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Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMP shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel
Pentose_phosphate_pathway
5-Carbon simple sugar
of DNA. Phosphorylated pentoses are important products of the pentose phosphate pathway, most importantly ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), which is used in
Pentose
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, can occur in the oxygen-free
Glycolysis
Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis
equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but the enzymes in the Calvin cycle are found
Calvin_cycle
Coenzyme acting as an electron carrier in biochemical redox reactions
the pentose phosphate pathway, by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the first step. The pentose phosphate pathway also produces pentose, another
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
Chemical compound
5-phosphate (R5P) is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate
Ribose_5-phosphate
Rare metabolic genetic disorder resulting in leukoencephalopathy
by mutations in ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, an enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. With only four known cases – all diagnosed between 1984 and 2019
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency
Ribose-5-phosphate_isomerase_deficiency
Chemical compound
6-phosphate has many possible fates within the cell. It lies at the start of two major metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose_6-phosphate
Species of archaeon
metabolism, methanogenesis, nitrogen metabolism, non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (NOPPP), nucleotide metabolism, and the reductive citric acid
Methanococcus_maripaludis
Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis all occur in the cytosol of a cell. There are two types of metabolic pathways that are
Metabolic_pathway
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
breakdown is the pentose phosphate pathway, which produces less energy but supports anabolism (biomolecule synthesis). This pathway reduces the coenzyme
Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
non-mevalonate pathway—also appearing as the mevalonate-independent pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP)
Non-mevalonate_pathway
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
alternative pathway called the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) or non-mevalonate pathway. The output of both the mevalonate pathway and the MEP pathway are the
Mevalonate_pathway
Monosaccharide with four carbon atoms
pathways and others are known to affect certain enzymes. One of the metabolic pathways that a tetrose is involved in is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Tetrose
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
pathway in the bacterium Pseudomonas saccharophila. While originally thought to be just an alternative to glycolysis (EMP) and the pentose phosphate pathway
Entner–Doudoroff_pathway
Biosynthetic pathway
In bacteria and eurkaryotes, the pathway starts with two substrates, phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, are processed by DAHP synthase and
Shikimate_pathway
Class of enzymes
the pentose phosphate pathway, from which the substrate ribose 5-phosphate is derived. Ribose 5-phosphate is produced by the pentose phosphate pathway from
Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase
Ribose-phosphate_diphosphokinase
Chemical compound
Ribulose 5-phosphate is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also an intermediate in the Calvin cycle. It is formed by phosphogluconate
Ribulose_5-phosphate
Medical condition
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), a metabolic enzyme involved in the Pentose phosphate pathway. It is very important in the metabolism of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency
6-phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase_deficiency
Medical condition
described: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (see image, also known as the HMP shunt pathway). G6PD converts
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency
case structural isomers of pentose). It plays a vital role in biochemical metabolism in both the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. The systematic
Ribose-5-phosphate_isomerase
Enzyme involved in the production of energy by cells
+ NADPH This enzyme participates in the pentose phosphate pathway (see image), a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase
Enzyme family
Transaldolase is an enzyme (EC 2.2.1.2) of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene. The following
Transaldolase
Class of enzymes
for the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. This enzyme has also been implicated in additional pentose and glucuronate interconversions
Phosphopentose_epimerase
Metabolic pathway involving both catabolism and anabolism
amphibolic pathways are the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner–Doudoroff pathway. The Embeden–Meyerhof pathway and the
Amphibolic
Biochemical process in living organisms
Ramos-Martinez, Juan Ignacio (2017-01-15). "The regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway: Remember Krebs". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 614:
Carbohydrate_metabolism
Group of simple sugar and carbohydrate compounds
as its 5-phosphate ester is typically produced from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway. In at least some archaea, alternative pathways have been
Ribose
Metabolism in hematopoietic progenitors
Upregulation of glycolysis in proliferative HSCs may drive the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to maintain redox balance upon mitochondrial activation
Metabolic regulation of hematopoiesis
Metabolic_regulation_of_hematopoiesis
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
dioxide into sugar, as triose phosphate (TP), which is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) together with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP): 3 CO2 + 12 e− + 12
Biological_carbon_fixation
D-fructose-6-phosphate D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase, and (phosphate-acetylating). This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway. Schramm M, Klybas V, Racker
Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase
Fructose-6-phosphate_phosphoketolase
Enzyme of the glycolysis metabolic pathway
several enzymes, three of them catalyze the first steps of the pentose phosphate pathway. Oxidant-treatments cause an inactivation of GAPDH. This inactivation
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase
Chemical compound
D-Xylulose 5-phosphate (D-xylulose-5-P) is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is a ketose sugar formed from ribulose-5-phosphate by ribulose-5-phosphate
Xylulose_5-phosphate
Chemical compound
Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphate of the simple sugar erythrose. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. The enzyme
Erythrose_4-phosphate
Metabolism involving breakdown of lipids
dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) and then glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) to rejoin the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway. Physical lipolysis involves destruction
Lipolysis
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
between the organelles in the cell. It is produced largely via the pentose phosphate pathway in the cytoplasm. The depletion of NADPH results in increased
Citric_acid_cycle
Chemical compound
pathways. Furthermore, it is a participant in and a product of the pentose phosphate pathway. |Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective
Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate
cleave carbon-carbon bonds. It participates in 3 metabolic pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, methane metabolism, and carbon fixation. It employs one
Phosphoketolase
Biochemical process involving the production of fats
glycerol-3-phosphate pathway occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum where it is acylated by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate
Lipogenesis
Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen
fermented, it enters glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway and is converted to pyruvate. From pyruvate, pathways branch out to form a number of end
Fermentation
Sugar containing three carbon atoms
intermediates in various different metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Trioses contribute to the synthesis
Triose
Enzyme involved in metabolic pathways
humans, is encoded by the TKT gene. It participates in both the pentose phosphate pathway in all organisms and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Transketolase
Transketolase
Chemical compound
appears in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner–Doudoroff pathway. During the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, it is formed from
6-Phosphogluconic_acid
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of
Cellular_respiration
Process in plant metabolism
have three possible pathways through which they can metabolise 2-phosphoglycolate. They are unable to grow if all three pathways are knocked out, despite
Photorespiration
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
participate in energetic processes: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ATP. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized
Photosynthesis
American biochemist
(1914–2010) was an American biochemist known for work on the pentose phosphate pathway, and for cellular regulation in general. Bernard Horecker was
Bernard_Horecker
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
its product, glucose-6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself. The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase
Adenosine_triphosphate
Gene regulation group
conversion of L-arabinose to an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway, D-xylulose-5-phosphate. The structural genes of the L-arabinose operon are
L-arabinose_operon
Medical condition
transaldolase enzyme. It is a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is caused by mutation in the transaldolase gene (TALDO1).
Transaldolase_deficiency
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
glyoxylate cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic pathway occurring in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi. The glyoxylate cycle
Glyoxylate_cycle
Protein family
Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L (2012). "The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway". Biochemistry (7th ed.). New York: W.H Freeman. pp. 599–600.
Pyruvate,_phosphate_dikinase
oxidative phase of the Pentose phosphate pathway. L-ribulose 5-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-xylulose 5-phosphate This enzyme has a molecular
L-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase
L-ribulose-5-phosphate_4-epimerase
Respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen
of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized back to NAD+ by the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid at a later stage in the pathway. In yeast, acetaldehyde
Anaerobic_respiration
kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts
Xylose_metabolism
Class of enzymes
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway. This enzyme also participates in following 3 metabolic pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase
2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate_aldolase
Metabolic pathways to build molecules
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway. From glycolysis, glucose 6-phosphate is a precursor for histidine; 3-phosphoglycerate
Anabolism
Set of biological processes
pyruvate, CO2 and NADPH are formed. NADPH is also formed by the pentose phosphate pathway which converts glucose into ribose, which can be used in synthesis
Fatty_acid_metabolism
Breakdown of glycogen
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal
Glycogenolysis
Set of biochemical reactions
carbamoyl phosphate. The reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and requires the use of two ATP molecules. The carbamoyl phosphate then
Urea_cycle
Situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen
intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway to give ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH. Ribose-5-phosphate acts as an intermediate
Tumor_hypoxia
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
ethanol in addition to lactic acid, in a process called the phosphoketolase pathway. Chemical analysis of archaeological finds shows that milk fermentation
Lactic_acid_fermentation
Biological synthesis and degradation of lipids
example a muscle cell), the glycerol will be converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is an intermediate in the glycolysis, to get further oxidized and
Lipid_metabolism
6-phosphate are an intermediate of the pentose-phosphate pathway which generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and pentoses from
Sugar_phosphates
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
determined by presence of mRNAs which encode for enzymes in the metabolic pathway. Oxidation of BCAAs may increase fatty acid oxidation and play a role in
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Polymerisation of glucose molecules into glycogen
glucose 6-phosphate by the action of glucokinase or hexokinase with conversion of ATP to ADP. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into glucose-1-phosphate by the
Glycogenesis
Class of enzymes
pentose phosphate pathway. It forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate: 6-Phosphogluconic acid + NAD+ H+ H+ Ribulose 5-phosphate +
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
6-Phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase
Type of biochemical process
non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle. Essential amino acids must be consumed and
Protein_metabolism
Chemical compound
enzymes are critical for central metabolic pathways and include: Transketolase (TKT) in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC)
Oxythiamine
Enzyme
domain. Carbonic phosphoric anhydride decomposes into carbon dioxide and phosphate prior to attack by the enzyme linked biotin molecule. In most species
Pyruvate_carboxylase
Naturally produced monosaccharide
China. In humans, glucose is metabolized by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolysis is used by all living organisms, with small variations
Glucose
Chemical compound
Emil Fischer and Julius Tafel. Erythrose 4-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. Oxidative bacteria can
Erythrose
Chemical compound
phosphorylase and is then converted into glucose 6-phosphate by β-phosphoglucomutase. Pentose phosphate pathway Gerty Cori Pelley, John W. (2012-01-01), "8 -
Glucose_1-phosphate
Chemical and biochemical technique to follow reactions through using atomic isotopes
glucose). A network of reactions adopted from the glycolysis pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway is shown in which the labeled carbon isotope rearranges
Isotopic_labeling
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
gluconeogenesis and have to been shown to produce tetrose, hexose phosphates, and pentose from formaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and glycolaldehyde. Bioenergetics
Gluconeogenesis
Amino acid having an aromatic ring
host organisms by specifically inhibiting the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase which prevents the biosynthesis of essential aromatic amino acids
Aromatic_amino_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
fructose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate in an isomerization reaction Excess glucose-6-phosphate enters the pentose phosphate pathway. This
TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
TP53-inducible_glycolysis_and_apoptosis_regulator
System of communication
called a signal transduction mechanism or pathway. A more complex signal transduction pathway is the MAPK/ERK pathway, which involves changes of protein–protein
Cell_signaling
Chemical compound
intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In the PPP, it is produced from glucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose
6-Phosphogluconolactone
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
reverse incomplete Krebs cycle. Other metabolic pathways inferred in LUCA are the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Weiss and colleagues
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Life arising from non-living matter
the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, reductive amination, and transamination. LUCA systems and environment included the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. A
Abiogenesis
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
non-mevalonate pathway (MEP pathway) uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates to produce IPP and DMAPP. During diseases pathways otherwise
Steroid
6-bisphosphate:deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate, phosphotransferase, and D-ribose 1,5-phosphomutase. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway and purine metabolism
Phosphopentomutase
Class of enzymes which transfer functional groups between molecules
the pentose phosphate pathway. The reaction it catalyzes consists of a transfer of a dihydroxyacetone functional group to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also
Transferase
Class of enzymes
glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in some white rat tissues". Biokhimiya. 41: 1788–1790. Wood T (1974). "Catalysis of pentose phosphate pathway reactions
Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Glycerol-3-phosphate_1-dehydrogenase_(NADP+)
Monosaccharide with five carbon atoms and a ketone functional group
diastereomer of d-xylulose. Ribulose sugars are composed in the pentose phosphate pathway from arabinose. They are important in the formation of many bioactive
Ribulose
Chemical compound
respiratory and photosynthetic pathways and plays a vital role in the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. Studies have shown that
Sedoheptulose
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway. Outside the cell, it functions as a neurotrophic factor for spinal
Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase
Process
anabolic process that typically involves the chemical reaction of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. In contrast, the degradation of
Nucleic_acid_metabolism
Topics referred to by the same term
Pariser–Parr–Pople method, an approximation in quantum chemistry Pentose phosphate pathway, a chemical process that generates five-carbon sugars Phosphorylation
PPP
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
intermediates (mainly oxaloacetate) have been depleted to feed the gluconeogenesis pathway. The resulting accumulation of acetyl-CoA activates ketogenesis. Insulin
Ketogenesis
Enzyme
(Pi): D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ Pi H+ Pi H+ 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid + NADH Pentose phosphate pathway Rosenberg LL, Arnon DI (1955)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase_(NADP+)
Cytosolic enzyme
6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway: 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate
6-phosphogluconolactonase
Type of organelle
activity of two enzymes (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is important for energy
Peroxisome
Type of enzyme
dephosphorylation yields glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important precursor molecule in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate_synthase
Order of bacteria
LAB use the pentose phosphate pathway, alternatively referred to as the pentose phosphoketolase pathway. One mole of glucose-6-phosphate is initially
Lactic_acid_bacteria
Chemical compound
of 10-CHO-THF are required in purine biosynthesis through the pentose phosphate pathway, where 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate
Class of enzymes
reaction, glucose-6-phosphate can potentially travel down the pentose phosphate pathway, or be converted to glucose-1-phosphate for glycogenesis. PFK1
Phosphofructokinase_1
β-D-ribofuranose, which can later be used to make ribose 5-phosphate for the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). D-Ribose pyranase does not have a defined crystal
D-Ribose_pyranase
Protein
6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway. It employs one cofactor, manganese. The general structure, as
Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase_(decarboxylating)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
neurons. In neurons, glucose is mainly metabolized through the pentose–phosphate pathway (PPP), which is required for NADPH(H+) regeneration and maintenance
PFKFB3
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