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Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
Chromista is a proposed but controversial biological kingdom, refined from the Chromalveolata, consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic
Chromista
Taxonomic rank
although it primarily differs in that Protista is replaced by Protozoa and Chromista. Thomas Cavalier-Smith supported the consensus at that time, that the
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
IUCN conservation category
listed as such. There are 4,277 animal species, 48 fungi species and 4 chromista species listed as critically endangered. The IUCN Red List provides the
Critically_endangered
Science of classifying organisms
Archaea Archaea (2015) Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa* Chromista* Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia
Taxonomy_(biology)
Indication of the chance of extinction
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
Conservation_status
Biological classification system
Retrieved 2010-04-29. Cavalier-Smith, T. (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345
Two-empire_system
List of critically endangered plants Protists (various groups) — List of Chromista by conservation status On 29 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened
Lists of IUCN Red List species
Lists_of_IUCN_Red_List_species
Taxonomic database
notional 50% of 358 "uncertain" names: est. total 10,881 accepted genera Chromista: 9,912 accepted genus names plus notional 50% of 2,379 "uncertain" names:
Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera
status of 15 species within Chromista. The IUCN has not evaluated any protist species other than those in Phaeophyceae. No Chromista subspecies or subpopulations
List of Chromista by conservation status
List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status
Phyllosticta sp. - Extreme Fluctuations Conservation of fungi List of Chromista by conservation status Ophiocordyceps sinensis International Union for
List of fungi by conservation status
List_of_fungi_by_conservation_status
Taxonomic rank above species and below family
genus names (± 55,350) Plantae: 28,724 (± 7,721) Fungi: 10,468 (± 182) Chromista: 11,114 (± 1,268) Protozoa: 3,109 (± 1,206) Bacteria: 3,433 (± 115) (LPSN
Genus
Country in the Caribbean
Cuba, the main groups being: animals (17,801 species), bacteria (270), chromista (707), fungi, including lichen-forming species (5,844), plants (9,107)
Cuba
British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
(protists) and advocated for a variety of major taxonomic groups, such as the Chromista, Chromalveolata, Opisthokonta, Rhizaria, and Excavata. He was known for
Thomas_Cavalier-Smith
American director
Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2025-12-06. "Andrew DeYoung—Director—CHROMISTA". www.chromista.tv. Retrieved 2025-12-06. Greene, Dan (2025-05-26). "Should Men
Andrew_DeYoung_(director)
Clade of eukaryotes
and cryptomonads were collectively known as chromalveolates or kingdom Chromista due to a hypothesized common ancestor that obtained the ability to photosynthesize
Diaphoretickes
Biological classification system
contributions to biology was his proposal of a new kingdom of life: the Chromista, although the usefulness of the grouping is questionable given that it
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
Cavalier-Smith's_system_of_classification
Taxonomic rank
been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable
Phylum
IUCN conservation category
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
Vulnerable_species
Inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
IUCN_Red_List
Species categorized as likely to become extinct
mammals List of endangered molluscs List of endangered reptiles List of Chromista by conservation status List of fungi by conservation status "IUCN Red
Endangered species (IUCN status)
Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)
IUCN species-conservation category
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
Data_deficient
Cellular body type
other excavates Eosarcodina Neosarcodina Actinopoda Alveolata → Plants, Chromista Apusozoa → Choanozoa → Animals, Fungi Eozoa Sarcodina The 'amoeboflagellate'
Amoeba
Species of some organisms facing a very high risk of extinction
Federation Threatened species World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) List of Chromista by conservation status List of endangered amphibians List of endangered
Endangered_species
Archamoebae, Tubulinea and Flabellinia. Some Amoeboza cause disease. The Chromista are a group of protists that contains the algal phyla Heterokontophyta
List of sequenced protist genomes
List_of_sequenced_protist_genomes
Formal description of a discovered species
Year Total new species descriptions Animals Plants Fungi Protists Chromista Bacteria Archea Cumulative species descriptions 1920 9685 6693 2086 855 2
Species_description
Matter with biological processes
The Protozoa do not form a clade or natural grouping, and nor do the Chromista (Chromalveolata). The ability to sequence large numbers of complete genomes
Life
Clade of protists
developed from a chloroplast-containing ancestor, which also gave rise to the Chromista (the chromalveolate hypothesis). Other researchers have speculated that
Alveolate
Type of taxonomic group
Eukaryota Cellular organisms Protista Animalia, Plantae, Fungi Eukaryota Chromista Archaeplastida, Provora Diaphoretickes Invertebrates Vertebrata Animalia
Paraphyly
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
"Ciliophora" is ranked as a phylum under any of several kingdoms, including Chromista, Protista or Protozoa. In some older systems of classification, such as
Ciliate
IUCN conservation category
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
Least-concern_species
The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most
Paleobiota_of_Monte_Bolca
Superkingdom of eukaryotes
classification (obsolete) Clade: Eukaryota Superkingdom: Metakaryota Cavalier-Smith 1991 Kingdoms Old classification Protozoa Animalia Plantae Fungi Chromista
Metakaryota
Topics referred to by the same term
Bacteria/Eubacteria Proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Chromista, Protozoa and Eukaryota In Chinese history, six of the Seven Warring States
Six_Kingdoms
Phylum of protists
placed along with Haptista in the subkingdom Hacrobia, within the kingdom Chromista, most recent studies have found that Hacrobia is not a clade. For example
Cryptista
Chemical compound
chlorophyll found in certain marine algae, including the photosynthetic Chromista (e.g. diatoms and brown algae) and dinoflagellates. These pigments are
Chlorophyll_c
Group of eukaryotic organisms
major groups within the eukaryotes. It was a refinement of the kingdom Chromista, first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981. Chromalveolata was proposed
Chromalveolata
Historically, a biological kingdom
Archaea Archaea (2015) Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa* Chromista* Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia
Monera
Single-celled organisms
other groups such as Alveolata and Stramenopiles, under the polyphyletic Chromista. The Protozoa in this scheme were paraphyletic, because it excluded some
Protozoa
Division of plant life
PMID 20333193. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–5
Red_algae
Clade of eukaryotes
order". Constancea. 83: 1–30. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). "The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics". In Round, F.E.; Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress
Stramenopile
Eukaryote clade consisting of most protists
PMID 25152275. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345
Neokaryotes
Group of eukaryotes
superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 331–362. Bibcode:2015MolPE
Bikont
Genus of single-celled organisms
125682. PMID 31568885. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Platysulcus
Superorder of single-celled organisms
"Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE
Cyathobodoniae
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
PMID 20333193. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345
Archaeplastida
Phylum of algae
protis.2008.11.004. PMID 19213601. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). "The Kingdom Chromista: Origin and Systematics" (PDF). In Round, F.E.; Chapman, D.J. (eds.).
Ochrophyte
Genus of single-celled organisms
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Abhandlungen, Jahre 1838, 59-147. Data related to Cornutella (Chromista) at Wikispecies Cornutella at geologie.mnhn.fr v t e
Cornutella_(radiolarian)
Genus of Chromista
Grammatophora is a genus of Chromista belonging to the family Grammatophoraceae. The genus was first described by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1840. Species: Grammatophora
Grammatophora_(alga)
Eukaryotic supergroup that comprises stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians
July 2025 (link) Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–5
SAR_supergroup
Rank based classification of bacteria
Archaea Archaea (2015) Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa* Chromista* Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia
Bacterial_taxonomy
Cellular organelles found in protists
evolutionary hypothesis about the common origin of kingdoms Plantae and Chromista, because both kingdoms have cortical alveoli in at least one phylum. At
Cortical_alveolum
Genus of algae
Taxon identifiers Alaria Wikidata: Q2830659 Wikispecies: Alaria (Chromista) AlgaeBase: 70 CoL: 7NNFF EoL: 11310 GBIF (old): 3196122 iNaturalist: 124813
Alaria_(alga)
Genus of Chromista
Goniochloris is a genus of Chromista belonging to the family Pleurochloridaceae. The genus was first described by Lothar Geitler in 1928. Species: Goniochloris
Goniochloris
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
List_of_recovering_species
Proposed superkingdom
PMID 19340985. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345
Corticata
Genus of single-celled organisms
Thalassionema is a genus of Chromista belonging to the family Thalassionemataceae. The genus was described in 1902 by Grunow ex Mereschkowsky. Species:
Thalassionema
Group of protists
Foraminifera is regarded as a phylum, (Kingdom Protista or Rhizaria, not Chromista) that unites Foraminifera that have tests composed of secreted lamellar
Rotalidia
Clade of protists
support Halvaria as a solid clade. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Halvaria
Species of single-celled organism
of fungus. Thines, Marco; Spring, Otmar (2005). "A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 92: 443–458. Keinath, A.P.; Strand,
Wilsoniana_bliti
Class of enzymes
taxonomic groups: CYP51A for Animals, CYP51B for Bacteria. CYP51C for Chromista, CYP51D for Dictyostelium, CYP51E for Euglenozoa, CYP51F for Fungi. These
Sterol_14-demethylase
Class of protists that produce a filamentous network
bioRxiv 10.64898/2026.01.15.699578. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Labyrinthulomycetes
Phylum of protozoans
PMID 14657103. Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345
Euglenozoa
Proposed clade of eukaryotic organisms
proposed cladogram is Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Orthokaryotes
Group of algae and colorless flagellates
haptophytes, and the three groups were united by Cavalier-Smith as the Chromista. However, the case that the organisms themselves are closely related was
Cryptomonad
Class of diatoms
Retrieved 2025-08-27. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Bacillariophyceae
Subclass of ciliate eukaryotes
Taxon identifiers Peritrichia Wikidata: Q623256 Wikispecies: Peritrichia (Chromista) AFD: Peritrichia NCBI: 6021 NZOR: 4f1ecf42-6718-4e19-8856-d627b6cac5ef
Peritrich
Subclass of brown algae
Phaeophyceae (brown algae) which contains the most complex and evolved orders of Chromista algae. The members of this subclass have stalks with several morphological
Fucophycidae
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
proposed two non-monophyletic kingdoms of protists, the Protozoa and the Chromista. He argued that protists with red algal-derived plastids and their heterotrophic
Protist
Group of intracellular parasites
Wikidata Q124684358. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Perkinsea
Group of flagellates
superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 331–362. doi:10.1016/j.ympev
Katablepharid
Species of plant pathogen
mildew on a wide range of many different plants. It belongs to the Kingdom Chromista, the phylum Oomycota, and the family Peronosporaceae. The former name
Hyaloperonospora_parasitica
Class of ochrophytes
"Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE..62..388C. doi:10
Phaeothamniophyceae
Genus of plant pathogen
the American mycologist G.W.Wilson Thines, Marco; Spring, Otmar (2005). "A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 92: 443–458.
Wilsoniana
Genus of protists
Taxon identifiers Bonamia Wikidata: Q25661520 Wikispecies: Bonamia (Chromista) GBIF (old): 7543405 iNaturalist: 550351 IRMNG: 1267200 NCBI: 126727 NZOR:
Bonamia_(protist)
Genus of single-celled organisms
Cyrtopera is a genus of radiolarians in the family Theoperidae. Data related to Cyrtopera (Chromista) at Wikispecies v t e
Cyrtopera
Group of fungus-like organisms
"Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". J. Mol. Evol. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE..62..388C. doi:10
Pseudofungi
Genus of plant pathogen
Latin's pustula meaning "blister". Thines, Marco; Spring, Otmar (2005). "A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 92: 443–458.
Pustula_(protist)
Class of algae
detail. The Chrysophyceae have been placed by some in the polyphyletic Chromista. The broader monophyletic group to which the Chrysophyceae belong includes
Golden_algae
Class of algae
information related to Pelagophyceae. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Pelagophyceae
IUCN conservation category
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
Threatened_species
Theoretical clade in the Eukaryota taxonomical domain
superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 357. doi:10.1016/j.ympev
Scotokaryotes
Genus of brown algae
Fucales of the class Phaeophyceae. It is one of the members of the proposed Chromista kingdom. Sargassum is spread predominantly in tropical and subtropical
Sargassum
Genus of oomycetes
Constantinescu, O.; Fatehi, J. (May 2002). "Peronospora-like fungi (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Brassicaceae and related hosts". Nova Hedwigia
Perofascia
Family of predatory microbes
"Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
Developea
Group of flagellates
ISBN 978-3-319-28147-6. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2018). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: A new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Rollomonadia
Clade of eukaryotic organisms
1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Gyrista
Phylum of single-celled organisms
PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2018-01-01). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Bigyra
Genus of oomycetes
"Plasmoverna gen. nov., and the taxonomy and nomenclature of Plasmopara ( Chromista , Peronosporales )". Taxon. 54 (3): 813–821. doi:10.2307/25065444. v t
Plasmoverna
Obsolete grouping of single-celled organisms
PMID 40948565. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 December 2009). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3). The
Excavata
Genus of single-celled organisms
varies among several sources. One source states the taxonomy as: Kingdom Chromista, Phylum Miozoa, Class Dinophyceae, Order Gonyaulacales, and Family Ceratiaceae
Ceratium
Species of plant pathogen
(Tragopogon spp.). Thines, Marco; Spring, Otmar (2005). "A revision of Albugo (Chromista, Peronosporomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 92: 443–458. "Species Fungorum: Pustula
Pustula_tragopogonis
Genus of nanoplankton
1016/S0003-9365(97)80051-6. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (January 2018). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Commation
Order of protists
"Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE
Bicosoecida
Genus of flagellates
hdl:2241/00148460. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Pseudophyllomitus
List of highly-endangered primate species
in amphibian populations Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world's 100 most threatened
The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
The_World's_25_Most_Endangered_Primates
Genus of single-celled organisms
Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity, Vol. 3, Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, Edition: 1, Chapter: 13. 3: 175-216. Editors: Dennis
Torodinium
Group of parasitoid microbes
"Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
Pirsoniales
American film director, screenwriter
Eddie Alcazar. Archived from the original on 2022-03-28. "Eddie Alcazar". Chromista. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. "Eddie Alcazar Video Game Credits
Eddie_Alcazar
Phylum of alveolates
Wikidata Q124684077. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting
Chrompodellid
Total variability of Earth's life forms
17,000) 1,500,000 (incl. Lichens ~25,000) Others ~66,307 ~2,600,500 ↳ Chromista [incl. brown algae, diatoms and other groups] 25,044 ~200,500 ↳ Protoctista
Global_biodiversity
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