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Change in proteins expressed by bacteria
biology, phase variation is a method for dealing with rapidly varying environments without requiring random mutation. It involves the variation of protein
Phase_variation
Species of bacterium
gene. Phase variation most often arises from a frameshift in the expressed gene. The Opa proteins of N. gonorrhoeae rely strictly on phase variation. Every
Neisseria_gonorrhoeae
Light wave manipulation
addition to aiming. Dynamic phase variation can also produce real-time holograms. Devices permitting detailed addressable phase control over two dimensions
Phased-array_optics
especially important in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The gene undergoes phase variation mediated via two recombinases and is a model example of site specific
Fim_switch
States of matter for water as a solid
Variations in pressure and temperature give rise to different phases of ice, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty-two
Phases_of_ice
Alteration of displayed antigens by pathogens
of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. It is related to phase variation. Antigenic variation not only enables the pathogen to avoid the immune response
Antigenic_variation
Microbiological classification system for genus Salmonella
exhibit phase variation between two motile phenotypes, different "H" antigens may be expressed. Salmonella that can express only one "H" antigen phase consequently
Kauffman–White_classification
Phemomenon of physical optics
on one side of the waist to the far field on the other side. This phase variation is not observable in most experiments. It is, however, of theoretical
Gouy_phase_shift
Order of viruses
polysaccharides (an example of phase variation), some of which the phage uses for host-recognition. With phase variation, B. intestinalis can maintain
CrAssphage
Monochrome light beam whose amplitude envelope is a Gaussian function
on one side of the waist to the far field on the other side. This phase variation is not observable in most experiments. It is, however, of theoretical
Gaussian_beam
Species having two or more distinct forms
can be light morph or dark morph. Due to having more than one possible variation for this gene, it is termed 'polymorphism'. However, if the jaguar has
Polymorphism_(biology)
Branch of physics
Self-phase modulation (SPM), an effect due to the optical Kerr effect (and possibly higher-order nonlinearities) caused by the temporal variation in the
Nonlinear_optics
Form of alternating current
IEC 60050. Other sections define variations of these terms, with section 601 having phase to phase voltage and phase to neutral voltage, and section 141
Three-phase_electric_power
Measurement method using interference of waves
technologies being used for x-ray phase-contrast imaging, all utilizing different principles to convert phase variations in the x-rays emerging from an object
Interferometry
Imaging systems using changes in phase
However, in phase contrast X-ray imaging, the beam's phase shift caused by the sample is not measured directly, but is transformed into variations in intensity
Phase-contrast_X-ray_imaging
Elapsed fraction of a cycle of a periodic function
In physics and mathematics, the phase (symbol φ or ϕ) of a wave or other periodic function F {\displaystyle F} of some real variable t {\displaystyle
Phase_(waves)
Nucleotide duplications created by DNA polymerase during DNA replication
completed. Slipped strand mispairing has also been shown to function as a phase variation mechanism in certain bacteria. Slippage occurs through five main stages:
Slipped_strand_mispairing
Species of bacterium
is called bacterial pneumonia. S. pneumoniae undergoes spontaneous phase variation, changing between transparent and opaque colony phenotypes. The transparent
Streptococcus_pneumoniae
Four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation
sexual intercourse, initially leading to the plateau phase. There is wide socio-cultural variation regarding preferences for the length of foreplay and
Human_sexual_response_cycle
Branch of statistics mathematics
(h^{-1}(t))=t} . The simplest case of a family of warping functions to specify phase variation is linear transformation, that is h ( t ) = δ + γ t {\displaystyle
Functional_data_analysis
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
transmission. It encodes a message signal as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Phase modulation is one of the two principal forms
Phase_modulation
optical packet in the same phase, and the distance between OLT and given ONU are random. In order to compensate the phase variation from packet to packet,
Burst mode clock and data recovery
Burst_mode_clock_and_data_recovery
Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
proteins. They also found more genes that undergo phase variation than any pathogen then known. Phase variation is a mechanism that helps the pathogen to evade
Neisseria_meningitidis
Signal processing algorithm
interference, in frequency regions of rapid phase variation. Only regions of slow phase variation (stationary phase) will contribute significantly to the reconstruction
Reassignment_method
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another
Phase_transition
known as phase variable regulons) mediate a coordinated change in the expression of multiple genes or proteins. This occurs via phase variation of a single
Phasevarion
Repeated evolution of a particular trait
types of phase variation that involve highly directed changes at the DNA sequence level. The evolution of different forms of phase variation in separate
Recurrent_evolution
Shape of the Moon's sunlit portion as viewed from Earth
A lunar phase or Moon phase is the apparent shape of the Moon's day and night phases of the lunar day as viewed from afar. Because the Moon is tidally
Lunar_phase
System in electronic signal processing
radio frequency communications systems. All these frequencies and phase variations must be estimated using the information in the received signal to reproduce
Carrier_recovery
Species of bacterium
Zimmerman CU, Stiedl T, Rosengarten R, Spergser J (March 2009). "Alternate phase variation in expression of two major surface membrane proteins (MBA and UU376)
Ureaplasma_parvum
Species of bacterium
endotoxins, siderophores, antimicrobial resistance and antigenic phase variation. The incubation period lasts around 50 days, may vary between 1 and
Klebsiella_granulomatis
Optical polarization device
vary slightly due to dispersion, this is negligible compared to the variation in phase difference according to the wavelength of the light due to the fixed
Waveplate
Variations of lighting of the planet's surface
The phases of Venus are the variations of lighting seen on the planet's surface, similar to lunar phases. The first recorded observations of them are thought
Phases_of_Venus
Microbiological classification system for genus Salmonella
exhibit phase variation between two motile phenotypes, different "H" antigens may be expressed. Salmonella that can express only one "H" antigen phase consequently
Kauffmann–White classification
Kauffmann–White_classification
Analysing signals
The concern to study time-varying phasors is raised to understand in-depth the fast amplitude and phase variations of emerging electrical power generator
Time-varying_phasor
repolarization phase, variability in shape and amplitude, and the decrease in its velocity with increasing distance from the initial point. Variation potentials
Variation_potential
Species of pathogenic bacterium found in water
Tucker, Matthew S.; Gulig, Paul A.; Wright, Anita C. (August 2009). "Phase variation, capsular polysaccharide, pilus and flagella contribute to uptake of
Vibrio_vulnificus
Psychological theory of dreaming
includes two phases: a modification phase (variation) and a selection phase (natural selection). Emotional selection also includes two phases: a modification
Emotional selection (dreaming)
Emotional_selection_(dreaming)
Non-destructive type of ultrasonics
also possible if the optical phase is recorded. In this case the echo shape when measured through the optical phase variation is proportional to a spatial
Picosecond_ultrasonics
Clinical trial stages using human subjects
there is evidence of variation in metabolic rate. When the development process for a new drug fails, this usually occurs during Phase II trials when the
Phases_of_clinical_research
Electronic control system
elements: Phase detector Low-pass filter Voltage-controlled oscillator Feedback path, which may include a frequency divider There are several variations of PLLs
Phase-locked_loop
e^{j\Psi _{mn}}} corresponds to the phases applied to the transmitarray unit cells, to undo the phase variation due to the geometry of the cells from
Transmitarray_antenna
Light scattering by small particles
intermediate x ≃ 1 of Mie scattering, interference effects develop through phase variations over the object's surface. Rayleigh scattering applies to the case
Rayleigh_scattering
Optical microscopy technique
brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations. When light waves travel through
Phase-contrast_microscopy
Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber
have different amplitudes. In order to compensate the phase variation and amplitude variation in a short time (for example within 40 ns for GPON), burst
Passive_optical_network
Upper-body strength exercise
challenge, although there are variations to make the exercise easier. In the absence of equipment, a lighter variation of the dip can be performed called
Dip_(exercise)
Noise removal process during image processing
particularly image processing, total variation denoising, also known as total variation regularization or total variation filtering, is a noise removal process
Total_variation_denoising
Space of all possible states that a system can take
The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible
Phase_space
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
to synthesize more than one type of LOS, a characteristic known as phase variation. Additionally, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, as well as Neisseria meningitidis
Lipopolysaccharide
Phase of a cycle
mechanics, the geometric phase (also known as the Pancharatnam–Berry phase, Pancharatnam phase, or Berry phase) is a phase difference acquired over the
Geometric_phase
Genus of bacteria
pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica and is responsible for phase variation or phenotypic modulation. BvgS is a plasma membrane-bound sensor kinase
Bordetella
Parasitic bacterium
identified in a stained blood smear under light microscopy. Synchronous phase variation has been observed in natural M. haemofelis infections during which
Mycoplasma_haemofelis
Imaging method
to convert phase variations in the X-rays emerging from the object into intensity variations at an X-ray detector. Propagation-based phase contrast uses
Phase-contrast_imaging
mutation in pathogenic microbes, e.g., mechanisms for phase variation and antigenic variation, appear to have evolved so as to enhance lineage survival
Mutation_bias
Species of bacterium
syphilis. To introduce more phenotypic diversity, T. pallidum may undergo phase variation. This process mainly happens in TprF, TprI, TprG, TprJ, and TprL, and
Treponema_pallidum
the sample is scanned through the Bragg condition. Due to a relative phase variation between the incoming and reflected beams, the nodal planes of the XSW
X-ray_standing_waves
Typographical symbol
LETTER PHASE-D SHII * *️⃣ ◌⃰ ≛ ⋆ ⍟ ⍣ ★ ☆ ☪ ☪️ ⚝ ⛤ ⛥ ⛦ ⛧ ✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯ ✰ ⭐ ⭑ ⭒ 🌟 🌠 𖤐 ٭ U+002A * ASTERISK When combined with U+FE0F ◌️ VARIATION SELECTOR-16
Star_(grapheme)
Species of bacteria
apoptosis in host endothelial cells, immunoglobulin binding proteins, phase variation, endotoxin, biofilm formation, free radical inhibition, and survival
Histophilus_somni
Biochemical modification of drugs or foreign compounds by living organisms
genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes result in different catalytic activity levels. For example, N-acetyltransferases (involved in Phase II reactions)
Drug_metabolism
Frequency of a chirp pulse
where a ( t ) {\displaystyle a(t)} and θ(t) give the amplitude and phase variations of the waveform s {\displaystyle s} , with time. The frequency spectrum
Chirp_spectrum
Paradox of combining strategies
into a positive one. In evolutionary biology, both bacterial random phase variation and the evolution of less accurate sensors have been modelled and explained
Parrondo's_paradox
national variations in traffic light operation. This may be in the standard traffic light sequence (such as the inclusion of a red–amber phase) or by the
Variations in traffic light operation
Variations_in_traffic_light_operation
Form of electromagnetic radiation
X-ray phase-contrast imaging, all using different principles to convert phase variations in the X-rays emerging from an object into intensity variations. These
X-ray
Canadian-American microbiologist (1922–2001)
research findings. His most cited article is: Stoker MG, Fiset P. "Phase variation of the Nine Mile and other strains of Rickettsia burneti". Canadian
Paul_Fiset
File format for genomic variation data
format used in bioinformatics for storing gene sequence or DNA sequence variations. The format was developed in 2010 for the 1000 Genomes Project and has
Variant_Call_Format
Repetitive variation of some measure about a central value
Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between
Oscillation
Maximum time interval error (MTIE) is a measure of the worst case phase variation of a signal with respect to a perfect signal over a given period of
Synchronization in telecommunications
Synchronization_in_telecommunications
American astronomer and astrophysicist
coined the term transit timing variation to describe this. He proposed the measurement of the infrared phase-variations of Hot Jupiters with the Spitzer
Eric_Agol
Study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells
viscoelastic material subjected to a time varying flow will result in a phase variation between τ {\displaystyle \tau } and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } represented
Hemorheology
Mathematics and basic principles of three-phase electric power
In electrical engineering, three-phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating voltages that are offset in time by
Mathematics of three-phase electric power
Mathematics_of_three-phase_electric_power
Modification of work in a contracted project
are also called variations or variation orders. Any modification or change to works agreed in the contract is treated as a variation. These modifications
Change_order
Gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels
Fossil fuel phase-out is the proposed gradual global reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels to zero, to reduce air pollution, limit climate
Fossil_fuel_phase-out
Periodic change in the Sun's activity
primary cause (96%) of 1996–2013 TSI variation. The ratio of ultraviolet to visible light varies. TSI varies in phase with the solar magnetic activity cycle
Solar_cycle
Fundamental mechanical principles
system is called the action. Action principles apply the calculus of variation to the action. The action depends on the energy function, and the energy
Action_principles
Cross-phase modulation (XPM) is a nonlinear optical effect where one wavelength of light can affect the phase of another wavelength of light through the
Cross-phase_modulation
Antenna testing techniques
standard receiving antenna by this distance reduces the detectable phase variation across the AUT enough to obtain a reasonably accurate estimate of the
Antenna_measurement
Electronic sound synthesis method
synthesis (with variations). The later VZ-1 and co's synthesis method Interactive phase distortion is much more similar to the aforementioned phase modulation
Phase_distortion_synthesis
Procedure for solving differential equations
In mathematics, variation of parameters, also known as variation of constants, is a general method to solve inhomogeneous linear ordinary differential
Variation_of_parameters
Genetic diversity in human populations
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population
Human_genetic_variation
can reduce or eliminate the occurrence of somaclonal variation by avoiding prolonged callus phases. These methods are being actively developed to improve
Somaclonal_variation
Apparent center of radio emission from an antenna
design theory, the phase center is the point from which the electromagnetic radiation spreads spherically outward, with the phase of the signal being
Phase_center
visualize phase shifts by transforming phase shift gradients into intensity variations. These intensity variations are mixed with other intensity variations, making
Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy
Quantitative_phase-contrast_microscopy
Organ found in mammalian skin
growth phase, catagen is the regression phase of the hair follicle, telogen is the resting stage, exogen is the active shedding of hair phase and kenogen
Hair_follicle
Type of single-phase electric power distribution
A split-phase or single-phase three-wire system is a form of single-phase electric power distribution. It is the alternating current (AC) equivalent of
Split-phase_electric_power
Upper body exercise
in a chair; this variation emphasizes the anterior deltoids and the upper (clavicular) head of the pectoralis major. This variation is called the incline
Bench_press
Global climate phenomenon
phenomenon that emerges from variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular pattern
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Calisthenics exercise
(when one fails to do a specified amount) and for its lack of equipment. Variations, such as wide-arm and diamond push-ups, target specific muscle groups
Push-up
Daily appearance and disappearance of the Moon at the Earth's horizon
disappears below it, respectively. The exact times depend on the lunar phase and declination, as well as the observer's location. As viewed from outside
Moonrise_and_moonset
Antigen which strongly activates the immune system
intracellular infection and erythrogenic toxin A expression undergo phase variation in M1 group A streptococci". Mol. Microbiol. 28 (1): 157–67. doi:10
Superantigen
Ovulation cycle occurring in most female mammalian therians
sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases, otherwise known as "rest" phases, or by pregnancies. Typically, estrous cycles repeat until
Estrous_cycle
Property in optics
convert such variation into measurable amplitude differences: To measure the spatial variation of the refractive index in a sample phase-contrast imaging
Refractive_index
Theory of nucleation
a new thermodynamic phase or a new structure, starting from a state of metastability. The kinetics of formation of the new phase is frequently dominated
Classical_nucleation_theory
Mathematical model
of the phase-field model are based on a free energy function depending on an order parameter (the phase field) and a diffusive field (variational formulations)
Phase-field_model
Genus of bacteria
Xenorhabdus, like Photorhabdus bacteria, has a striking feature of phase variation. Phase I variants are involved in the symbiotic relationship with entomopathogenic
Xenorhabdus
Total eclipse
visible in East today". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 1. Sadeh, D. (1971), Phase variation of a very accurate radio frequency signal due to the solar eclipse
Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970
Solar_eclipse_of_March_7,_1970
Nonlinear optical effect of light-matter interaction
This variation in refractive index will produce a phase shift in the pulse, leading to a change of the pulse's frequency spectrum. Self-phase modulation
Self-phase_modulation
Method of quality control
three main phases of activity: Understanding the process and the specification limits. Eliminating assignable (special) sources of variation, so that the
Statistical_process_control
Irish geneticist (1913–1994)
included routine diagnostic bacteriology and serology and studies of phase variation in Salmonella. During WWII he was a Major in the Royal Army Medical
William_Hayes_(geneticist)
will be discovered by that mission because the reflected light variation with orbital phase is largely independent of orbital inclination and does not require
Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets
Object oriented software development process framework
unified process the transition phase is followed by a production phase. The number of unified process refinements and variations are countless. Organizations
Unified_process
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