niels Bohr improved upon this in 1913 by reconciling the quantum behavior of electrons (the Bohr model). In 1928, George Gamow
Nuclear_fission
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
pion most often decays into two photons. Many other hadrons and massive bosons also decay electromagnetically. High energy physics experiments, such as
Gamma_ray
Hungarian-American physicist and inventor (1898–1964)
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Leo_Szilard
Type of radioactive decay
barrier and appearing on the other side to escape the nucleus. Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship
Alpha_decay
Formula to approximate nuclear mass based on nucleon counts
our model not being accurate: nucleons in fact interact with each other and are not spread evenly across the nucleus. For example, in the shell model, a
Semi-empirical_mass_formula
particle physics, composite Higgs models (CHM) are speculative extensions of the Standard Model (SM) where the Higgs boson is a bound state of new strong
Composite_Higgs_models
Type of radioactive decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Positron_emission
Nuclide produced by radioactive conversion from other nuclide
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Radiogenic_nuclide
Type of radioactive decay
weak force allows a quark to change its flavour by means of a virtual W boson leading to creation of an electron/antineutrino or positron/neutrino pair
Beta_decay
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every
Supersymmetry
Process where an excited nucleus ejects an orbital electron from its atom
electrons plots as a single sharp peak (see example below). In the quantum model of the electron, there is non-zero probability of finding the electron within
Internal_conversion
Type of radioactive decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Neutron_emission
Atoms of different elements with the same number of nucleons
small A. This effect is also predicted (qualitatively) by other nuclear models and has important consequences. The Mattauch isobar rule states that if
Isobar_(nuclide)
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Archived 2018-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Interactive Chart of Nuclides (National Nuclear Data Center) Interactive Chart of the nuclides, isotopes and Periodic
Isotope
Mathematics of a particle physics model
fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent;
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Prediction in nuclear physics
in the vicinity of the predicted closed neutron shell at N = 184. These models strongly suggest that the closed shell will confer further stability towards
Island_of_stability
Form of radioactive decay
difficult to reproduce the full behaviour. The semi-classical liquid-drop model provides a primarily qualitative description of the phenomenology by treating
Spontaneous_fission
Different nuclides with the same neutron number
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Isotone
Mechanism in 1+1 dimensional field theories
by which a system of interacting fermions in (1+1) dimensions can be transformed to a system of massless, non-interacting bosons. The method of bosonization
Bosonization
Processes in astrophysics
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
P-process
Nucleosynthesis pathway
model of the s-process and remained so until the details of AGB-star nucleosynthesis became sufficiently advanced that they became a standard model for
S-process
Most basic type of physical force
weak interaction, and the Higgs boson. In the Higgs mechanism, the Higgs field manifests Higgs bosons that interact with some quantum particles in a
Fundamental_interaction
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
forms of the cross-section can be derived through nuclear physics-based models and R-matrix theory. The Naval Research Lab's plasma physics formulary gives
Nuclear_fusion
Nuclear physicist (born 1943)
calculations, the development of new sum rules, and insights into the Interacting Boson Model. In related research, he also used the simulated annealing method
Shalom_Shlomo
Atomic nucleus of three bound components with no paired binding
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Borromean_nucleus
Feebly interacting particles (FIPs) are subatomic particles defined by having extremely suppressed interactions with the Standard Model (SM) bosons and /
Feebly_interacting_particle
Unified description of electromagnetism and the weak interaction
associated Higgs mechanism. In the Standard Model, the observed physical particles, the W± and Z0 bosons, and the photon, are produced through the spontaneous
Electroweak_interaction
Australian physicist
methods and the solution of spectrum generating algebras (interacting boson model, vibron model) using the 1/N expansion method, and their application to
Serdar_Kuyucak
Subatomic particle with no charge
lighter up quark can be achieved by the emission of a W boson. By this process, the Standard Model description of beta decay, the neutron decays into a proton
Neutron
Transformation of a nuclide to another
cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle, and they then separate without changing
Nuclear_reaction
System of interacting nucleons
Nuclear matter is an idealized system of interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons) that exists in several phases of exotic matter that, as of yet, are
Nuclear_matter
Energy needed to remove a specified particle from an atom's nucleus
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Separation_energy
Nuclear physics classification method
Even-mass-number nuclides, which comprise 150/251 = ~60% of all stable nuclides, are bosons, i.e., they have integer spins. 145 of the 150 are even-proton, even-neutron
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Decay_energy
Intersection of nuclear physics and high-energy physics
The outcome of such collisions is production of very many strongly interacting particles. In August 2012 ALICE scientists announced that their experiments
High-energy_nuclear_physics
State of matter
form, the origin of superfluidity can be seen from the weakly interacting bosons model. As in many other systems, vortices can exist in BECs. Vortices
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Theories trying to extend known physics
particles predicted by the Standard Model has been confirmed. The Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model's explanation of the Higgs mechanism,
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model
Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Mass_number
the existence of neutral weak currents, mediated by the Z boson foreseen in the standard model, the physicists Salam, Glashow and Weinberg received the
History_of_subatomic_physics
Characterization of nuclide stability
hypothesis for the island of stability is based upon the nuclear shell model, which implies that the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells" in a manner
Valley_of_stability
Ratio of neutrons to protons in an atomic nucleus
energy is at a local minimum or close to a minimum. From the liquid drop model, this bonding energy is approximated by empirical Bethe–Weizsäcker formula
Neutron–proton_ratio
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
can be treated as a continuous variable. Differential calculus is used to model the behaviour of nuclear decay. Consider the case of a nuclide A that decays
Radioactive_decay
Activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission
properties as given by the liquid drop model and (2) the quantum mechanical energy associated with filling the shell model orbitals. For the nuclear bulk properties
Fission_barrier
Weak force particle interaction
W particles. The Z boson does not have any electrical charge. Exchange of a Z boson transfers momentum, spin, and energy, but leaves the interacting particles'
Neutral_current
Nucleosynthesis pathway
71a..30F. doi:10.1063/pt.3.3815. Nuclear physicists are still working to model the r-process, and astrophysicists need to estimate the frequency of neutron-star
R-process
Fission of a nucleus via absorption of a gamma ray
different physical process, in which an extremely high energy gamma ray interacts with an atomic nucleus and causes it to enter an excited state, which
Photofission
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Nuclear_isomer
Intersection of nuclear physics and astrophysics
nuclear reactions and their rates as they occur in cosmic environments, and modeling of astrophysical objects where these nuclear reactions may occur, but also
Nuclear_astrophysics
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
neutrons. N R Sree Harsha, "The tightly bound nuclei in the liquid drop model", Eur. J. Phys. 39 035802 (2018), doi:10.1088/1361-6404/aaa345 "The Nucleus
Nuclear_binding_energy
Boson with spin 1
particle physics, a vector boson is a boson whose spin equals one. Vector bosons that are also elementary particles are gauge bosons, the force carriers of
Vector_boson
Remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Decay_product
Mechanism that explains the generation of mass for gauge bosons
Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons. Without
Higgs_mechanism
Ratio of two stable isotopes
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Stable_isotope_ratio
Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing problems
Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model
Alternatives_to_the_Standard_Higgs_Model
Source of neutrons from linear particle accelerators
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Neutron_generator
Theorized type of radioactive decay
As Dirac particles, both the neutrinos produced by the decay of the W bosons would be emitted, and not absorbed after. Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
List of equations in nuclear and particle physics
List_of_equations_in_nuclear_and_particle_physics
Physical process
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Spallation
Effort to prove or disprove the existence of particle
Model of particle physics, and its discovery was described as being the "ultimate verification" of the Standard Model. In March 2013, the Higgs boson
Search_for_the_Higgs_boson
Series of radioactive decays
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Decay_chain
Interaction between subatomic particles
interaction affects all the fermions of the Standard Model, as well as the Higgs boson; neutrinos interact only through gravity and the weak interaction. The
Weak_interaction
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Mirror_nuclei
Atomic nuclei decay delimiter
However, the waiting points will depend on the assumptions of the X-ray burst model, such as metallicity, accretion rate, and the hydrodynamics, along with
Nuclear_drip_line
Core atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting protons or neutrons
of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges of the table of nuclides — the neutron
Halo_nucleus
Model of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice
Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model that originated
Bose–Hubbard_model
Type of radioactive decay
interpretation through theoretical models of the nucleus, which determine the nuclear matrix elements, and models of the decay. The observation of neutrinoless
Double_beta_decay
interactions very difficult (see lattice QCD), and a model must be used instead. The most sophisticated models available are based on chiral effective field
Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)
Ab_initio_methods_(nuclear_physics)
Mode of radioactive decay
neutrinos (two-neutrino double electron capture) is allowed by the Standard Model of particle physics: No conservation laws (including lepton number conservation)
Double_electron_capture
Hypothetical particles that may constitute dark matter
level. Darkon (unparticle) – Hypothetical unparticle Feebly interacting particle (FIP) Higgs boson – Elementary particle involved with rest mass Massive compact
Weakly interacting massive particle
Weakly_interacting_massive_particle
Elementary particle or quantum of light
speed of light measured in a vacuum. The photon belongs to the class of boson particles. As with other elementary particles, photons are best explained
Photon
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
The Standard Model posits that elementary particles derive their masses from the Higgs mechanism, which is associated to the Higgs boson. It is hoped
Quark
Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides' classification Isotopes
Nucleon pair breaking in fission
Nucleon_pair_breaking_in_fission
Chemical element with atomic number 114 (Fl)
thorium (element 90) to fermium (element 100). The earlier liquid drop model thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due
Flerovium
Solvable 1+1 dimensional quantum field theory
model. S. Coleman discovered an equivalence between the Thirring and the sine-Gordon models. Despite the fact that the latter is a pure boson model,
Thirring_model
Comprehensive physical model
include the Standard Model. An E8 gauge group, for example, would have 8 neutral bosons, 120 charged bosons and 120 charged anti-bosons. To account for the
Grand_Unified_Theory
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