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linear chromosome is a chromosome which is linear in shape, and contains terminal ends. In most eukaryotic cells, DNA is arranged in multiple linear chromosomes
Linear_chromosome
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
more than one chromosome. For instance, Spirochaetes such as Borrelia burgdorferi (causing Lyme disease), contain a single linear chromosome. Vibrios typically
Chromosome
Type of chromosome
circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome
Circular_chromosome
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosomes
nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes (see Sequences). Telomeres are a widespread genetic feature most commonly
Telomere
much larger in size and are linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also stored in the cell nucleus, while chromosomes of prokaryotic cells are not
Eukaryotic chromosome structure
Eukaryotic_chromosome_structure
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination
Y_chromosome
Surgical removal of the clitoris
Autosome/Sex chromosome (or allosome or heterosome) Macrochromosome/Microchromosome Circular chromosome/Linear chromosome Extra chromosome (or accessory
Clitoridectomy
Plastic surgery performed on the genitals
Autosome/Sex chromosome (or allosome or heterosome) Macrochromosome/Microchromosome Circular chromosome/Linear chromosome Extra chromosome (or accessory
Genitoplasty
Class of cnidarians distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae
jellyfish is uniquely structured into multiple linear fragments. Each one of the eight linear chromosomes have between one and four genes including two
Box_jellyfish
Basic unit of life forms
circular chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid. Some bacteria contain multiple circular or even linear chromosomes
Cell_(biology)
Method of determining sex
usually determined by a pair of sex chromosomes. Typically, karyotypic females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), and are called the homogametic
XY_sex-determination_system
Evolutionary algorithm
organisms, the computer programs of GEP are also encoded in simple linear chromosomes of fixed length. Thus, GEP is a genotype–phenotype system, benefiting
Gene_expression_programming
Bacterium, genetic engineering tool
C58consists of a circular chromosome, two plasmids, and a linear chromosome. The presence of a covalently bonded circular chromosome is common to Bacteria
Agrobacterium_tumefaciens
Tick-borne bacterium
Borrelia burgdorferi. With a nucleotide similarity of 93.83% in the linear chromosome compared to other known genospecies, B. mayonii can be considered
Borrelia_mayonii
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
representations are explored in evolutionary programming; a mix of both linear chromosomes and trees is explored in gene expression programming. Once the genetic
Genetic_algorithm
Chromosomes that pair in fertilization
offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area. Chromosomes are linear arrangements of condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone
Homologous_chromosome
Species of bacterium
corkscrew shape. The bacterial genome is physically made up of one linear chromosome, twelve linear plasmids, and two circular plasmids, which encode a total of
Borrelia_miyamotoi
CDK4, HMGA2). They may be circular or linear chromosomes. They have functional centromeres, and telomeres when linear. They are rare overall, being found
Neochromosome
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
by identifying chromosomes with the paired factors (particles) required by Mendel's laws. It also states that chromosomes are linear structures with
Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory
Boveri–Sutton_chromosome_theory
Genetic sequence structure within eukaryote chromosomes
to maintain chromosomal integrity by capping off the ends of the linear chromosomes. This region is a microsatellite, but its function is more specific
Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
Eukaryotic_chromosome_fine_structure
Chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed
a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome becomes inverted within its original position. An inversion occurs when a chromosome undergoes
Chromosomal_inversion
Phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division
cellular senescence. Telomeres are DNA tandem repeats at the end of chromosomes that shorten during each cycle of cell division. Recently, the role of
Cellular_senescence
Genetically engineered chromosome derived from the DNA of yeast
circular plasmid into a linear piece of DNA Insertion of DNA sequence to be amplified (up to 1000kb) Transformation yeast colony Chromosome III is the third
Yeast_artificial_chromosome
Enzyme which generates DNA
by eukaryotic cells to extend the telomeres at the ends of their linear chromosomes. The process does not violate the flows of genetic information as
Reverse_transcriptase
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
repeating sequence of DNA, to the end of linear chromosomes. It is important because every time a linear chromosome is duplicated, it is shortened. With the
Transcription_(biology)
Species of bacterium
methanolicus MGA3 was fully sequenced in 2014, revealing a 3,337,035 bp linear chromosome and two natural plasmids, pBM19 and pBM69. Researchers are currently
Bacillus_methanolicus
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequences that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation
Gene
xenobiotics). metacentric (of a linear chromosome or chromosome fragment) Having a centromere positioned in the middle of the chromosome, resulting in chromatid
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Biological process
points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication
DNA_replication
acrocentric (of a linear chromosome or chromosome fragment) Having a centromere positioned very close to one end of the chromosome, as opposed to at the
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Species of bacterium
kirromycin producer Streptomyces collinus Tü 365 consisting of a linear chromosome and two linear plasmids". Journal of Biotechnology. 168 (4): 739–40. doi:10
Streptomyces_collinus
Organism that consists of only one cell
prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have
Unicellular_organism
Molecule that carries genetic information
cells. DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome;
DNA
Types of irreversible biochemical changes
linear chromosomes. They protect the terminal regions of chromosomal DNA from progressive degradation and ensure the integrity of linear chromosomes by
Hallmarks_of_aging
Small DNA molecule within a cell
extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as
Plasmid
Specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids
position of the centromere relative to any particular linear chromosome is used to classify chromosomes as metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
Centromere
Domain of microorganisms
species contain a single linear chromosome, while some bacteria including species of Vibrio contain more than one chromosome. Some bacteria contain plasmids
Bacteria
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
circular chromosome, can appear as numerous linear chromosomes in many unrelated protists, such as Amoebidium, with hundreds of chromosomes. The large
Protist
Species of bacterium
The genome of B. hispanica is characterized by a linear chromosome and a variable number of linear and circular plasmids. These plasmids encode surface-exposed
Borrelia_hispanica
Species of bacteria
megabase chromosome and an unusual variety of circular and linear plasmids ranging in size from 9 to 62 kilobases. The megabase chromosome, unlike many
Borrelia_burgdorferi
Science of genes, heredity and variation
show that genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome. Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and
Genetics
Medical condition
Ring chromosome 18 is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of the two ends of chromosome 18 followed by the formation of a ring-shaped chromosome. It
Ring_chromosome_18
Cell division producing haploid gametes
the chromosomes consists of a single linear molecule of DNA. Synthesis (S) phase: The genetic material is replicated; each of the cell's chromosomes duplicates
Meiosis
Small piece of maintainable DNA
autonomously replicating sequence (features required to replicate linear chromosomes in yeast cells). These vectors also contain suitable restriction sites
Cloning_vector
Gene located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote
of mitochondria and chloroplasts, nuclear genes are organized into linear chromosomes and are typically inherited in a Mendelian fashion, following the
Nuclear_gene
Cell division into two identical cells
is a part of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis is an equational
Mitosis
eukaryotic nuclei. These include a double stranded DNA genome, a linear chromosome with short telomeric repeats, a complex membrane bound capsid, the
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Genus of bacteria
The Agrobacterium genome consists of three parts: a circular chromosome, a linear chromosome/chromid, and (in some species) a Ti plasmid. The sequencing
Agrobacterium
Genus of bacteria
these genomes forms a chromosome with a linear structure, unlike most bacterial genomes, which exist in the form of circular chromosomes. The genome sequence
Streptomyces
Species of bacterium
oral epithelial cells. The sequenced genome of S. moorei is a single linear chromosome spanning 2,615,268 base pairs with a GC content of 37.2%. Most strains
Solobacterium_moorei
Sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once
complete enough to result in a single contig (without gaps) for each linear chromosome, starting and ending with the telomeric regions, it is called telomere-to-telomere
Whole_genome_sequencing
Causes of tick-borne disease
of syphilis. In addition to a linear chromosome, the genome of B. burgdorferi strain B31 includes 21 plasmids (12 linear and 9 circular) – by far the largest
Microbiology_of_Lyme_disease
Hypothetical DNA replication mechanism used by some circular chromosomes
nor do all chloroplasts and mitochondria use circular chromosomes; in those with linear chromosomes, D-loop replication does not occur. In most double-stranded
D-loop_replication
eukaryotic nuclei which serves to maintain the ends of the linear DNA in the linear chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus, through the addition of terminal
History_of_RNA_biology
Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans
repeat (CAG)n within the Huntingtin gene on human chromosome 4. Telomeres (the ends of linear chromosomes) end with a microsatellite hexanucleotide repeat
Human_genome
Topics referred to by the same term
up linear in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Linearity is a property of various things in mathematics, physics, and electronics. Linear, linearly, or
Linear_(disambiguation)
membrane-bound organelles, a membrane-bound nucleus, and more than one linear chromosome. Being much more complex than prokaryotic cells, cells without a true
Cell_mechanics
Long non-coding RNA transcribed from telomeres
to be ubiquitously expressed in almost all cell types containing linear chromosomes - including humans, mice, and yeasts. While the exact function of
Telomeric repeat–containing RNA
Telomeric_repeat–containing_RNA
Set of parameters for a genetic or evolutionary algorithm
A chromosome or genotype in evolutionary algorithms (EA) is a set of parameters which define a proposed solution of the problem that the evolutionary algorithm
Chromosome (evolutionary algorithm)
Chromosome_(evolutionary_algorithm)
Biological process
part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell
Cell_division
rearrangement. The neocentromere can either appear on the linear chromosome or on the ring chromosome, depending on which ever one lacks a centromere. For
Neocentromere
Genetic disorder involving an imprinted genomic region
rare genetic disorder caused by a loss of function of specific genes on chromosome 15. In babies, symptoms include weak muscles, poor feeding, and slow development
Prader–Willi_syndrome
Natural stoppage of cell cycle during cell division
progress. Such progress occurs in the end sequences of the whole linear chromosome named telomeres. Telomeres are sequences of repetitive nucleotides
Cell_cycle_withdrawal
Parts of lagging strand in DNA replication
the form of a single chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have nucleus with multiple organelles and more DNA arranged in linear chromosomes. We also see that the
Okazaki_fragments
Domain of organisms
usually have a single circular chromosome, but many euryarchaea have been shown to bear multiple copies of this chromosome. The largest known archaeal genome
Archaea
NcRNA found in eukaryotes
of the telomerase enzyme, which extends telomeres at the ends of linear chromosomes. TERC folds into a complex secondary structure which binds to and
Telomerase_RNA_component
All genetic material of an organism
used as a synonym of chromosome. Eukaryotic genomes are composed of one or more linear DNA chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies widely from Jack
Genome
Genus of bacteria
Heitmann, K; Migdoll, AM; Reinhardt, R; Seemüller, E (2008). "The linear chromosome of the plant-pathogenic mycoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali'"
Phytoplasma
Species of bacterium
Streptomyces glaucescens GLA.O (DSM 40922) consisting of a linear chromosome and one linear plasmid". Journal of Biotechnology. 194: 81–83. doi:10.1016/j
Streptomyces_glaucescens
Arrangement of hereditary material
refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes. This organization is hierarchical, spanning from the linear molecular sequence
Genomic_organization
Bocaparvoviruses known to infect humans
(1976). "Rolling hairpin model for replication of parvovirus and linear chromosomal DNA". Nature. 263 (5573): 106–9. Bibcode:1976Natur.263..106T. doi:10
Human_bocavirus
Patterns of nucleic acids that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome
It was concluded that the transition to homologous pairing along linear chromosomes that occurs during meiosis was the crucial innovation in meiotic sexual
Repeated_sequence_(DNA)
Chromosome with multiple kinetochores along its length
Holocentric chromosomes are chromosomes that possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes. They
Holocentric_chromosome
bacterium in the environment. B. burgdorferi contains a 1Mb linear chromosome with multiple linear and circular plasmids with genes encoding lipoproteins that
Transstadial_transmission
Structure in molecular biology
sequence. Because repair enzymes would naturally recognize ends of linear chromosomes as damaged DNA and would process them as such to harmful effect for
G-quadruplex
Component of an evolutionary algorithm
solution is represented by a - usually linear - data structure that plays the role of an individual's chromosome. New solution candidates are generated
Genotypic and phenotypic repair
Genotypic_and_phenotypic_repair
Are a class of bacterial replicons (replicating DNA molecules)
forms of bacterial genomic architecture began to be discovered. Linear chromosomes and linear plasmids were discovered in a number of species. Soon after
Secondary_chromosome
Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria
bacterial chromosomes are circular, although some examples of linear chromosomes exist (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi). Usually, a single bacterial chromosome is
Bacterial_cell_structure
Process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes
shortening of telomeres, DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear chromosomes. However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team
Cloning
Van Bork (producer) color 8m 1972 video [346] The Ghost of Captain Peale: Linear Measurement and Mapping with Metric Units (Davidson Films); Elizabeth Janeway
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
DNA construct
either linear or circular targeting vectors to carry out homologous recombination. Cosmid End-sequence profiling Fosmid Human artificial chromosome Secondary
Bacterial artificial chromosome
Bacterial_artificial_chromosome
Medical condition
both ends of linear chromosomes as a way to protect linear DNA from general forms of chemical damage and to correct for the chromosomal end-shortening
Dyskeratosis_congenita
Mutation that removes a part of a DNA sequence
chromosome with a large intercalary deficiency and a normal complete homolog, the unpaired region of the normal homolog must loop out of the linear structure
Deletion_(genetics)
American biologist (1891–1970)
Roux argued that the linear structure of chromosomes has an impact of making sure daughter cells get equal amounts of chromosomal material. This was the
Alfred_Sturtevant
Enzymes that catalyze DNA formation
linear chromosomes since normal DNA polymerase cannot replicate the ends, or telomeres. The single-strand 3' overhang of the double-strand chromosome
DNA_polymerase
generation few chromosomes are selected (good - with high fitness) for creating a new offspring. Then some (bad - with low fitness) chromosomes are removed
Selection (evolutionary algorithm)
Selection_(evolutionary_algorithm)
Subfield of genetics
January 2014). "The Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations with Linear Chromosomes". Genetics. 196 (4): 1167–1183. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.160705. PMC 3982688
Population_genetics
Definition of scientific term
on 20 chromosomes of maize. Chromomeres are organized in a discontinuous linear pattern along the condensed chromosomes (pachytene chromosomes) during
Chromomere
operate on one chromosome at a time. In contrast, crossover operators are said to be binary operators, as they operate on two chromosomes at a time, combining
Genetic_operator
Medical condition
Ring chromosome 20, ring-shaped chromosome 20 or r(20) syndrome is a rare human chromosome abnormality where the two arms of chromosome 20 fuse to form
Ring_chromosome_20_syndrome
Data structure and types for evolutionary computation
is called an individual. The data in that block is called a chromosome. Each chromosome consists of genes. The possible values of a particular gene are
Genetic_representation
Method in molecular biology
Chromosome conformation capture techniques (often abbreviated to 3C technologies or 3C-based methods) are a set of molecular biology methods used to analyze
Chromosome conformation capture
Chromosome_conformation_capture
Abnormal partial or mixed chromosome
marker chromosome (sSMC) is an abnormal extra chromosome. It contains copies of parts of one or more normal chromosomes and like normal chromosomes is located
Small supernumerary marker chromosome
Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome
Branch of virology
aspects DNA replication RNA replication Chromosome Linear Circular Extrachromosomal DNA Secondary chromosome Genome Gene Gene duplication Non-coding DNA
Synthetic_virology
same chromosome. MEP representation is not specific (multiple representations have been tested). In the simplest variant, MEP chromosomes are linear strings
Multi_expression_programming
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
OTULIN Identifiers Aliases OTULIN, FAM105B, GUM, OTU deubiquitinase with linear linkage specificity, AIPDS External IDs OMIM: 615712; MGI: 3577015; GeneCards:
OTULIN
Type of paternal lineage
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western
Haplogroup_R1b
Grammar: Verbs and How We Use Them J. N. Hook c-11m October 3, 1957 Graphing Linear Equations Halbert C. Christofferson c-11m November 9, 1961 Video Graphs:
List_of_Coronet_Films_films
Protein complex
Rad50 tethers two linear DNA molecules together while MRE11 fine-tunes the alignment by binding to the ends of the broken chromosomes. Telomeres maintain
MRN_complex
Medical condition
can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome. It is typically not hereditary— the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during
13q_deletion_syndrome
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