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Liquid found in cells
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into
Cytosol
All of the contents of a cell including organelles but excluding the nucleus
is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are the cytosol (a gel-like substance), the cell's internal sub-structures, and various
Cytoplasm
Class of enzymes
Cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.14, arylamidase, aminopolypeptidase, thiol-activated aminopeptidase, human liver aminopeptidase, puromycin-sensitive
Cytosol_alanyl_aminopeptidase
Fourth stage of death
unable to break those bridges. Calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Rigor_mortis
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
amino acids are then used either within the matrix or transported into the cytosol to produce proteins. Regulation within the matrix is primarily controlled
Mitochondrial_matrix
Receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind
pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol (by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus). In humans, the
Glucocorticoid_receptor
Series of chemical reactions
acetyl-CoA, the shuttle system is essential to fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol. It plays an important role in the generation of lipids in the liver (hepatic
Citrate–malate_shuttle
Chemical compound
quickly in the plasma membrane coming from the cytosol. The movement of zymosterol across the cytosol is more than twice as fast as the movement of cholesterol
Zymosterol
Class of enzymes
aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.5, proline aminopeptidase, Pro-X aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase V, proline iminopeptidase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses
Prolyl_aminopeptidase
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol; in plants, most steps take place in plastids. Like glycolysis, the pentose
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol. In the cytosol, other transporters sequester the dopamine into vesicles for storage
Dopamine_transporter
PMID 12473676. "Entrez Gene: CNDP2 carnosine dipeptidase 2". Bauer K (1998). "Cytosol non-specific dipeptidase". In Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, Woessner JF (eds
Cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase
Cytosol_nonspecific_dipeptidase
Biochemical system for transporting electrons produced during glycolysis
their reactions in opposite directions in this process. First, in the cytosol, malate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction of oxaloacetate and NADH to
Malate–aspartate_shuttle
Form of vitamin B-12
tonnes. The two bioactive forms of vitamin B 12 are methylcobalamin in cytosol and adenosylcobalamin in mitochondria. The cyanide is converted to thiocyanate
Cyanocobalamin
Controlled release of substances by cells or tissues
pathogenic bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholerae) move from the interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell to its exterior. Secretion is a very important mechanism
Secretion
Closed part in cytosol
compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer
Cellular_compartment
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine—from cellular cytosol into synaptic vesicles. In nigrostriatal pathway and mesolimbic pathway
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2
Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2
Cell membrane organelle
rarely in plant cells. There are normally hundreds of lysosomes in the cytosol, where they function as the cell's degradation center. Their primary responsibility
Lysosome
Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid
might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH, while making the vacuolar interior
Vacuole
Process of fatty acid breakdown
catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA
Beta_oxidation
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells
Lipid_metabolism
Measure of water potential across a semi-permeable cell membrane
called hypertonic if it has a greater concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the cell. When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, osmotic
Tonicity
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy
Glycolysis
Class of enzymes
3.4.11.1, leucine aminopeptidase, LAPs, leucyl peptidase, peptidase S, cytosol aminopeptidase, cathepsin III, L-leucine aminopeptidase, leucinaminopeptidase
Leucyl_aminopeptidase
Conceptual divisions of a living body
of the total body water of humans is held in the cells, mostly in the cytosol, and the remainder is found in the extracellular compartment. The extracellular
Fluid_compartments
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
the toxin translocate into the cytoplasm of a target cell. Once in the cytosol, the enzymatic components of the toxin disrupt various immune cell functions
Anthrax_toxin
in macrophages), or they become lipofuscin granules that remain in the cytosol indefinitely. Longer-living cells like neurons and muscle cells usually
Residual_body
Cell organelle that processes proteins
which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis
Endoplasmic_reticulum
RanGAP is a protein involved in the transport of other proteins from the cytosol to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. In model species such as the yeast
RanGAP
Family of G-protein coupled receptor proteins
humans. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol. Frizzled proteins and the genes that encode them have been identified
Frizzled
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
isoforms. Expression of the protein is observed in the cell nucleus and cytosol. The encoding gene is located on chromosome 12 at band 12q24.33. ZNF268
ZNF268
Bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms
inhibitory neurons via endocytosis. It then leaves the vesicle for the neuron cytosol, where it cleaves vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP) synaptobrevin
Tetanus
Chemical compound
reactions. Thiamine pyrophosphate is synthesized in the cytosol and is required in the cytosol for the activity of transketolase and in the mitochondria
Thiamine_pyrophosphate
Compound active in mitochondria
energy metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates
Carnitine
Protein of the immune system
and B2M, named "open MHC-I". The peptides are generated mainly in the cytosol by the proteasome. The proteasome is a macromolecule that consists of 28
MHC_class_I
Membranes in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
such as fatty acids and sterols, through the cytosol. Importantly, the transport of lipids through the cytosol and lipid flow through a continuous endomembrane
Endomembrane_system
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) to glucose-6-phosphate are found in the cytosol. The location of the enzyme that links these two parts of gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Component of the innate immune system
normally found in the nucleus of the cell. Localization of DNA to the cytosol is associated with tumorigenesis, viral infection, and invasion by some
CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway
CGAS–STING_cytosolic_DNA_sensing_pathway
extracellular fluid into the cytosol through leak channels. Potassium moves down its concentration gradient from the cytosol into the extracellular fluid
Sodium_in_biology
Method of separating particles in a mixture
first lysed to break the cell membranes and release the organelles and cytosol. The lysate is then subjected to repeated centrifugations, where particles
Differential_centrifugation
results in basic chemicals accumulating in acidic bodily fluids such as the cytosol, and acidic chemicals accumulating in basic fluids. Many cells have other
Ion_trapping
Pseudogene in the species Homo sapiens
NCF1C is a human pseudogene related to NCF1 (neutrophil cytosol factor 1), the latter being responsible for encoding the 47 kDA cytosolic subunit of NADPH
NCF1C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Puromycin-sensitive amino peptidase also known as cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase or alanine aminopeptidase (AAP-S) (EC 3.4.11.14) is an enzyme that in
NPEPPS
Set of biochemical reactions
initial synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. The fumarate released in the cytosol is hydrated to malate by cytosolic fumarase. This malate is then oxidized
Urea_cycle
Type of lectin
been proposed prior to the 'dislocation' of RTA from the ER lumen to the cytosol in a manner that uses components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated
Ricin
Destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes
significantly more acidic than the more basic average pH of 7.2 in the surrounding cytosol. However, the accumulation of products of glycolysis decreases the pH of
Autolysis_(biology)
Class of corticosteroids
pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus (transrepression)
Glucocorticoid
Class of enzymes
aminopeptidase, arginyl aminopeptidase, Cl—activated arginine aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase IV, L-arginine aminopeptidase) is an enzyme. This enzyme
Aminopeptidase_B
Chemical compound
[page needed] Additionally, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), present in the cytosol, contributes to the extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA pool by converting malonyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
Inner part of a cell's cytoplasm
ions. The contents of the cytosol change based on the needs of the cell. Not to be confused with the cytoplasm, the cytosol is only the gel matrix of
Endoplasm
Ubiquitous antioxidant compound in living organisms
compound) in animal cells, ranging from 0.5 to 10 mmol/L. It is present in the cytosol and organelles. The concentration of glutathione in the cytoplasm is significantly
Glutathione
Chemical compound
differs by a single oxygen atom that is added by the CMAH enzyme in the cytosol of a cell. In many mammals, both of these molecules are transferred into
N-Glycolylneuraminic_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activity ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol Biological process protein K48-linked ubiquitination protein ubiquitination
Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 Q2
Ubiquitin_conjugating_enzyme_E2_Q2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cytoplasm cell junction Z discdkac extracellular exosome nucleus nucleoplasm cytosol plasma membrane Biological process fructose metabolic process metabolism
Fructose-bisphosphatase_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Neutrophil cytosol factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCF4 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytosolic regulatory component
Neutrophil_cytosolic_factor_4
Vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered
of the endosomes help in the specific recruitment of proteins from the cytosol, thus providing them an identity. The inter-conversion of these lipids
Endosome
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
mitochondrial matrix and cytosol by transporting citrate through the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for malate from the cytosol. The citrate
Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial
Tricarboxylate_transport_protein,_mitochondrial
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
type-II fatty acid synthase (FAS). Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol, where there is a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio available to drive the reactions
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Protein with oligosaccharide modifications
from reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation. Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single
Glycoprotein
Cellular process
XTP3-B. Because the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is located in the cytosol, terminally misfolded proteins have to be transported from the endoplasmic
Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation
Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated_protein_degradation
Species of bacterium
tularensis then breaks out of this phagosome into the cytosol and rapidly proliferates. Egress from the cytosol requires the Francisella type VI secretion system
Francisella_tularensis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
encoded protein is predicted to have a subcellular location within the cytosol. In the DNA, C6orf62 is 12,529 base pairs long and is located at 6q22.3
C6orf62
Chemical compound
endoplasmic reticulum. When IP3 binds its receptor, calcium is released into the cytosol, thereby activating various calcium regulated intracellular signals. IP3
Inositol_trisphosphate
Iron and oxygen-binding protein
through the cytosol by carrying the oxygen. By binding O2, myoglobin (Mb) provides a second diffusive pathway for O2 through the cell cytosol. Wilson MT
Myoglobin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Cellular component cytoskeleton membrane sarcomere myofibril cytoplasm cytosol actin filament striated muscle thin filament Biological process pointed-end
Leiomodin_1
In plants, a variable pore between paired guard cells
membrane and cytosol, which first raises the pH of the cytosol of the cells and cause the concentration of free Ca2+ to increase in the cytosol due to influx
Stoma
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
demonstrated that non-secreted proteins were translated by free ribosomes in the cytosol, while secreted proteins (and target proteins, in general) were translated
Protein_targeting
Organic compound
mitochondria. Once in the cytosol, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate again using NAD+. Then oxaloacetate remains in the cytosol, where the rest of reactions
Oxaloacetic_acid
Genus of single-celled organisms
supported by the fact that it has high concentrations of lipids within its cytosol, which suggests that it may feed on bacteria from the sediment that makes
Syringammina
Biological signaling pathway h
kinase activity, JAKs are usually required for signalling. To move from the cytosol to the nucleus, STAT dimers have to pass through nuclear pore complexes
JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
polypeptide-1 is a subunit of a heteromeric particle in the eukaryotic cytosol". Nature. 358 (6383): 249–52. Bibcode:1992Natur.358..249L. doi:10.1038/358249a0
T-complex_1
Nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
envelope has many nuclear pores that allow materials to move between the cytosol and the nucleus. Intermediate filament proteins called lamins form a structure
Nuclear_envelope
Chemical compound
of the affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor of rat uterine cytosol and shows potent uterotrophic activity similar to that of estradiol in
4-Fluoroestradiol
Species of virus
degradation machinery to penetrate the ER membrane and get extracted into the cytosol. A dynein motor complex adaptor, BICD2, disassembles the virion further
SV40
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activity, alcohol group as acceptor glucose binding Cellular component cytosol mitochondrion Biological process cellular glucose homeostasis hexose metabolic
HKDC1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding Cellular component cytoplasm myelin sheath Golgi apparatus nucleus cytosol protein-containing complex chaperone complex Biological process response
Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1
Stress-induced-phosphoprotein_1
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
serine/threonine kinase activity enzyme binding Cellular component nucleus cytosol mediator complex Biological process positive regulation of inflammatory
CDK19
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
N-acetyl-L-aspartate-L-glutamate ligase activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol Biological process cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Sources:Amigo
Ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member B
Ribosomal_modification_protein_rimK-like_family_member_B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
n/a Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding Cellular component cytosol Golgi apparatus TRAPP complex Biological process vesicle-mediated transport
Trafficking protein particle complex 11
Trafficking_protein_particle_complex_11
Genus of Protozoa
pumps H+ ions into the vesicle lumen, lowering its pH with respect to the cytosol. However, the pH of the CV in some amoebas is only mildly acidic, suggesting
Amoeba_(genus)
Interconnected intracellular space of a plant
plasma-membrane-lined nanoscopic tunnels that pierce the cell walls and join the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells. Because those channels also
Symplast
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
the cytosol, but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles. Proteins that are formed from free ribosomes are released into the cytosol and
Ribosome
Extremely potent neurotoxin
Temperature- and pH-mediated translocation of the light chain into the cytosol Reduction of the disulfide bridge to thiols, severing the link between
Tetanus_toxin
Chemical compound
of HO2 is 4.88. Therefore, about 0.3% of any superoxide present in the cytosol of a typical cell is in the protonated form. It oxidizes nitric oxide to
Hydroperoxyl
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activity JUN kinase kinase kinase activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol plasma membrane membrane Biological process necroptosis protein homotrimerization
Mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase
Mixed_lineage_kinase_domain_like_pseudokinase
Form of algae symbiosis
Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells". Trends in Plant Science. 19 (6): 347–350. Bibcode:2014TPS
Kleptoplasty
Protein found in humans
of diacylglycerol (DAG) induces translocation of the protein from the cytosol to the Golgi apparatus membrane. The protein plays a role in the proliferation
Chimerin_2
Class of enzymes
4,6-dehydratase activity identical protein binding Cellular component cytosol extracellular exosome cytoplasm Biological process GDP-mannose metabolic
GDP-mannose_4,6-dehydratase
Protein-coding gene in humans
binding chromatin binding protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol CAF-1 complex nucleoplasm nucleus protein-containing complex Biological
CHAF1B
Protein found in humans
is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis
Cytochrome_c
Calcium ATPase-type P-ATPase
SR Ca2+-ATPase) is a membrane protein that transports calcium from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cells. The SR is a structure
SERCA
Chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids
poly(A) tail to the pre-mRNA. The mature mRNA may then be transported to the cytosol and translated by the ribosome into a protein. Other types of RNA include
Genomic_DNA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding protein binding Cellular component endoplasmic reticulum membrane cytosol nucleus membrane integral component of membrane mitochondrial membranes
BinCARD
Group of neurotoxins in spider venom
cleaved. α-LTX precursor molecules are synthesized by free ribosomes in the cytosol and are therefore cytosolic in the secretory epithelial cells of the venom
Latrotoxin
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
ecosystems. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms.Glycolysis literally means "sugar splitting"
Cellular_respiration
Protein found in humans
patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol by NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Examples include bacterial type 3 secretion
GSDMD
Basic unit of life forms
main components, the cytoskeleton made up of protein filaments, and the cytosol. The network of filaments and microtubules of the cytoskeleton gives shape
Cell_(biology)
Heart muscle's ability to contract
is a process that determines the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of cardiac muscle cells. The factors causing an increase in contractility
Myocardial_contractility
anti-bacterial autophagy when sensing endomembrane damage and that cells convert cytosol-invading bacteria into antibacterial signalling platforms by coating the
Felix_Armin_Randow
Process that kills nerve cells
calcium in the cytosol is initiating apoptosis through cleaved caspase processing. Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening
Excitotoxicity
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