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System of interacting nucleons
Nuclear matter is an idealized system of interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons) that exists in several phases of exotic matter that, as of yet, are
Nuclear_matter
Something that has mass and volume
"elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, the former
Matter
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies
Nuclear_physics
Degenerate matter made from strange quarks
matter, is composed of atoms, with nearly all matter concentrated in the atomic nuclei. Nuclear matter is a liquid composed of neutrons and protons, and
Strange_matter
Theoretical matter within neutron stars
In astrophysics and nuclear physics, nuclear pasta is a theoretical type of degenerate matter that is postulated to exist within the
Nuclear_pasta
American nuclear-fuel company
General Matter is an American nuclear-fuel start up company, founded in 2024, that aims to develop domestic uranium enrichment capabilities for low-enriched
General_Matter
Physics term for multiple concepts
Model. States of matter that are not commonly encountered, such as Bose–Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates, nuclear matter, quantum spin liquid
Exotic_matter
Hypothetical phases of matter
different temperatures and densities quark matter takes different forms, including a hadron gas, nuclear matter, quark-gluon plasma, and regions of color
QCD_matter
Density of the nucleus of an atom
nucleons/fm3, which minimizes the energy density of an infinite nuclear matter. The nuclear saturation mass density is thus ρ 0 = n 0 m u ≈ 2.5 × 10 17 {\displaystyle
Nuclear_density
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
The matter in a black hole continues to contract. It is speculated that at extremely high densities, much greater than the density of nuclear matter, torsion
Black_hole_cosmology
Type of dense exotic matter in physics
J. M. (2021-09-21). "Neutron Stars and the Nuclear Matter Equation of State". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 71: 433–464. Bibcode:2021ARNPS
Degenerate_matter
Intersection of nuclear physics and high-energy physics
High-energy nuclear physics studies the behavior of nuclear matter in energy regimes typical of high-energy physics. The primary focus of this field is
High-energy_nuclear_physics
Particle physics experiment
propagate through nuclear matter. Since the products—a virtual photon and two leptons—do not interact strongly with the rest of the nuclear medium, there
Fermilab_E-906/SeaQuest
Transformation of a nuclide to another
Natural nuclear reactions occur in the interaction between cosmic rays and matter, and nuclear reactions can be employed artificially to obtain nuclear energy
Nuclear_reaction
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable
Radioactive_decay
Forms which matter can take
In physics, a state of matter or phase of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday
State_of_matter
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons
Nuclear_fission
Type of hypothetical particle
sufficiently dense clump of nuclear matter containing some strange quarks might be stable against decay is the "strange matter hypothesis", proposed separately
Strangelet
American academic
particularly the study of parton propagation in matter, jet quenching, and heavy flavor dynamics in high‑energy nuclear collisions. He is currently a distinguished
Ivan_Vitev
Topic in nuclear warfare
Nuclear command and control (NC2) is the command and control of nuclear weapons. The U. S. military's Nuclear Matters Handbook 2015 defined it as the
Nuclear_command_and_control
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
principle. Were it not for the Coulomb energy, the most stable form of nuclear matter would have the same number of neutrons as protons, since unequal numbers
Atomic_nucleus
Minimum energy required to separate particles within a nucleus
Nuclear binding energy in nuclear physics and nuclear engineering is the minimum energy that is required to fully disassemble the nucleus of one atom
Nuclear_binding_energy
Subatomic particle with no charge
to the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938, the first self-sustaining nuclear reactor (Chicago Pile-1, 1942), and the first nuclear weapon (Trinity, 1945)
Neutron
amounts of matter. Nuclear warfare is widely considered a global catastrophic risk. Nine sovereign states are believed to possess nuclear weapons as of
Nuclear_weapon
Force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms
The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction, residual strong force, or, historically, strong nuclear force) is a force that acts between hadrons
Nuclear_force
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. The difference in mass between the reactants and products
Nuclear_fusion
Branch of physics
theory to Theory of Condensed Matter in 1967, as they felt it better included their interest in liquids, nuclear matter, and so on. Although Anderson
Condensed_matter_physics
Binding of quarks in subatomic particles
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental
Strong_interaction
German theoretical physicist
under Walter Greiner. The title of the dissertation was Shock waves in nuclear matter – proof by circumstantial evidence. He went on to GSI Helmholtz Centre
Horst_Stöcker
Indian scientist and academic (1939–2025)
between nucleons, (as distinct from the familiar pairwise nuclear forces) on nuclear matter. Separately Rajaraman showed that nucleon-nucleon correlations
Ramamurti_Rajaraman
Material composed of antiparticles
defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed
Antimatter
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus in which one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) occupy excited state levels (higher energy
Nuclear_isomer
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
matter". phys.org. November 2016. Mannheim, Phillip D. (April 2006). "Alternatives to dark matter and dark energy". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
Dark_matter
Scattering theory
becomes closely similar although the nuclear density is about 15 orders of magnitude larger than that of ordinary matter and the nature of the dipole interaction
Ericson–Ericson Lorentz–Lorenz correction
Ericson–Ericson_Lorentz–Lorenz_correction
Collapsed core of a massive star
exist. The expected hierarchy of phases of nuclear matter in the inner crust has been characterized as "nuclear pasta", with fewer voids and larger structures
Neutron_star
Form of radioactive decay
where a thin 'neck' develops, forming a bridge between two clusters of nuclear matter which may exceed the ability of the surface tension to restore the undeformed
Spontaneous_fission
Prediction in nuclear physics
ground state of baryonic matter with a greater binding energy per baryon than nuclear matter, favoring the decay of nuclear matter beyond this mass threshold
Island_of_stability
Subatomic particle with positive charge
Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei. The nucleus of the most common isotope of
Proton
Advisor to the U.S. secretary of defense
biological, radiological, and nuclear defense (DASD (CBRND)) the deputy assistant secretary of defense for nuclear matters (DASD (NM)) the deputy assistant
Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Nuclear_Deterrence,_Chemical,_and_Biological_Defense_Policy_and_Programs
Type of topological solutions in non-linear sigma models
superposition of baryons and resonance states. It could be predicted from some nuclear matter properties. In field theory, skyrmions are homotopically non-trivial
Skyrmion
to possess nuclear weapons. Estimates of Israel's stockpile range from 90 to 400 warheads, and the country is believed to possess a nuclear triad of delivery
Israel_and_nuclear_weapons
Structure of the atomic nucleus
the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics. The cluster model describes the nucleus as a molecule-like collection
Nuclear_structure
Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus
decay without change in mass number is emission of a gamma ray from a nuclear isomer or metastable excited state of an atomic nucleus. Since all the
Mass_number
Property of gauge theories in particle physics
interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental constituents of nuclear matter. Quarks interact weakly at high energies, allowing perturbative calculations
Asymptotic_freedom
Particle accelerator under construction in Upton, New York, USA
spin-polarized beams of electrons and ions, in order to study the properties of nuclear matter in detail via deep inelastic scattering. In 2012, a whitepaper was published
Electron–ion_collider
Scientific field of study
on a very large or very small scale. For example, atomic and nuclear physics study matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified
Physics
In the United States, nuclear power is provided by 96 commercial reactors with a net capacity of 98 gigawatts (GW), with 65 pressurized water reactors
Nuclear power in the United States
Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States
American physicist and professor
theoretical nuclear physics. He co-authored two publications prior to his dissertation: in 1967, "Shape of Heavy Nuclei", and in 1969, "Nuclear-matter reaction
Philip_J._Siemens
American physicist
work on particle and nuclear physics, primarily focusing on the Color Glass condensate, the Quark–gluon plasma, and Quarkyonic Matter. McLerran is the recipient
Larry_D._McLerran
Intersection of nuclear physics and astrophysics
neutron star matter) and high temperature (plasma temperatures up to 109 K). Theories and simulations are essential parts herein, as cosmic nuclear reaction
Nuclear_astrophysics
Dark matter research project
dark matter particles. The experiments aim to detect particles in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) by looking for rare nuclear recoil
XENON
Scenario of civilization collapse or human extinction by nuclear weapons
A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where
Nuclear_holocaust
Steel produced prior to the 1940s
pre-war steel, pre-atomic steel, or pre-nuclear steel, is any steel produced prior to the detonation of the first nuclear bombs in the 1940s and 1950s. Typically
Low-background_steel
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
this radiation gamma rays based on their relatively strong penetration of matter; in 1900, he had already named two less penetrating types of decay radiation
Gamma_ray
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, or primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current
Primordial_nuclide
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread urban firestorms following a large-scale
Nuclear_winter
Atoms or particles produced by nuclear fission
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of
Nuclear_fission_product
024001 "Relativistic nuclear structure I: Nuclear matter", Phys. Rev. C, Volume 42, 1990, p. 1965, with R. Brockmann "Nuclear saturation in a relativistic
Ruprecht_Machleidt
Hypothetical nuclear matter with large cross section
In physics, an anomalon is a hypothetical type of nuclear matter that shows an anomalously large reactive cross section. They were first noticed in experimental
Anomalon
State of matter important in cosmology and particle physics
we now know to be a QGP. Nuclear matter at "room temperature" is known to behave like a superfluid. When heated the nuclear fluid evaporates and turns
Quark–gluon_plasma
Research project in Nazi Germany
undertook several research programs relating to nuclear technology, including nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors, before and during World War II. These
German nuclear program during World War II
German_nuclear_program_during_World_War_II
British physicist (1934–2019)
Light on Matter New York Times, 2019-04-22. Thouless, David James (1958). The application of perturbation methods to the theory of nuclear matter (PhD thesis)
David_Thouless
Model of the atomic nucleus
In nuclear physics, atomic physics, and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic
Nuclear_shell_model
Physicist
phase diagram of nuclear matter using the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN Her past work includes nuclear structure at the
Marielle_Chartier
US nuclear power and weapons timeline
nuclear weapons were spread to many countries in addition to the United States and the Soviet Union. Many nuclear-powered matters such as nuclear-powered
Nuclear history of the United States
Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States
The effects caused by nuclear explosion on its immediate vicinity are typically much more destructive and multifaceted than those caused by conventional
Effects_of_nuclear_explosions
Italian physicist
activity has been mainly devoted to quantum liquids of interest of nuclear and condensed matter phenomena typical of low temperature physics. He started doing
Stefano_Fantoni
Sudden increase in the rotational frequency of a pulsar
possible in dense nuclear matter. More generally, observations of pulsar glitches allow indirect information on the dense nuclear matter in neutron star
Glitch_(astronomy)
Power generated from nuclear reactions
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
Nuclear_power
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei)
Isotope
Multi-stage fusion-fission nuclear weapon
second-generation nuclear weapon, using nuclear fusion. The most destructive weapons ever created, their yields typically exceed first-generation nuclear weapons
Thermonuclear_weapon
Atomic nuclei decay delimiter
The nuclear drip line is the boundary beyond which atomic nuclei are unbound with respect to the emission of a proton or neutron. An arbitrary combination
Nuclear_drip_line
The United States holds the second largest arsenal of nuclear weapons among the nine nuclear-armed countries. Under the Manhattan Project, the United States
Nuclear weapons of the United States
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States
Topics referred to by the same term
increases with increasing frequency Anomalon, a hypothetical type of nuclear matter that shows an anomalously large reactive cross section Anomaly (physics)
Anomaly
Nuclear physicist (born 1943)
Nuclear response in the continuum. Nuclear Physics A, 243(3), 507–518. Shlomo, S., Kolomietz, V. M., & Colo, G. (2006). Deducing the nuclear-matter incompressibility
Shalom_Shlomo
Atoms of different elements with the same number of nucleons
(1993) Brucer, Marshall (June 1978). "Nuclear Medicine Begins with a Boa Constrictor" (PDF). History. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 19 (6): 581–598. ISSN 0161-5505
Isobar_(nuclide)
American theoretical nuclear physicist
Charles J. Horowitz is an American theoretical nuclear physicist known for his research on neutron-rich matter, neutron-star structure, neutrino interactions
Charles_J._Horowitz
In nuclear physics, the symmetry energy reflects the variation of the binding energy of the nucleons in the nuclear matter depending on its neutron to
Symmetry_energy
Set of three types of nuclear-strike standoff weapons
A nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure of global-range land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched
Nuclear_triad
Retarding force acting on charged particles due to interactions with matter
protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine. Both charged and uncharged particles lose energy while passing through matter. Positive ions are considered
Stopping power (particle radiation)
Stopping_power_(particle_radiation)
Problem in physics and quantum mechanics
physics Nuclear physics (Nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, nuclear matter) Quantum chromodynamics (Lattice QCD, hadron spectroscopy, QCD matter, quark–gluon
Many-body_problem
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
equivalence principle implies that when mass is lost in chemical reactions or nuclear reactions, a corresponding amount of energy will be released. The energy
Mass–energy_equivalence
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
only two nuclear accidents rated at the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident
Chernobyl_disaster
Hungarian-American physicist (1908–2003)
during his visits that he concluded that Israel had nuclear weapons. After conveying the matter to the US government, Teller reportedly said: "They [Israel]
Edward_Teller
nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter? What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos? What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Bulgarian-American high energy particle physicist
Professor of Physics at Vanderbilt University. Her research considers nuclear matter in the extreme conditions generated at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Julia_Velkovska
nuclei, single-particle excitation energies, charge distributions, and nuclear matter properties in neutron stars. Since the 1980s, he has dealt with lattice
John_W._Negele
Type of radioactive decay
have a charge +2 e, this is not usually shown because a nuclear equation describes a nuclear reaction without considering the electrons – a convention
Alpha_decay
phases of matter in which the electronic and nuclear spins organize into different patterns. Such states of matter are studied in condensed matter physics
List_of_states_of_matter
Nucleosynthesis pathway
In nuclear astrophysics, the rapid neutron-capture process, also known as the r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that is responsible for the creation
R-process
Instrumentation for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards Finnish Business Incubation Center of CERN Technologies Nuclear Matter Programme ALICE ISOLDE
Helsinki_Institute_of_Physics
Type of radioactive decay
typically in large proton-rich radionuclides. Positron decay results in nuclear transmutation, changing an atom of one chemical element into an atom of
Positron_emission
Predicted phase in quark matter
a phase transition from nuclear matter to some form of quark matter, so we do not know whether compact stars have quark matter cores or not. On the other
Color_superconductivity
Physical process
a process used to make stone tools such as arrowheads by knapping. In nuclear physics, spallation is the process in which a heavy nucleus emits numerous
Spallation
American governmental official (1896–1974)
was a major figure in the development of nuclear weapons after World War II, nuclear energy policy, and nuclear power in the United States. Raised in Richmond
Lewis_Strauss
British theoretical physicist
a PhD in condensed matter theory in 1973, under the supervision of P. W. Anderson, with a thesis entitled Theory of nuclear matter in neutron stars. In
Richard_G._Palmer
German physicist
calculation of the gas-liquid phase transition of nuclear matter. Later on self-consistent studies of nuclear rotational states followed, with an emphasis
Ulrich_Mosel
and International Studies. Retrieved 26 October 2024. "Nuclear Delivery Systems". Nuclear Matters Handbook. Acquisition & Sustainment Office of the Under
List of current nuclear triads
List_of_current_nuclear_triads
The nuclear program of Iran consists of an extensive infrastructure of research sites, uranium mines, research reactors, uranium processing facilities
Nuclear_program_of_Iran
Atomic species
known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state
Nuclide
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