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Chemical compound
]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] [[ ]] ]] Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions
Acetyl-CoA
Enzyme that regulates the metabolism of fatty acids
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme (EC 6.4.1.2) that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA_carboxylase
Chemical group, –C(=O)CH3
acetyltransferases. In biological organisms, acetyl groups are commonly transferred from acetyl-CoA to other organic molecules. Acetyl-CoA is an intermediate in the biological
Acetyl_group
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
biochemical reactions that release the energy stored in nutrients through acetyl-CoA oxidation. The energy released is available in the form of ATP. The Krebs
Citric_acid_cycle
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, this is an ATP dependent step and the key enzyme is the ATP citrate lyase Citrate + ATP + CoA → Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP +
Biological_carbon_fixation
Simplest of the alpha-keto acids
via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction via acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted
Pyruvic_acid
Set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria
reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen
Wood–Ljungdahl_pathway
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic
Cellular_respiration
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
of the mitochondrion). The cytosolic acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis
Glycolysis
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
fatty acids can be oxidized to yield acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, the latter serving as a precursor to succinyl-CoA, which can be converted to oxaloacetate
Gluconeogenesis
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
is acetyl-CoA. The first step condenses two acetyl-CoA molecules to yield acetoacetyl-CoA. This is followed by a second condensation to form HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-
Mevalonate_pathway
Chemical compound
mevalonate and ketogenesis pathways. It is formed from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA by HMG-CoA synthase. The research of Minor J. Coon and Bimal Kumar
HMG-CoA
Chemical compound
amino acid. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic
Leucine
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is catalyzed by the biotin-dependent enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Notably, the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Chemicals produced during fat metabolism
transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A) – which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Ketone_bodies
Process of fatty acid breakdown
prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA product of this step of fatty acid metabolism enters the citric
Beta_oxidation
Enzyme
Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), not to be confused with acetyl-CoA synthetase or acetate-CoA ligase (ADP forming), is a nickel-containing enzyme involved in
CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase
CO-methylating_acetyl-CoA_synthase
Using body fats as fuel instead of carbohydrates
exercise. When the liver rapidly metabolizes fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, some acetyl-CoA molecules can then be converted into ketone bodies: pyruvate
Ketosis
Salt formed from acetic acid and a base
influenzae. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This acetyl-CoA is then converted into acetate in
Acetate
InterPro Family
Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also commonly known as Acetate—CoA ligase or acetyl activating enzyme, is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.1) of the ligase class of enzymes
Acetyl-CoA_synthetase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and by the mitochondrial isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (mtACC1) from acetyl-CoA. Mitochondrial malonyl-CoA is required for mitochondrial fatty acid
ACSF3
Form of L-carnitine
derivative and is formed in the reaction: acetyl-CoA + carnitine ⇌ CoA + acetylcarnitine where the acetyl group displaces the hydrogen atom in the central
Acetylcarnitine
Class of enzymes
phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase
AMP-activated_protein_kinase
Chemical compound
Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the highly regulated enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). One molecule of acetyl-CoA joins with
Malonyl-CoA
Set of biological processes
completely reduced to acetyl-CoA or, in the case of fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms, acetyl-CoA and 1 molecule of propionyl-CoA per molecule of
Fatty_acid_metabolism
Coenzyme, notable for its synthesis and oxidation role
substrate. In humans, CoA biosynthesis requires cysteine, pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In its acetyl form, coenzyme A is
Coenzyme_A
Compound active in mitochondria
produce ATP, the cell's main energy currency; acetyl-CoA and coenzyme A stabilization by transferring acetyl groups for maintaining metabolic flexibility
Carnitine
reaction imidazole + acetyl-CoA N-acetylimidazole + coenzyme A The two substrates of this enzyme are imidazole and acetyl-CoA. Its products are
Imidazole_N-acetyltransferase
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
lipogenesis, promotes fatty acid oxidation, switches off acetyl-CoA carboxylase, turns on malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, and consequently induces ketogenesis.
Ketogenesis
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
acyl-CoA crosses the mitochondrial membrane to enter the process of beta oxidation. The main products of the beta oxidation pathway are acetyl-CoA (which
Lipid_metabolism
Class of enzymes
3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.160, 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA monooxygenase, 2-oxo-Delta3-4
(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase
(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA_1,5-monooxygenase
Multienzyme complex
three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_complex
Enzyme found in humans
the two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A and a molecule of four-carbon oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon citrate: acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetic
Citrate_synthase
Organic compound
of acetyl-CoA. In previous stages acetyl-CoA is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm where fatty acid synthase resides. The acetyl-CoA is
Oxaloacetic_acid
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce more NADPH. This step is also inhibited by acetyl CoA.[citation needed] G6PD activity is also post-translationally regulated
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. The acetyl-CoA is metabolized by the citric acid cycle to generate ATP
Adenosine_triphosphate
acetyl-CoA N-acetyl-L-histidine + coenzyme A The two substrates of this enzyme characterised from killifish are histidine and acetyl-CoA
Histidine_N-acetyltransferase
reaction acetyl-CoA + an arylamine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + an N-acetylarylamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and
Arylamine_N-acetyltransferase
Class of enzymes
3-oxopalmitoyl-CoA + CoA Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are myristoyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, whereas its two products are 3-oxopalmitoyl-CoA and CoA. This
Acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase
Acetyl-CoA_C-myristoyltransferase
Class of enzymes
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 acetyl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA + coenzyme A
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase
Acetyl-CoA_C-acetyltransferase
Class of enzymes
acetyl-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.35) catalyzes the chemical reaction (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetyl-CoA +
(1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase
(1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA_lyase
Chemical compound
lipids, for fuel. CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-ketoglutarate
Pantothenic_acid
Chemical compound
Because oxaloacetate is crucial for entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle, the rapid production of acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation in the absence of
Β-Hydroxybutyric_acid
Class of enzymes
to acetyl-CoA, the enzyme links carbohydrate metabolism, which yields citrate as an intermediate, with fatty acid biosynthesis, which consumes acetyl-CoA
ATP_citrate_synthase
Group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids
acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents
Acyl-CoA
Chemical compound
skeleton is oxidised and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted
Isoleucine
Enzymes
type of enzyme known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway
Thiolase
Peptide hormone
inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which creates malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, through cAMP-dependent and/or cAMP-independent kinases. Malonyl-CoA is a
Glucagon
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
smaller molecules, usually acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which releases some energy. Finally, the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA is oxidized to water and
Metabolism
reaction acetyl-CoA + 8 malonyl-CoA + 11 NADPH + 10 H+ + S-adenosyl-L-methionine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } dihydromonacolin L + 9 CoA + 8 CO2
Lovastatin nonaketide synthase
Lovastatin_nonaketide_synthase
Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from acetyl-CoA to histones
transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and, by transferring an acetyl group to the histones
Histone_acetyltransferase
Chemical compound
HMG-CoA as a product or as a reactant. It is created from acetyl-CoA, a thioester, which reacts with the enolate of a second molecule of acetyl-CoA in
Acetoacetyl-CoA
Class of enzymes
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase or HMG-CoA synthase EC 2.3.3.10 is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction in which acetyl-CoA condenses with acetoacetyl-CoA to form
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA_synthase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans
HADHB
Weak organic acid
allosterically regulates the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is the regulating enzyme in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA (the commitment step in
Citric_acid
Chemical compound
yield both propionyl-CoA as well as acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is later converted into succinyl-CoA through biotin-dependant propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC)
Propionyl-CoA
Lipid that is soluble in nonpolar solvents with their respective range
molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA groups in a process called fatty acid synthesis
Lipid
Biochemical process involving the production of fats
fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. Lipogenesis encompasses
Lipogenesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 also known as ACC-alpha or ACCa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACACA gene. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex
ACACA
Class of enzymes
the protein is 80 percent identical to sheep and rat AANAT. It is an acetyl-CoA-dependent enzyme of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases (GNATs)
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Aralkylamine_N-acetyltransferase
Class of enzymes
In enzymology, a citramalate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + citramalate ⇌ {\displaystyle
Citramalate_CoA-transferase
Class of enzymes
3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase (EC 6.2.1.38, 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA synthetase) is an enzyme with systematic
(2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase
(2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA_synthase
3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } vanillin + acetyl-CoA Hence, this enzyme has one substrate,
Vanillin_synthase
Chemical compound (organic coenzyme)
bond with CoA. Butyryl-CoA interconverts to and from 3-oxohexanoyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (or thiolase). In terms of organic chemistry, the
Butyryl-CoA
Chemical compound
(Australia and global) or Group 1 (numeric). Group A herbicides inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Watson, Keith G. (2011). "Cyclohexane-1,3-dione
Clethodim
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
protists, and fungi. The glyoxylate cycle centers on the conversion of acetyl-CoA to succinate for the synthesis of carbohydrates. In microorganisms, the
Glyoxylate_cycle
Carboxylic acid
into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to the mitochondrion as malate. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Fatty_acid
Post-translational modification
and CoA, and by a mitochondrial isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (mtACC1), which produces malonyl-CoA through the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA and CO2
Lysine_malonylation
Cataclist enzyme
acetyl-CoA + gentamicin C ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + N3'-acetylgentamicin C Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and
Gentamicin 3'-N-acetyltransferase
Gentamicin_3'-N-acetyltransferase
Class of enzymes
Long term fatty acid synthesis regulation is dependent on the rate of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) synthesis, the rate-limiting enzyme and first enzyme
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA_ligase
Class of enzymes
acetyl-CoA, or the reverse. This can be summarized as follows: acetaldehyde + NAD+ Coenzyme A acetaldehyde dehydrogenase H+ H+ Acetyl-CoA +
Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase
Class of enzymes
Acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (EC 2.3.1.194, NphT7) is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (decarboxylating). This enzyme
Acetoacetyl-CoA_synthase
reaction acetyl-CoA + hydrogen sulfide ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + thioacetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and hydrogen
Hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase
Hydrogen-sulfide_S-acetyltransferase
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
"Experiments ... demonstrate that ... acetyl-CoA pathway [chemicals used in anaerobic respiration] formate, methanol, acetyl moieties, and even pyruvate arise
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
with systematic name acetyl-CoA:phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + phosphinothricin
Phosphinothricin acetyltransferase
Phosphinothricin_acetyltransferase
Class of enzymes
to eventually yield acetyl CoA and acetoacetate. MCC catalyzes the carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl CoA, a critical step for
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase
Class of enzymes
essential to metabolizing fatty acids in beta oxidation to produce both acetyl CoA and energy in the form of ATP. ECH of rats is a hexameric protein (this
Enoyl-CoA_hydratase
Class of enzymes
acts to convert pyruvate (a product of glycolysis in the cytosol) to acetyl-coA, which is then oxidized in the mitochondria to produce energy, in the
Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinase
Enzyme
converts the steroid hormone, cortisol, to a specific O-acetyl derivative. cortisol + acetyl-CoA hydrocortisone acetate + coenzyme A The
Cortisol_O-acetyltransferase
Class of herbicide
fenoxy-phenoxy [sic] feature. This group of herbicides acts by inhibiting plant acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), a completely different mechanism of action to that
Phenoxy_herbicide
malyl-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.24) catalyzes the chemical reaction (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate
Malyl-CoA_lyase
Chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide
transformations. Biotin-coupled processes effect the decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA. Thiamine (T:) is the active component for decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids
Decarboxylation
reaction leucine + acetyl-CoA levacetylleucine + + coenzyme A The two substrates of this enzyme are L-leucine and acetyl-CoA. Its products
Leucine_N-acetyltransferase
Chemical compound
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the addition of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto certain lysine residues of histones and non-histone proteins
Acetyllysine
Class of enzymes
catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase
1-alkylglycerophosphocholine_O-acetyltransferase
Rare metabolic disease
alongside other potential routes such as slow carboxylation of acetyl-CoA by propionyl-CoA carboxylase, decarboxylation of oxaloacetate, oxidation of malondialdehyde
Combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria
Combined_malonic_and_methylmalonic_aciduria
acid + acetyl-CoA acetyl phosphate + coenzyme A The substrates of this enzyme are phosphate and acetyl-CoA. Its products are acetyl phosphate
Phosphate_acetyltransferase
Defensive mechanism of cells against glycation
oxidation produces citrate which can be converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Malonyl-CoA inhibits the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) that
Randle_cycle
Enzyme
PC from different organisms exhibit varying degrees of activation by acetyl-CoA, but vertebrate PC typically requires it for activity. Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate_carboxylase
Chemical compound
interconverts the following molecules acetyl-CoA (A central metabolic intermediate), coenzyme A (HS-CoA), acetyl-phosphate (high energy intermediate),
Acetyl_phosphate
enzyme citramalyl-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.25) catalyzes the chemical reaction (3S)-citramalyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetyl-CoA + pyruvate This
Citramalyl-CoA_lyase
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
specifics: HMG-CoA reductase is phosphorylated and inactivated by an AMP-activated protein kinase, which also phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase
HMG-CoA_reductase
Fatty acid with an odd number of carbon atoms
has an even number of carbon atoms in it. However, propionyl-CoA instead of acetyl-CoA is used as the primer for the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty
Odd-chain_fatty_acid
name acetyl-CoA:dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + dTDP-4-amino-4
DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase
DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose_acyltransferase
reaction an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine + acetyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } an N-acetyldiamine + CoA Putrescine is a typical example of a substrate
Diamine_N-acetyltransferase
Series of chemical reactions
commonly referred to as a biochemical cycle or system, that transports acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes
Citrate–malate_shuttle
Carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH2(COOH)2
acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3) detoxifies malonic acid by converting it into malonyl-CoA. Along with malonyl-CoA derived from acetyl-CoA by
Malonic_acid
acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.193, YpfI, TmcA) is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:(elongator tRNAMet)-cytidine34 N4-acetyltransferase (ATP-hydrolysing)
TRNAMet cytidine acetyltransferase
TRNAMet_cytidine_acetyltransferase
catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate
Taxadien-5alpha-ol O-acetyltransferase
Taxadien-5alpha-ol_O-acetyltransferase
Enzyme
enzyme citryl-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.34) catalyzes the chemical reaction (3S)-citryl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate
Citryl-CoA_lyase
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA
ACETYL COA