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Type of radioactive decay
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus). The parent nucleus transforms
Alpha_decay
Ionizing radiation particle of two protons and two neutrons
They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in
Alpha_particle
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
most common types of decay are alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the other two are
Radioactive_decay
Series of radioactive decays
section. The four most common modes of radioactive decay are: alpha decay, beta decay, inverse beta decay (considered as both positron emission and electron
Decay_chain
Radioactive decay by emitting a nucleus
experimentally confirmed in 1984 by H. J. Rose and G. A. Jones. Like alpha decay, cluster decay is a quantum tunneling process. The cluster of protons and neutrons
Cluster_decay
Isotope of thorium
which makes it the longest-lived isotope of thorium. It decays by alpha decay to radium-228; its decay chain terminates at stable lead-208. Thorium-232 is
Thorium-232
Prediction in nuclear physics
that the closed shell will confer further stability towards fission and alpha decay. While these effects are expected to be greatest near atomic number Z = 114
Island_of_stability
Type of radioactive decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron)
Beta_decay
Set of nuclides that cannot undergo beta decay
beta-decay stable nuclides with A ≥ 209 are known to undergo alpha decay, though for some, spontaneous fission is the dominant decay mode. Cluster decay is
Beta-decay_stable_isobars
Nuclide made up of alpha particles
amenable to fusion of alpha particles into heavier nuclei. Stable alpha nuclides, and stable decay products of radioactive alpha nuclides, are some of
Alpha_nuclide
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
radioactive decay include gamma ray beta decay (decay energy is divided between the emitted electron and the neutrino which is emitted at the same time) alpha decay
Decay_energy
Chemical element with atomic number 113 (Nh)
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Nihonium
Chemical element with atomic number 118 (Og)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Oganesson
Isotope of bismuth
the longest known half-life of any nuclide that undergoes α-decay (alpha decay); the decay product is thallium-205. It has 83 protons and a magic number
Bismuth-209
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
decay (to a different end element), not polonium-218. In the table, "alpha decay half-life" refers to the half-life if decay modes other than alpha are
Astatine
Quantitative measurement of the energy of alpha particles
that is an alpha emitter. As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay) with energies
Alpha-particle_spectroscopy
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
decay radiation (discovered by Henri Becquerel) alpha rays and beta rays in ascending order of penetrating power. Gamma rays from radioactive decay are
Gamma_ray
daughter of the isotope and the alpha particle; "alpha decay half-life" refers to the half-life if decay modes other than alpha are omitted. Kondev, F. G.;
Isotopes_of_astatine
Chemical element with atomic number 114 (Fl)
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Flerovium
Nuclide that does not undergo radioactive decay
of 180mTa to gamma decay must be >1015 years. Other possible modes of 180mTa decay (beta decay, electron capture, and alpha decay) have also never been
Stable_nuclide
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 121 (Ubu)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Unbiunium
Isotope of radium
alpha decay to radon-222, which is also radioactive; the decay chain ultimately terminates at lead-206. Because of its occurrence in the 238 U decay chain
Radium-226
Chemical element with atomic number 115 (Mc)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Moscovium
Graphical presentation of transitions occurring in decay of a radioactive substance
that of cobalt (27). In beta decay, the proton number increases by one. For a positron decay and also for an alpha decay (see below), the oblique arrow
Decay_scheme
Isotope of polonium
Po-210, historically radium F) is an isotope of polonium. It undergoes alpha decay to stable 206Pb with a half-life of 138.376 days (about 4+1⁄2 months)
Polonium-210
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
and alpha decays. This was a problem for nuclear physics at the time, because it seemed to indicate that energy was not conserved in these decays. The
Nuclear_physics
Chemical element with atomic number 110 (Ds)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Darmstadtium
Chemical element with atomic number 61 (Pm)
observed alpha decay. Its partial half-life for alpha decay is about 6.3×109 years, and the relative probability for a 145Pm nucleus to decay in this way
Promethium
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
are likely to be highly unstable with respect to radioactive decay and undergo alpha decay or spontaneous fission with extremely short half-lives, though
Extended_periodic_table
Chemical element with atomic number 106 (Sg)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Seaborgium
Isotope of actinium
undergoes alpha decay to francium-221 with a half-life near 10 days, and is an intermediate decay product in the neptunium series (the decay chain starting
Actinium-225
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
which does not occur naturally; its half-life is 3.04×106 years to alpha decay. The half-life of a nuclear isomer can exceed that of the ground state
Nuclear_isomer
Chemical element with atomic number 83 (Bi)
spontaneously decay, but in 2003, it was found to be very slightly radioactive. The metal's only primordial isotope, bismuth-209, undergoes alpha decay with a
Bismuth
Isotope of uranium
nuclear fuel. It has a half-life of 159,200 years to alpha decay and is a part of the neptunium decay chain. Uranium-233 is produced by the neutron irradiation
Uranium-233
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 119 (Uue)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Ununennium
Chemical element with atomic number 117 (Ts)
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Tennessine
Chemical element with atomic number 78 (Pt)
platinum isotopes decay by some combination of beta decay and (on the proton-rich side) alpha decay. 188 Pt, 191 Pt, and 193 Pt decay only by electron
Platinum
Smallest unit of a chemical element
emission of an alpha or a beta particle. Thus, gamma decay usually follows alpha or beta decay. Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection
Atom
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
purely quantum tunneling processes such as proton emission, alpha decay, and cluster decay, which give the same products each time. Nuclear fission produces
Nuclear_fission
Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
the neptunium decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-225. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy). Although
Francium
253Fm, decay products of 265Hs. In the official discovery of the element in 1984, the team at GSI studied the same reaction using the alpha decay genetic
Isotopes_of_hassium
1938 achievement in physics
by the energetic standards of radioactive decay. Scientists already knew about alpha decay and beta decay, but fission assumed great importance because
Discovery_of_nuclear_fission
Ratio of neutrons to protons in an atomic nucleus
short-range, repulsive forces. Processes of decay such as Beta minus (-) and Beta plus (+) decay also including Alpha decay allow for the change in proton number
Neutron–proton_ratio
Device that emits neutrons
neutron output drops by half in 2.6 years. Neutrons are produced when alpha particles hit any of several light isotopes including isotopes of beryllium
Neutron_source
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
of alpha decay by quantum tunneling, invented the liquid drop model (the first mathematical model of the atomic nucleus), worked on radioactive decay, star
George_Gamow
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
reactor fuel (MOX-fuel). Alpha decay, the release of a high-energy helium nucleus, is the most common form of radioactive decay for plutonium. A 5 kg mass
Plutonium
Type of radioactive decay
In nuclear physics, double beta decay (ββ decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which two neutrons are simultaneously transformed into two protons
Double_beta_decay
Chemical element with atomic number 90 (Th)
0 billion years, or about the age of the universe; it decays very slowly via alpha decay, starting a decay chain named the thorium series that ends at stable
Thorium
Chemical element with atomic number 103 (Lr)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Lawrencium
Isotope of uranium
primary path of production of 234U via nuclear decay is as follows: uranium-238 nuclei emit an alpha particle to become thorium-234. Next, with a short
Uranium-234
Chemical elements with atomic numbers from 104 to 120
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Superheavy_element
ranging between 9.3 μs and 983.1 μs; four decayed by spontaneous fission and three decayed via a two-alpha sequence to 272Hs and the spontaneously fissioning
Isotopes_of_darmstadtium
Nucleosynthesis pathway
isotopes can be produced by the s-process, because of the intervention of alpha decay steps along the reaction chain. The relative abundances of elements and
S-process
Chemical element with atomic number 116 (Lv)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Livermorium
Chemical element with atomic number 102 (No)
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Nobelium
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
susceptible to other known forms of decay, such as alpha decay or double beta decay, but no decay products have yet been observed, and so these isotopes
Isotope
Most stable isotope of radon
the uranium series from the alpha decay of radium-226, which has a half-life of 1600 years. Radon-222 itself alpha decays to polonium-218 with a half-life
Radon-222
Chemical element with atomic number 104 (Rf)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Rutherfordium
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 120 (Ubn)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Unbinilium
Chemical element with atomic number 112 (Cn)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Copernicium
Nuclides predating the Earth's formation (found on Earth)
System. Many of these nuclides decay by double beta decay, although some like 209Bi decay by other means like alpha decay. Alpha nuclide List of nuclides Table
Primordial_nuclide
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Alien_Metal
Chemical element with atomic number 108 (Hs)
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or
Hassium
Chemical element with atomic number 111 (Rg)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Roentgenium
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
valence electrons. Uranium radioactively decays, usually by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion
Uranium
measurement of alpha decay from a decay product that had been separated out chemically. The team were able to detect the alpha decay from a decay product of
Isotopes_of_bohrium
predicted to undergo radioactive decay but no decay has been observed yet. These four isotopes are predicted to undergo alpha decay and become isotopes of mercury
Isotopes_of_lead
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 124 (Ubq)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Unbiquadium
Isotope of uranium
the decay products of each are included. The decay chain of uranium-238 to uranium-234 and eventually lead-206 involves emission of eight alpha particles
Uranium-236
Empirical rule in nuclear physics
Geiger–Nuttall law or Geiger–Nuttall rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states
Geiger–Nuttall_law
Chemical element with atomic number 107 (Bh)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Bohrium
Type of radioactive decay
very proton-rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay.[citation needed] For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation
Proton_emission
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay. There are now 118
Chemical_element
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 126 (Ubh)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Unbihexium
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
expected to undergo alpha decay or double beta decay. However, the predicted half-lives are extremely long (e.g. the alpha decay of 208Pb to the ground
Periodic_table
Chemical element with atomic number 105 (Db)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Dubnium
Electrical generator that uses heat from radioactive decay
reactions has been proposed. In this kind of RTG, the alpha decay from the radioisotope is also used in alpha-neutron reactions with a suitable element such
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
following are among the principal radionuclides known to undergo alpha decay, emitting alpha particles. 209 Bi, 211 Bi, 212 Bi, 213 Bi 210 Po, 211 Po, 212
List of alpha-emitting nuclides
List_of_alpha-emitting_nuclides
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 122 (Ubb)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Unbibium
Isotope of helium
formation. On Earth, most naturally occurring helium-4 is produced by the alpha decay of heavy elements in the Earth's crust, after the planet cooled and solidified
Helium-4
Chemical element with atomic number 109 (Mt)
observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: alpha decay and spontaneous fission. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons
Meitnerium
7 Be. Beryllium-8 decays immediately into two alpha particles as its total energy is about 92 keV greater than that of the two alpha particles, and the
Isotopes_of_beryllium
able to detect some spontaneous fission (SF) activity and a 12.5 MeV alpha decay, both of which they tentatively assigned to the radiative capture product
Isotopes_of_copernicium
Chemical element with atomic number 98 (Cf)
hazardous radioactive isotope. 252Cf, 96.9% of the time, alpha decays to curium-248; the other 3.1% of decays are spontaneous fission. One microgram of 252Cf emits
Californium
Type of radiation therapy to treat cancer
of various cancers. It employs radioactive substances which undergo alpha decay to treat diseased tissue at close proximity. It has the potential to
Targeted alpha-particle therapy
Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy
Type of radiometric dating
Uranium decays to lead via a series of alpha and beta decays, in which 238U and its daughter nuclides undergo a total of eight alpha and six beta decays, whereas
Uranium–lead_dating
Atomic nuclei decay delimiter
a stronger Coulomb barrier and enable other transitions such as alpha and beta decay to instead occur. This renders unambiguous determination of the drip
Nuclear_drip_line
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
helium-4 stocks in the mantle by billions of years of alpha decay from uranium, thorium as well as their decay products and extinct radionuclides. Virtually all
Helium-3
Chemical element with atomic number 76 (Os)
two primordial radioisotopes 184 Os and 186 Os are known to undergo alpha decay with such long half-lives - the current best values being (1.12±0.23)×1013
Osmium
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
between alpha particles from decay of 235,238U and 232Th and light elements (37Cl and 41K). While 36Ar is continuously being produced by Beta-decay of 36Cl
Noble_gas
Chemical element with atomic number 84 (Po)
suggestion is that small clusters of polonium atoms are spalled off by the alpha decay. The chemistry of polonium is similar to that of tellurium, although
Polonium
from 226Pu to 247Pu. The primary decay modes before the most stable isotope, 244Pu, are spontaneous fission and alpha decay; the primary mode after is beta
Isotopes_of_plutonium
Nuclear physics classification method
enough time for this (see triple-alpha process). This is also the reason why 8 4Be decays so quickly into two alpha particles, making beryllium the only
Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei
Isotope of uranium
to that time. Uranium-238 is an alpha emitter, producing thorium-234 which is a beta emitter, etc. This leads to a decay chain, commonly called the radium
Uranium-238
Process of creating new atomic nuclei from existing nucleons
radioactive decay give rise to so-called nucleogenic nuclides. This process happens when an energetic particle from radioactive decay, often an alpha particle
Nucleosynthesis
these results by using carbon-12 instead, they also observed the first alpha decays from 257Rf. The reaction of berkelium-249 with nitrogen-14 was first
Isotopes_of_rutherfordium
2007 to be unstable and undergo alpha decay; its measured half-life of 4.6 × 1018 years corresponds to 1 alpha decay per two minutes per kilogram of natural
Isotopes_of_europium
Isotope of plutonium
has a half-life of 87.7 years. Plutonium-238 is a very powerful alpha emitter; as alpha particles are easily blocked, this makes the plutonium-238 isotope
Plutonium-238
Harmful high-frequency radiation
subatomic particles include alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. These particles are created by radioactive decay, and almost all are energetic
Ionizing_radiation
Chemical element with atomic number 64 (Gd)
meaning that they are predicted to decay, but their decay has never been observed. 154Gd and 155Gd are expected to alpha decay into 150Sm and 151Sm respectively
Gadolinium
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