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Group of single-celled organisms
Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironematellidae, first identified in 1988, and the Paramastigidae. Over
Hemimastigophora
Proposed clade containing the Amorphea
Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2018-11-14). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Podiata
Taxonomic rank
PMID 23085100. W Foissner; H Blatterer; I Foissner (1 October 1988). "The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum
Phylum
Clade of protists
Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2018-11-14). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
CRuMs
Clade of eukaryotes
as Telonemia. In addition, three small groups of protists, Provora, Hemimastigophora and Meteora sporadica, form a clade that may belong to Diaphoretickes
Diaphoretickes
Group of predatory microbes
eukaryotes, specifically as the sister group to a clade containing Hemimastigophora and the species Meteora sporadica. Either position is reflected in
Provora
Supergroup of eukaryotic microbes
subclades contain two phyla, Nebulidia + Nibbleridia in the former and Hemimastigophora + Caelestes in the latter. While these relationships are well-supported
Disparia
Informal classification rank for living beings
lineages of newly discovered protists (such as Telonemia, Picozoa, Hemimastigophora, Rigifilida...) and the use of phylogenomic analyses have brought a
Supergroup_(biology)
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Eukaryote
Species of deep sea protist
high-level eukaryotic group. In 2024 it was revealed to be related to Hemimastigophora. This was clarified in the 2025 description of Solarion arienae, which
Meteora_sporadica
Biological kingdom
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Animal
Phylum of eukaryotic microbes
The novel clade Caelestes was recovered as the sister taxon to the Hemimastigophora. The year prior, Meteora had been discovered to have affinities with
Caelestes
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Protist
Family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora
Spironemidae) is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid Hemimastix amphikineta
Spironematellidae
Phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
Eglit Y, Eme L, Bertrand EM, Roger AJ, Simpson AG (December 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Picozoa
Single-celled organisms
(algae) Viridiplantae (inc. multicellular plants) PROTISTS (green algae) Hemimastigophora FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA Provora FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA Haptista PROTOZOA TSAR
Protozoa
Genus of eukaryotic microbes
meteor-like shape). Caelestes was found to be the sister group to Hemimastigophora in the new clade Membrifera (lit. 'limb-bearing'). Membrifera is sister
Solarion
Genus of problematic fossil
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Diskagma
A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely
Protists_in_the_fossil_record
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Shuiyousphaeridium
Phylum of microbes in Provora
sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032.
Nibblerid
Extinct genus of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Leiosphaeridia
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Fungus
Kingdom of organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Plant
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Chromista
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Choanozoa
Clade of eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
CAM_(clade)
Group of single-celled organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Obazoa
Process of forming the first eukaryotic cell
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Eukaryogenesis
Family of aquatic microorganisms
Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2018-11-14). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Diphylleidae
Group of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Breviatea
Subclade of green plants, also known as land plants
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Embryophyte
Group of single-celled microbes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Discoba
Taxonomic group of slime molds
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Eumycetozoa
Group of amoebae closely related to fungi
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Nucleariid
Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Choanoflagellate
Clade of eukaryotic microbes
comprising the broader supergroup Disparia. Membrifera contains two phyla, Hemimastigophora and Caelestes. Using an ELM+C60+G4 model, which excels in predicting
Membrifera
Genus of single-celled organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Cryptosporidium
Clade of eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Pancryptista
Group including fungi, animals and various protozoa
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Amorphea
Clade of eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Stramenopile
Group of microorganisms with two flagella
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Apusomonad
Genus of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Glissandra
Clade of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Alveolate
Division or phylum of fungi
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Ascomycota
Phylum of single-celled organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Radiolaria
Phylum of microbes in Provora
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Nebulid
Genus of flagellates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Divimonas
Class of amoebae
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Cutosea
Order of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Ancyromonadida
Eukaryotic supergroup that comprises stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
SAR_supergroup
Classification of eukaryotes
Solarionidae Valt & Čepička in Valt et al. 2025, sole genus Solarion. Phylum Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988, class Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer
Protist_classification
Theoretical clade in the Eukaryota taxonomical domain
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Scotokaryotes
Species of protist
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Tetradimorpha_pterbica
Fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Oomycete
Fossil holozoan
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Bicellum
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Dinoflagellate
Genus of single-celled heterokonts
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Kaonashia
Eukaryote clade consisting of most protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Neokaryotes
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
Diaphoretickes Meteora Hemimastigophora ? (Provora) Provora Haptista TSAR Telonemia SAR Rhizaria Halvaria Stramenopiles Alveolata CAM Cryptista Microheliella
Archaeplastida
Group of predatorial flagellates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Colponemid
Group of protists
sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032
Centrohelid
Group of eukaryotes which includes animals and fungi, among other groups
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Opisthokont
Clade of eukaryote organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Ichthyosporea
Geologic formation in Minnesota and Ontario
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Gunflint_chert
Group of calcareous microfossils
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Calcitarch
Clade containing animals and some protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Holozoa
Group of marine microfossils
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Chitinozoan
Genus of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Palpitomonas
Possible Palaeoproterozoic multicellular fossils from Gabon
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Francevillian_biota
Division of plant life
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Red_algae
Enigmatic genus of prehistoric eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Tawuia
Group of single-celled organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Cercozoa
Proposed clade of eukaryotic organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Orthokaryotes
Matter with biological processes
and fungi) CRuMs Discoba Metamonada Malawimonadida Ancyromonadida Hemimastigophora Provora Diaphoretickes Archaeplastida (including plants) Cryptista
Life
Cellular appendage functioning as locomotive or sensory organelle
multiflagellated: e.g., Opalinata, Ciliophora, Stephanopogon, Parabasalida, Hemimastigophora, Caryoblastea, Multicilia, the gametes (or zoids) of Oedogoniales (Chlorophyta)
Flagellum
Group of organic microfossils
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Acritarch
Monophyletic grouping within the Opisthokonta
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Filozoa
Phylum of aquatic animals
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Placozoa
Proposed taxon
Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2018-11-14). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Loukozoa
Phylum of parasitic alveolates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Apicomplexa
Clade of unicellular organisms
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Pluriformea
Group of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Hyphochytriomycetes
Family of choanoflagellates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Codonosigidae
Clade of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Rhizaria
Genus of basal eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Skoliomonas
Early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Grypania
Fossilised organism
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Horodyskia
Genus of single-celled organisms
Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564
Paramastix
Unicellular organism in the genus Kamera
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Kamera_lens
Phylum of protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Cryptista
Order of heliozoan protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Actinophryid
Order of algae
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Klebsormidiales
Group of eukaryotes
(unranked): Bikonta Cavalier-Smith 1993 Subgroups Diaphoretickes Excavata Hemimastigophora Synonyms Biciliata Cavalier-Smith, 1993 Diaphoretickes Adl et al.,
Bikont
Class of parasitic alveolates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Squirmid
Phylum of alveolates
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Chrompodellid
Division of algae
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Glaucophyte
Phylum of single-celled organisms
Archaeplastida Amorphea Amoebozoa Obazoa CRuMs "Excavates" (paraphyletic) Hemimastigophora Cladogram of eukaryotes based on revisions of the 2020 decade, showing
Telonemid
Clade of excavate protists
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Metamonad
Genus of basal eukaryotes
strictissimo)¹ Disparia Provora Nebulidia Nibbleridia Membrifera Caelestes Hemimastigophora "Excavates"* Discoba Jakobea Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea
Barthelona
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