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See searches and references containing GENE CONVERSION!GENE CONVERSION
Biological process
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion
Gene_conversion
Cellular mechanism in B cells
for V(D)J, but they also perform somatic gene conversion. Humans are not known to perform such gene conversion, except for one report of indirect evidence
Somatic_hypermutation
DNA elements allow new genes to evolve by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from gene conversion during meiosis. Gene conversion acts on DNA sequence homology
Interspersed_repeat
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
intermediates preceding gene conversion were found to rarely take the alternate route of crossover recombination. The Y-Y gene conversion rate in humans is
Y_chromosome
Species of fungus
appeared that the m gene had been converted to the + gene or vice versa. And so the phenomenon was termed "gene conversion." Gene conversion was first detected
Sordaria_fimicola
Set of several similar genes
cycles of gene transfer and conversion increasingly make gene family members more similar. In the process of gene transfer, allelic gene conversion is biased
Gene_family
Change in proteins expressed by bacteria
the repressor is turned off as is H2 allowing H1 to be expressed. Gene conversion is another example of a type of phase variation. Type IV pili of Neisseria
Phase_variation
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
fixed due to some combination of natural selection, genetic drift, and gene conversion.[citation needed] Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to
Molecular_evolution
Name of some human genes
possibly due to the action of biased gene conversion rather than adaptive evolution. Several of the HARs encompass genes known to produce proteins important
Human_accelerated_regions
Species of ascomycete fungus
laboratories, established the phenomenon of "gene conversion" (e.g. see references). As an example of the gene conversion phenomenon, consider genetic crosses
Neurospora_crassa
Chromosomal crossover resulting in gene duplication or deletion
genes are responsible for the occurrence of crossing over. It exchanges sequences of different links between chromosomes. Along with gene conversion,
Unequal_crossing_over
organisms. Some genes may be more prone to gene conversion than others[citation needed], thus reinforcing the unity of the genes within a gene family of a
Concerted_evolution
Type of pattern of inheritance
and in some cases of mitosis. Gene conversion can be one of the major forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. Gene conversion arises during DNA repair via
Non-Mendelian_inheritance
Shuffling of genetic material
between homologous chromosomes is a common mechanism used in DNA repair. Gene conversion – the process during which homologous sequences are made identical
Genetic_recombination
Medical condition
the result of gene conversion, while 89% of patients harbored at least one such mutation. Gene conversion occurs when the intact SBDS gene and its pseudogene
Shwachman–Diamond_syndrome
Group of related genes in genomic DNA
Gene conversion allows tandemly arrayed genes to become homogenized, or identical. Gene conversion may be allelic or ectopic. Allelic gene conversion
Gene_cluster
deaminase 2 (CDA2) appears to assemble VLRB. The product of VLR gene conversion is a functional gene expressing a VLR protein. The VLR typically consists of a
Adaptive immunity in jawless fish
Adaptive_immunity_in_jawless_fish
Excess amounts of gamma globulin in the blood
with gene conversion during somatic recombination in B cells. The mutation in the gene causes an enzyme that does not function properly, thus gene conversion
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Loss of the copy of a gene from one parent in a diploid organism
original published mechanism of RB1 LOH was mitotic recombination/gene conversion/copy-neutral LOH, not deletion. There is a critical difference between
Loss_of_heterozygosity
Mutant lamin A protein
Furthermore, the fraction of homologous recombination events occurring by gene conversion is increased. These findings suggest that the normal untruncated nuclear
Progerin
Substrings of length k contained in a biological sequence
fitness of an organism. Rather, current evidence suggests that GC‐biased gene conversion (gBGC) is a driving factor behind variation in GC content. gBGC is
K-mer
Branched nucleic acid structure
of the original set of strands leads to two molecules that may show gene conversion but not chromosomal crossover, while cleavage of the other set of two
Holliday_junction
creation of fusion genes. As a result. It is often challenging to distinguish between gene conversion events and mismapping during gene mapping. The nucleotide
GYPE
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution
Gene_duplication
Product of meiosis in spore-producing organisms
analyses have also contributed to detection and study of the phenomena of gene conversion and post-meiotic segregation. These studies have proven central to
Tetrad_(meiosis)
Cell division producing haploid gametes
Most breaks are repaired without forming crossovers resulting in gene conversion. However, a subset of breaks (at least one per chromosome) form crossovers
Meiosis
British molecular biologist
described a mechanism of DNA-strand exchange that attempted to explain gene-conversion events that occur during meiosis in fungi. That model first proposed
Robin_Holliday
Genetic bias in coding DNA
codon biases reflect the contributions of 3 main factors: GC-biased gene conversion that favors GC-ending codons in diploid organisms, arrival biases reflecting
Codon_usage_bias
American molecular biologist and yeast geneticist
analysis of thousands of meioses and paved the way for studies of gene conversion and replicative aging. Mortimer founded the Saccharomyces stock center
Robert_K._Mortimer
Dog breed
hemoglobin function in high-altitude Tibetan canids were derived via gene conversion and introgression". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (10): 2227–2237
Tibetan_Mastiff
Human leukocyte antigen serotype
serotype. The ancestral A10 type is believed to be A*2601, which via gene conversion with other HLA-A alleles produced A*2501, A*3401, A*4301 and A*6601
HLA-A10
Alteration of displayed antigens by pathogens
including proteins and carbohydrates. Antigenic variation can result from gene conversion, site-specific DNA inversions, hypermutation, or recombination of sequence
Antigenic_variation
Genus of bacteria
proteins can then recombine, through a process called gene conversion, resulting in a new gene variant. This has a profound effect on the fitness of an
Ehrlichia
Tick-borne bacterium
"Genetic variation of the Borrelia burgdorferi gene vlsE involves cassette-specific, segmental gene conversion". Infection and Immunity. 66 (8): 3698–704
Borrelia_mayonii
products because flanking markers of heteroduplex DNA are not exchanged, gene conversion may occur, wherein nonreciprocal genetic transfer takes place between
Synthesis-dependent strand annealing
Synthesis-dependent_strand_annealing
System of biological structures
the heavy and light gene Ig loci take part in somatic gene conversion – a process where pseudogenes replace the VH and VL genes. This diversifies the
Avian_immune_system
Human leukocyte antigen serotype
HLA-B*52 gene products. B52 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B5, and is a sister type of B51. B*5201 likely formed as a result of a gene conversion event
HLA-B52
Infraorder of primates
PMID 35582793. BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying selection of a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution ADW Simiiformes
Simian
All genetic material of an organism
thereby altering gene expression. Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion. Transposable
Genome
Cellular process
et al. (2015). "Crossovers are associated with mutation and biased gene conversion at recombination hotspots". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. PMID 25646453
Chromosomal_crossover
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first copied
Gene
Human enzyme that hydroxylates steroids
gene and the pseudogene, and between different RCCX modules. Moreover, PCR may not be able to detect complex variants such as large gene conversions,
21-Hydroxylase
Model of DNA repair in biology
"Double-strand break repair assays determine pathway choice and structure of gene conversion events in Drosophila melanogaster". G3. 4 (3). Bethesda, Md.: 425–432
Double-strand break repair model
Double-strand_break_repair_model
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
role in regulation of the immune response. KIR2DS4 is a product of a gene conversion with KIR3DL2. KIR2DS4 has unusual HLA-I specificity binding some HLA-C
KIR2DS4
Change in the heritable traits of populations
suffered a reduction in scope when it was discovered that (1) GC-biased gene conversion makes an important contribution to composition in diploid organisms
Evolution
Percentage of guanine and cytosine in DNA or RNA molecules
size, and might be linked to a molecular process called GC-biased gene conversion. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, the GC-content of
GC-content
consisting of concatenated copies of the original genome. In these genomes, gene conversion help expand the repeats of their telomeres. Similar variations can
Linear_chromosome
Human leukocyte antigen serotype
identifies the more common HLA-B*67 gene products. B67 is region specific recombinant haplotype formed by the gene conversion of B*39, an allele common along
HLA-B67
diversification of multigene families. The mechanisms involved include gene conversion, unequal crossing-over, transposition, slippage replication and RNA-mediated
Molecular_drive
biases, and the alternative hypotheses may include selection, biased gene conversion, and demographic factors. Evidence for an evolutionary impact of mutation
Mutation_bias
electrophoresis Gene Gene chip technology Gene cloning Gene complex Gene conversion Gene dose Gene duplication Gene expression Gene family Gene flow Gene frequency
Index_of_genetics_articles
accurate detection of adaptive evolution: demographic changes and biased gene conversion. Demographic changes are particularly problematic and may severely
Adaptive evolution in the human genome
Adaptive_evolution_in_the_human_genome
American geneticist (1915–2006)
contributions in the areas of intragenic complementation, gene conversion and analysis of gene clusters. His early work on intragenic complementation led
Norman_Giles
Ethnic group in West Africa
unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion". Forensic Science International. 159 (1): 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint
Hausa_people
Signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens
of type Ia. Due to the many gene conversion events, using the sequence alone does not always show the correct gene-to-gene correspondance (orthology) and
Interferon
to find an uncommon consequence for a usual biological event called gene conversion in the case of the ribonuclease (RNase) protein family. The most well-known
Seminal_RNase
Crossing over at non-homologous loci
129: 1085–1098. Licthen, M; Borts, R.H.; Haber, J.E. (1986). "Meiotic gene conversion and crossing over between dispersed homologous sequences occurs frequently
Ectopic_recombination
Functionless relative of a gene
resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes
Pseudogene
DNA sequence that jumps/transposes within a genome
gene conversion, they protect novel gene sequences from being overwritten by similar gene sequences and thereby facilitate the development of new genes. TEs
Transposable_element
Icelandic neurologist (born 1949)
detailed view of how the genome uses recombination, de novo mutation and gene conversion to promote and generate its own diversity but within certain bounds
Kári_Stefánsson
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
Gene expression is the process by which the information contained within a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein or a functional
Gene_expression
Human leukocyte antigen serotype
indicating B53 is a recent product of gene conversion. This suggests an origin for HLA-B53 involving a gene conversion of HLA-B35 by an allele containing
HLA-B53
Species of mammal
CCR5 gene, which plays a part in inflammation and immune response. This mutation is derived from a gene conversion event in the related CCR2 gene; these
European_rabbit
American science fiction and fantasy writer (1931–2019)
Gene Rodman Wolfe (May 7, 1931 – April 14, 2019) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He was noted for his dense, allusive prose, his fascination
Gene_Wolfe
Species of bacterium
characteristics it allows. Antigen variation in TprK is regulated by gene conversion. In this way, fragments of the seven variable regions (V1–V7), by nonreciprocal
Treponema_pallidum
Protein-coding gene in humans
enhancer. It is thought that gene conversion events may involve the two genes, leading to varying copy numbers of each gene. Mutations in SMN1 are associated
SMN1
serotyping for HLA-B*82 gene products. B*8201 was first identified by sequence analysis and appears to be derived by gene conversion between B*5602 and another
HLA-B*82
Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
J.; Pollard, J. W. (1987). "Hypothesis: Somatic Hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to-DNA information loop". Molecular
Lamarckism
Accumulation of harmful mutations
multicopy sequences which do engage intrachromosomal recombination and gene conversion) should also be subject to the effects of Muller's ratchet. Such nonrecombining
Muller's_ratchet
Genetic disorders of the adrenal gland
active gene (CYP21A2) and an inactive pseudogene (CYP21A1P). Mutant alleles result from recombination between the active and pseudogenes (gene conversion).
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia
Rare congenital neuromuscular disorder
the functional conversion of the SMN1 sequence into SMN2). Almost all people, however, have at least one functional copy of the SMN2 gene (with most having
Spinal_muscular_atrophy
Ability to perceive differences in light frequency
Verrelli BC, Tishkoff SA (September 2004). "Signatures of selection and gene conversion associated with human color vision variation". American Journal of
Color_vision
Two nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds
mispair correction during recombination is described in the article gene conversion. Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides
Base_pair
Subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains
through a process of gene conversion, which is a form of short distance or 'abortive' genetic recombination. Functional motifs in genes are exchanged to form
HLA-DR
Type of paternal lineage
unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion". Forensic Science International. 159 (1): 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint
Haplogroup_R1b
French geneticist
carrying the omega+ allele! In 1974, he proposed a model in which gene conversion of the omega- allele to omega+ was achieved by homologous recombination
Bernard_Dujon
Blocks of DNA
one segmental duplication copy to another. This is referred to as gene conversion, which can be detected using newly created computational algorithms
Segmental duplication on the human Y chromosome
Segmental_duplication_on_the_human_Y_chromosome
Third stage of Prophase I of Meiosis
JM, Cooper DN, Chuzhanova N, Férec C, Patrinos GP (October 2007). "Gene conversion: mechanisms, evolution and human disease". Nature Reviews. Genetics
Pachytene
Cellular mechanism
(except in the rare case of a back mutation, for example, through gene conversion). There are several types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular
DNA_repair
Part of an antibody which binds to an antigen
essential role in diversifying paratopes. Chickens and rabbits use gene conversion to increase the number of possible paratopes. Lefranc MP (2013). "Paratope"
Paratope
Phenomenon inducing a loss of genetic diversity
Excoffier, Laurent (23 August 2018). "Background selection and biased gene conversion affect more than 95% of the human genome and bias demographic inferences"
Background_selection
Model for tracing the history of genetic variation
msHOT: modifying Hudson's ms simulator to incorporate crossover and gene conversion hotspots Bioinformatics AOP ^Hudson, Richard R. (1983a). "Testing the
Coalescent_theory
Genes coding for ribosomal RNA
slippage of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication or by gene conversion. The rDNA transcription tracts have low rate of polymorphism among
Ribosomal_DNA
Subspecies of mammal
Hemoglobin Function in High-Altitude Tibetan Canids Were Derived via Gene Conversion and Introgression". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (10): 2227–2237
Himalayan_wolf
Region of genomic DNA
certain genes. Several hypotheses derive from the selectionist view, such as the thermodynamic stability hypothesis and the biased gene conversion hypothesis
Isochore_(genetics)
Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell
interest is the control of prophage gene expression with many of the lysogenic conversion genes (gene conversion) being tightly regulated. This process
Prophage
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
with variations due to deletions, gene conversions, and missense mutations. The Rh blood group includes this gene which encodes both the RhC and RhE
RHCE_(gene)
Condition where cells have more than two sets of chromosomes
1994. PMC 205588. PMID 8021173. Soppa J (January 2011). "Ploidy and gene conversion in Archaea". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (1): 150–154. doi:10
Polyploidy
Human leukocyte antigen serotype
A*2402 appears to have evolved from A*23 alleles by a process of gene conversion. The A23 is more common in Africa and regions proximal to Africa. A24
HLA-A9
Medical condition
FD-causing mutation occurs in intron 20 of the donor gene. Conversion of T→C in intron 20 of the donor gene resulted in shift splicing that generates an IKAP
Familial_dysautonomia
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
1.71-75.1978. PMC 222219. PMID 649572. Soppa J (2011). "Ploidy and gene conversion in Archaea". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 39 (1): 150–154. doi:10.1042/BST0390150
Ploidy
Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.021. PMID 21821053. Galtier N (February 2003). "Gene conversion drives GC content evolution in mammalian histones". Trends in Genetics
Genome_evolution
DNA sequence
though it fails to take into account confounding factors such as gene conversion and homologous recombination. The HIV-1 LTR is 634 bp in length and
Long_terminal_repeat
unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion". Forensic Science International. 159 (1): 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Europe
Genes on human chromosome 6
America that appear to have undergone intense gene conversion between variable alleles and loci within each HLA gene class. Less frequently, longer-range productive
Human_leukocyte_antigen
intron-encoded protein is active in a gene conversion process that spreads an intron into a mitochondrial gene". Cell. 41 (2): 383–94. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80011-8
List of homing endonuclease cutting sites
List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites
Part of a gene that is spliced away
LK, Strathern JN (January 1993). "A role for reverse transcripts in gene conversion". Nature. 361 (6408): 170–173. Bibcode:1993Natur.361..170D. doi:10
Intron
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
analysis of human glycophorin MiIX gene shows a silent segment transfer and untemplated mutation resulting from gene conversion via sequence repeats". Blood
Glycophorin_A
Enzyme that creates mutations in DNA
is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes in B cells of the immune system. AID is currently
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Activation-induced_cytidine_deaminase
Small nuclear RNA in the species Homo sapiens
repeated genes encoding human U2 snRNA (the RNU2 locus) involves rapid intrachromosomal homogenization and rare interchromosomal gene conversion". EMBO
RNU2
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