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Atoms of the same element, but different mass
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei)
Isotope
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Isotope or isotope in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Isotopes are any of the several different forms of an element each having different atomic
Isotope_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
constant#Effect of isotopic substitution Isotopic shift, effect of isotopic substitution on spectroscopy Kinetic isotope effect, effect of isotopic substitution
Isotope_effect
three naturally occurring isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H. 1H and 2H are stable, while 3H has a half-life of 12.32 years. Heavier isotopes also exist; all are synthetic
Isotopes_of_hydrogen
British 1970s jazz rock band
Isotope was a British jazz rock band, fronted by the guitarist Gary Boyle. Boyle founded the band in June 1972 and a first album, Isotope, was largely
Isotope_(band)
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
one of its isotopes. Formally, it is the ratio of rate constants for the reactions involving the light (kL) and the heavy (kH) isotopically substituted
Kinetic_isotope_effect
The only stable isotopes of thallium (81Tl) are 203Tl and 205Tl, which make up all natural thallium. The five short-lived isotopes 206Tl through 210Tl
Isotopes_of_thallium
occurring radioactive element (radioelement) with no stable isotopes. It has two primordial isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235, that have long half-lives
Isotopes_of_uranium
Carbon (6C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which only 12 C and 13 C are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with
Isotopes_of_carbon
Technetium (43Tc) is one of the two elements with Z < 83 that have no stable isotopes; the other such element is promethium. It is primarily artificial, with
Isotopes_of_technetium
observationally stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206
Isotopes_of_lead
Astatine (85At) has 41 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive, whose mass numbers range from 188 to 229 except 189; they are accompanied by almost
Isotopes_of_astatine
Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) consists of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni; 58Ni is the most abundant at over 68%. 26 radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_nickel
Chlorine (17Cl) has two stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.8%) and 37Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. Artificical radioisotopes are
Isotopes_of_chlorine
Field of geochemistry and hydrology
Isotope hydrology is a field of geochemistry and hydrology that uses naturally occurring stable and radioactive isotopic techniques to evaluate the age
Isotope_hydrology
Mass effects on spectroscopy
The isotopic shift (also called isotope shift) is the shift in various forms of spectroscopy that occurs when one nuclear isotope is replaced by another
Isotopic_shift
occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by
Isotopes_of_barium
Silicon (14Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass number ranging from 22 to 46. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.24%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.07%)
Isotopes_of_silicon
Naturally occurring titanium (22Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural
Isotopes_of_titanium
Helium (2He) has nine known isotopes, but only helium-3 (3He) and helium-4 (4He) are stable. All radioisotopes are short-lived; the only particle-bound
Isotopes_of_helium
stable isotopes, and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was 262Bh in 1981. There are 11 known isotopes ranging
Isotopes_of_bohrium
Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 4.07 years
Isotopes_of_rhodium
Francium (87Fr) has no stable isotopes, so a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Its most stable isotope is 223Fr with a half-life of 22 minutes, occurring
Isotopes_of_francium
artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was synthesized before being found in nature, with the first isotope synthesized being 238Pu in 1940. Twenty-two
Isotopes_of_plutonium
given. Like all artificial elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 241Am in 1944. The artificial element decays
Isotopes_of_americium
known isotopes from 26P to 47P; only 31P is stable, thus phosphorus is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are 33P
Isotopes_of_phosphorus
Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (one, 94Zr, may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope
Isotopes_of_zirconium
cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994. There are 11 known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_darmstadtium
(20Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. There are five stable isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca and 46Ca), plus one isotope (48Ca) with such
Isotopes_of_calcium
There are two natural isotopes of iridium (77Ir), 191Ir and 193Ir, both stable. In addition, there are 40 known radioisotopes with mass numbers 164 through
Isotopes_of_iridium
Processes for the separation of isotopes
Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, a phenomenon that occurs (and so advantage is taken
Isotope_fractionation
Naturally occurring vanadium (23V) is composed of one stable isotope, 51V, and one radioactive isotope, 50V, with a half-life of 2.71×1017 years. Twenty-five
Isotopes_of_vanadium
Stable-isotope probing (SIP) is a technique in microbial ecology for tracing uptake of nutrients in biogeochemical cycling by microorganisms. A substrate
Stable-isotope_probing
Naturally occurring platinum (78Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, 198Pt) and one long-lived (half-life 4.83×1011 years)
Isotopes_of_platinum
Analytical technique used to study isotopes
Isotope analysis is the identification of isotopic signature, abundance of certain stable isotopes of chemical elements within organic and inorganic compounds
Isotope_analysis
naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. The other natural isotopes, 184Os and 186Os
Isotopes_of_osmium
Aluminium or aluminum (13Al) has one stable isotope, 27Al, comprising all natural aluminium. The radioactive 26Al, with half-life 717,000 years, occurs
Isotopes_of_aluminium
Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two isotopes: observationally stable 181Ta (99.988%) and 180mTa (0.012%). There are also 35 known artificial radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_tantalum
There are 42 known isotopes of polonium (84Po), all radioactive, stretching from 186Po to 227Po. The isotopes 210 through 218 occur naturally in the four
Isotopes_of_polonium
Artificial nuclides with atomic number of 96 but with different mass numbers
standard atomic weight cannot be given, and it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope synthesized was 242Cm in 1944, which has 146 neutrons. There
Isotopes_of_curium
Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity has been observed, and three others are predicted
Isotopes_of_cadmium
Naturally occurring tungsten (74W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) and one is slightly radioactive,
Isotopes_of_tungsten
stable isotopes and no characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. There are 34 known isotopes, from
Isotopes_of_actinium
Daughter products other than magnesium Isotopes of aluminum Isotopes of sodium Isotopes of neon Isotopes of fluorine Isotopes of oxygen Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M
Isotopes_of_magnesium
Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of naturally abundant isotopes, 10. Seven, 114-120Sn, are theoretically stable, while the remaining three
Isotopes_of_tin
Chemical and biochemical technique to follow reactions through using atomic isotopes
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation in neutron count)
Isotopic_labeling
Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and one long-lived radioisotope
Isotopes_of_gadolinium
Naturally occurring iodine (53I) consists of one stable isotope, 127I, and is a mononuclidic element for atomic weight. Radioisotopes of iodine are known
Isotopes_of_iodine
There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (80Hg) with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.74%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are 194Hg with a half-life
Isotopes_of_mercury
Mathematical ratio used in analysis of radioactive materials
An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of non-radiogenic stable isotopes, stable radiogenic isotopes, or unstable radioactive isotopes
Isotopic_signature
There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O. Radioisotopes are known from 11O to 28O (particle-bound from mass number 13
Isotopes_of_oxygen
Method of determining the quantity of chemical substances
amounts of isotopically enriched substance to the analyzed sample. Mixing of the isotopic standard with the sample effectively "dilutes" the isotopic enrichment
Isotope_dilution
Aspect of geology studying variations in isotope abundances in the natural environment
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations
Isotope_geochemistry
Topics referred to by the same term
Laser isotope separation, or laser enrichment, is a technology of isotope separation using selective ionization of atoms or molecules by the means of
Laser_isotope_separation
Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169Tm, with 100% natural abundance. Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized
Isotopes_of_thulium
Usage of mass spectrometry to measure remaining isotopes
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry
Series of radioactive decays
elements. Radioactive isotopes do not usually decay directly to stable isotopes, but rather into another radioisotope. The isotope produced by this radioactive
Decay_chain
Naturally occurring lithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 (6Li) and lithium-7 (7Li), with the latter being far more abundant on Earth
Isotopes_of_lithium
cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 245Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_californium
Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.90% natural
Isotopes_of_ytterbium
Argon (18Ar) has 26 known isotopes, from 29Ar to 54Ar, of which three are stable (36Ar, 38Ar, and 40Ar). On Earth, 40Ar makes up 99.6% of natural argon
Isotopes_of_argon
Caesium (55Cs) has 41 known isotopes, ranging in mass number from 112 to 152. Only one isotope, 133Cs, is stable. The longest-lived radioisotopes are 135Cs
Isotopes_of_caesium
occurring xenon (54Xe) consists of nine isotopes: seven stable isotopes and two very long-lived radioactive isotopes: double electron capture has been observed
Isotopes_of_xenon
Nuclides with atomic number of 113 but with different mass numbers
elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized
Isotopes_of_nihonium
Isotope analysis has many applications in archaeology, from dating sites and artefacts, determination of past diets and migration patterns and for environmental
Isotope analysis in archaeology
Isotope_analysis_in_archaeology
given. Like all trace or artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized and identified was 239Np in 1940, produced
Isotopes_of_neptunium
stable isotopes. It was first synthesized in 1945. Like technetium, it is preceded and followed by elements with stable isotopes. The known isotopes run
Isotopes_of_promethium
Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10 B and 11 B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been
Isotopes_of_boron
There are 21 known isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from 17 Na to 39 Na (except for 36Na and 38Na), and five isomers. 23 Na is the only stable (and the
Isotopes_of_sodium
Beryllium (4Be) has 11 known isotopes and 3 known isomers, but only one of these isotopes (9 Be) is stable and a primordial nuclide. As such, beryllium
Isotopes_of_beryllium
Ancient warm and cool periods
Marine isotope stages (MIS), marine oxygen-isotope stages, or oxygen isotope stages (OIS), are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate
Marine_isotope_stages
Thorium (90Th) has seven naturally occurring isotopes but none are stable. One isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.40×1010 years
Isotopes_of_thorium
Heavy isotopes bonded to other heavy isotopes
Clumped isotopes are heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes. The relative abundance of clumped isotopes (and multiply substituted isotopologues)
Clumped_isotopes
Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.40% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life
Isotopes_of_lutetium
Naturally occurring praseodymium (59Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr. Forty radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being
Isotopes_of_praseodymium
the Universe. The stable isotope 113In is only 4.3% of naturally occurring indium. Among elements with a known stable isotope, only tellurium and rhenium
Isotopes_of_indium
Natural yttrium (39Y) is composed of the single stable isotope, 89Y. The most stable radioisotopes are 88Y, which has a half-life of 106.63 days, and
Isotopes_of_yttrium
Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27
Isotopes_of_neodymium
are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 67 to 103. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one (78
Isotopes_of_krypton
Selenium has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium
Isotopes_of_selenium
Naturally occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes: 120, 122-126, 128, 130. The heaviest two have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and
Isotopes_of_tellurium
Gold (79Au) has one stable isotope, 197Au, and known radioisotopes ranging from 169Au to 210Au, with 195Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186
Isotopes_of_gold
has no stable isotopes. The first (and so far only) isotopes to be synthesized were 293Ts and 294Ts in 2009. The longer-lived isotope is 294Ts with a
Isotopes_of_tennessine
( 19K) has 25 known isotopes from 34 K to 57 K as well as 31 K, as well as an unconfirmed report of 59 K. Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the
Isotopes_of_potassium
Naturally occurring europium (63Eu) is composed of two isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with 153Eu being the more abundant (52.2% natural abundance). While 153Eu
Isotopes_of_europium
There are 39 known isotopes of radon (86Rn), from 193Rn to 231Rn; all are radioactive. The most stable isotope is 222Rn with a half-life of 3.8215 days
Isotopes_of_radon
Ratio of two stable isotopes
stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundance of such stable isotopes can be measured experimentally (isotope analysis)
Stable_isotope_ratio
Rest mass of an atom in its ground state
its mass number. The relative isotopic mass (see section below) can be obtained by dividing the atomic mass ma of an isotope by the atomic mass constant
Atomic_mass
cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are seven known radioisotopes
Isotopes_of_copernicium
cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered (in nuclear fallout from the Ivy Mike H-bomb
Isotopes_of_fermium
it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999 (or possibly 1998). Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed
Isotopes_of_flerovium
A medical isotope is an isotope used in medicine. The first uses of isotopes in medicine were in radiopharmaceuticals, and this is still the most common
Isotopes_in_medicine
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay, and the isotope ratios of
Xenon
Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Synthetic radioisotopes are known with atomic masses ranging
Isotopes_of_gallium
Copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with 28 known radioisotopes from 55Cu to 84Cu. The most stable radioisotope, 67Cu, has a half-life
Isotopes_of_copper
41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one naturally occurring, very long-lived isotope; thus, the
Isotopes_of_bismuth
stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 266Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only
Isotopes_of_meitnerium
Naturally occurring cobalt, Co, consists of a single stable isotope, 59Co (thus, cobalt is a mononuclidic element). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been
Isotopes_of_cobalt
isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution of sulfur isotopes in biological and geological materials. In addition to its common isotope
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry
Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry
synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984. There are 13 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and up to
Isotopes_of_hassium
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