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Biopolymers and Cell (Biopolym. Cell) is a scientific journal issued by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Institute of Molecular Biology
Biopolymers_&_Cell
Polymer produced by a living organism
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently
Biopolymer
as biopolymers, cells, or drug release carriers from an immune reaction. The most prominent means of accomplishing this is through the use of cell encapsulation
Immunoisolate
Molecule which reacts with other monomers to form a polymer
one of the proteins making up a multiprotein complex. Some of the main biopolymers are listed below: For proteins, the monomers are amino acids. Polymerization
Monomer
Ability to move using metabolic energy
gradient (see durotaxis) along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis) along other cells or biopolymers Muscles give the ability for voluntary movement
Motility
Very large molecule
consumer goods, are examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (RNA and DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene)
Macromolecule
Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules are biopolymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton to provide structure and shape to a eukaryotic cell. Microtubules can be as
Microtubule
Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets). Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which
Rheology
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of macromolecules (biopolymers) such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and
Metabolism
Class of short biopolymers
in cell type leads to huge differences in uptake. It is believed that cell uptake occurs on different pathways after adsorption of ONs on the cell surface
Oligonucleotide
Paleontological phenomena
fossils represent mineralized material such as bone or shells. However, biopolymers such as chitin and collagen can sometimes leave fossils – most famously
Preservation_of_biopolymers
individual living cells. Single-cell nanoencapsulation enables the fundamental studies of cell–material interactions at the single-cell level, and supports
Single-cell_nanoencapsulation
Deterioration of function with age
include breakage of biopolymer chains, cross-linking of biopolymers, or chemical attachment of unnatural substituents (haptens) to biopolymers.[citation needed]
Senescence
Chemical compound
et al. Synthesis, Conformation, and Immunoreactivity of New Carrier Molecules Based on Repeated Tuftsin-Like Sequence. Biopolymers 73, 000–000 (2004)
Tuftsin
Protein-based fiber
artificial silk biopolymers include personal care products and textiles. Service, R. F. (2002). "MATERIALS SCIENCE: Mammalian Cells Spin a Spidery New
BioSteel_(fiber)
ability to form colonies of cells which progress rapidly to capillary-like networks in vitro when cultured in biopolymer matrix, and in vivo. In 2019
Endothelial colony forming cell
Endothelial_colony_forming_cell
American biopolymer manufacturer
branched polyhydroxyalkanoates, mcl-PHA. The company uses PHA and other biopolymers to create a range of applications such as additives, aqueous coatings
Danimer_Scientific
Matter with biological processes
matter, formed of one or more units called cells, for processes such as cell signaling, homeostasis, metabolism, cell growth, adaptation, response to stimuli
Life
Plant cell wall polysaccharide
the secondary cell walls of dicots and all cell walls of grasses. Xylan is considered to be the second most abundant plant biopolymer, and the third
Xylan
have resulted in the formation of nanofoam surfaces on biopolymers. In these instances, biopolymers such as collagen and gelatine, chitosan, and pure curcumin
Nanofoam
Branches of science that involve the scientific study of life
urine. Biopolymer – polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain
List_of_life_sciences
Class of membrane-less organelles within biological cells
RNA, and other biopolymers into either colloidal emulsions, gels, liquid crystals, solid crystals, or protein aggregates within cells. The micellar theory
Biomolecular_condensate
Resistant biopolymer in the cell walls of green algae
Algaenan is the resistant biopolymer in the cell walls of unrelated groups of green algae, and facilitates their preservation in the fossil record. Kodner
Algaenan
Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells
compartment of membranous structures, promote biochemical reactions of biopolymers, and could solve the "water problem". David Deamer and Bruce Damer argue
Protocell
Study of chemical processes of living organisms
family of biopolymers. They are complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecules that can convey genetic information in all living cells and viruses
Biochemistry
Biological ability to detect and respond to cell population density
quorum signaling (QS) is the process of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation
Quorum_sensing
include lightweight, thin, and flexible electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled
Potential applications of graphene
Potential_applications_of_graphene
Amino acid that is incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation
"Conformational preferences and pK(a) value of selenocysteine residue". Biopolymers. 95 (5): 345–53. doi:10.1002/bip.21581. PMID 21213257. S2CID 11002236
Proteinogenic_amino_acid
Longest chain of covalently-bonded atoms in a polymer
alternating S and N atoms, and polyphosphates ((PO3−)n). Major families of biopolymers are polysaccharides (carbohydrates), peptides, and polynucleotides. Many
Polymer_backbone
work have proposed methods for how to concentrate and identify genetic biopolymers on other planets and moons within the Solar System using electrophoresis
Polyelectrolyte theory of the gene
Polyelectrolyte_theory_of_the_gene
DNA inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymeric biomolecule or biopolymer, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its structure is a double helix, with two strands
Nuclear_DNA
bacteria, where cells produce and embed themselves within a slimy, sticky extracellular matrix composed of various high-molecular weight biopolymers, adhering
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
"Conformational analysis of bacitracin A, a naturally occurring lariat". Biopolymers. 31 (6): 605–12. doi:10.1002/bip.360310604. PMID 1932561. S2CID 10924338
Peptide
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
stated by Crick remains valid today, Watson's version does not. The biopolymers that comprise DNA, RNA, and (poly)peptides are linear heteropolymers
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Enzymes produced by fungi and secreted outside their cells
soluble sugars that are subsequently transported into cells to support heterotrophic metabolism. Biopolymers are structurally complex and require the combined
Fungal extracellular enzyme activity
Fungal_extracellular_enzyme_activity
Animal flesh produced by culturing cells
form of cellular agriculture wherein meat is produced by culturing animal cells in vitro. This production method involves the molecularly identical growth
Cultured_meat
Hydroxystilbamidine - retrograde Texas Red Fluorescein isothiocyanate Biopolymers: Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) - evenly bidirectional Horseradish
Histochemical_tracer
Substance engineered for biological medical use
promote cell attachment and growth Non-toxic Examples of natural biomaterials: Alginate Matrigel Fibrin Collagen Myocardial tissue engineering Biopolymers are
Biomaterial
Molecule that carries genetic information
(2013). "A historical account of Hoogsteen base-pairs in duplex DNA". Biopolymers. 99 (12): 955–68. doi:10.1002/bip.22334. PMC 3844552. PMID 23818176.
DNA
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
GR, Feng JA, Kuster DJ (2008). "Back to the future: Ribonuclease A". Biopolymers. 90 (3): 259–77. doi:10.1002/bip.20845. PMID 17868092. Stoddart C (1
Protein
Field of statistical mechanics
dynamics present in many microscopic systems such as colloidal particles, biopolymers (e.g. DNA, RNA, and proteins), enzymes, and molecular motors.[clarification
Stochastic_thermodynamics
Delivery methods of CAR-T cells
Wittrup, K. Dane; Stephan, Matthias T. (Apr 2017). "Biopolymers codelivering engineered T cells and STING agonists can eliminate heterogeneous tumors"
Engineered CAR T cell delivery
Engineered_CAR_T_cell_delivery
Structural material present in almost all organic life
biopolymers, stress-strain relationships of fibrils tend to show a characteristic toe-heel region before a linear, elastic region. Unlike biopolymers
Fibril
Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering
biology byproducts, protocells could be employed for the manufacture of biopolymers and medicines. The objective of the "unnatural molecular biology" strategy
Synthetic_biology
Biological process
(2022-04-11). "Effects of Thermal Aging on the Adhesion Forces of Biopolymers of Wood Cell Walls". Biomacromolecules. 23 (4): 1601–1609. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac
Wood_degradation
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are synthetic biopolymers with potential applications in the fields of cancer therapy, tissue scaffolding, metal recovery
Elastin-like_polypeptides
Glycoprotein
PMID 36375719. Lieleg O, Lieleg C, Bloom J, Buck CB, Ribbeck K (2012). "Mucin Biopolymers as Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents". Biomacromolecules. 13 (6): 1724–1732
Mucin
Bioengineering technique to regenerate teeth
tissues using autologous stem cells. In this process, somatic cells are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells, which possess embryonic-like
Tooth_regeneration
Overview of and topical guide to biotechnology
Biopesticides Biopharmaceuticals Biopolymers Bioprocessing Bioremediation Biosensors Cancer immunotherapy Carbon sequestration Cell therapy Cloning Reproductive
Outline_of_biotechnology
Study of microscopic organisms (microbes)
those being of unicellular (single-celled), multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous
Microbiology
Hydrophobic lipid polyester in plant cell walls
Suberin is a lipophilic, complex polyester biopolymer found in plants. It is composed of long-chain fatty acids (called suberin acids) and glycerol. Suberin
Suberin
Protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances
factors to the cell surface, and the degradation of complex of biopolymers. T9SS has also been known as Por (porphyrin accumulation on the cell surface) secretion
Bacterial_secretion_system
Species of bacteria
is also Gram-negative, which essentially means it has a relatively thin cell wall. It is also nonmotile; however, other organisms that appear to be in
Alcanivorax_borkumensis
Physiological molecule and therapeutic drug
with various molecules, such as acid derivatives, ketones, aldehydes, biopolymers, and probes. There are three sites on HA that can be modified: the Carboxylic
Hyaluronic_acid
Chemical compound
conformation by the Thorpe-Ingold effect (C alpha-tetrasubstitution)". Biopolymers. 60 (6): 396–419. doi:10.1002/1097-0282(2001)60:6<396::AID-BIP10184>3
2-Aminoisobutyric_acid
Species of bacteria
secrete extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). EPS consists largely of biopolymers and provides the framework for biofilm structure. H. pylori helps the
Helicobacter_pylori
Biopolymer in pollen grain walls
ultraviolet (UVB) levels in the sunlight. Sporopollenin is also found in the cell walls of several taxa of green alga, including Phycopeltis (an ulvophycean)
Sporopollenin
Natural or synthetic fibers with diameters in the nanometer range
that the engineered collagen scaffold showed an increase in cell adhesion and decrease in cell migration with increasing fiber diameter. Using silk scaffolds
Nanofiber
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
Laboratory synthesis of biopolymers, especially of proteins, is an area of intensive research. There are three main classes of biopolymers: polysaccharides,
Polymer
effects of different extraction methods on sericin's properties, including cell behavior and collagen production, she found that urea-extracted sericin most
Pornanong_Aramwit
of positively charged peptide amphiphiles and negatively charged long biopolymers led to the formation of hierarchically ordered membranes. When the two
Peptide_amphiphile
Scientific instruments
the cytoskeleton, measure the visco-elastic properties of biopolymers,, organelles, and cells. A bio-molecular assay in which clusters of ligand coated
Optical_tweezers
Class of large biomolecules essential to all known life
nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is a type of polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their
Nucleic_acid
Chemical compound
Pullulanase Desiccation Rehm B.H.A (2009). Microbial production of biopolymers and polymers precursors. Caister Academic Press. p. 230. Fricain, Jean
Pullulan
In genetics and biochemistry, determining the structure of an unbranched biopolymer
identify a clone carrying this gene. Though polysaccharides are also biopolymers, it is not so common to talk of 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, for several
Sequencing
Photochemical energy transfer mechanism
Transfer in Macromolecules, SPIE". In Vekshin NL (ed.). Photonics of Biopolymers. Springer. Kowalski, Adam (2022). "Effective screening of Coulomb repulsions
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster_resonance_energy_transfer
Medicine
solid-phase synthesis of the cysteine-rich peptide linaclotide" (PDF). Biopolymers. 96 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1002/bip.21480. PMID 20560145. S2CID 46150263
Linaclotide
Class of plant cell wall polysaccharides
and Their Regulation in Plant Cells", in Cohen, Ephraim; Merzendorfer, Hans (eds.), Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices, vol. 12, Springer International
Hemicellulose
Species of virus
of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus capsids". Biopolymers. 82 (2): 106–20. doi:10.1002/bip.20409. PMC 2440512. PMID 16278831. de
Cowpea_chlorotic_mottle_virus
Oil extraction technology
of oil recovery with water flooding. Biopolymer production and the resulting biofilm formation (less 27% cells, 73–98% EPS and void space) are affected
Microbial enhanced oil recovery
Microbial_enhanced_oil_recovery
Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton
unusually resistant to degradation. Analyses have revealed a mixture of biopolymers, containing mainly hydroxylated fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics
Phenylpropanoid
Film of microorganisms on a surface
composed of extracellular biopolymers in various structural forms. A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other
Biofilm
Type of chromosome
opening regions on natural DNAs and their relation to functional loci". Biopolymers. 20: 1043–58. Kowalski, D; Eddy, MJ (1989). "The DNA unwinding element:
Circular_chromosome
Molecule produced by a living organism
material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory. A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including:
Biomolecule
Basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
2003). "Structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains". Biopolymers. 68 (4): 539–546. doi:10.1002/bip.10303. PMID 12666178. Schalch T, Duda
Nucleosome
Packaging that results in improved sustainability
packaging options would exist and simpler packaging forms may be necessary. Biopolymer Cradle to cradle Design for the Environment Sustainability metric and
Sustainable_packaging
Wooly, dust-like fungal structure or substance
enzymes, mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, and lignin into simpler substances that can
Mold
Biological manufacturing process
Tellili, Nihed; Kacem, Imen; Rouissi, Tarek (2024-06-11). "Microbial Biopolymers: From Production to Environmental Applications—A Review". Applied Sciences
Precision_fermentation
Type of plaster
capacity. Biopolymers are a broad group of additives that are produced from plants or animals. They can serve many purposes: some biopolymers can act as
Earthen_plaster
Polymers that break down by bacterial decomposition
first biodegradable (semi-synthetic) polymers. Early studies on the biopolymers polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) provided the groundwork for its commercial
Biodegradable_polymer
Shuffling of genetic material
evolution. They pointed out that all known life on earth is based on biopolymers and proposed that any theory for the origin of life must involve biological
Genetic_recombination
standpoint, the goal-directed molecular motions inside living cells are carried out by biopolymers acting like molecular machines (e.g. myosin, RNA/DNA polymerase
Conformon
understanding the movement of genetic information between information-carrying biopolymers within biological systems. Popularly (though simplistically) stated as
Glossary_of_biology
Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls
tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not
Lignin
Separation technique to characterize the size of colloidal particles
field-flow fractionation technique for separation and characterization of biopolymers and bioparticles". Journal of Chromatography A. Flow-Field-Flow Fractionation
Field_flow_fractionation
Family of large biological molecules
much more stable against degradation by RNase. Like other structured biopolymers such as proteins, one can define topology of a folded RNA molecule. This
RNA
Species of insect
(2012). "Arthropod venoms: A vast arsenal of insecticidal neuropeptides". Biopolymers. 98 (4). American Peptide Society (Wiley): 385–405. doi:10.1002/bip.22100
Eastern_yellowjacket
Foam made from biological substances
make up the edges of the cell. If no more than one of the walls of the cell are holes, the foam is considered closed-celled in nature. For most synthetic
Biofoam
plants energy storage. Glycogen, energy in animals. Cellulose, a biopolymer, found in the cell walls of plants. Fatty acid, two types, saturated fat and unsaturated
Carbon-based_life
Polyester family
ISSN 1558-3724. S2CID 96937618. Doi, Yoshiharu; Steinbuchel, Alexander (2002). Biopolymers. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30225-3.[page needed] Bhubalan
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Filtration by force through a semipermeable membrane
Fats, oils, biopolymers, proteins 0.1% SDS, 0.1% Triton X-100 30 min – overnight 25–55 °C Wetting, emulsifying, suspending, dispersing Cell fragments,
Ultrafiltration
Biological molecule
the sugar chain is attached to the GlcNAc. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial cell wall, which is built from alternating units of GlcNAc and N-acetylmuramic
N-Acetylglucosamine
Plastics derived from renewable biomass sources
of bioplastics can be described as such: Natural Biopolymers: bioplastics processed from biopolymers with added plasticizers or stabilizers, such as polysaccharides
Bioplastic
Particle with size less than 100 nm
for anticancer drugs and vaccines.[citation needed] The breakdown of biopolymers into their nanoscale building blocks is considered a potential route
Nanoparticle
Region within a prokaryotic cell containing genetic material
(meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material. The chromosome of a typical
Nucleoid
Uncontrolled fire in forests or open spaces
epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells and impact cell function
Wildfire
Group of natural pigments found in most organisms
many organisms. Melanin pigments are produced in a specialized group of cells known as melanocytes. There are five basic types of melanin: eumelanin,
Melanin
Life arising from non-living matter
mixture by up to three orders of magnitude. This could help to create biopolymers such as peptides. A similar role has been suggested for clays, though
Abiogenesis
Protein found in wheat
characterization of wheat germ agglutinin and its four hevein-like domains". Biopolymers. 110 (1) e23242. doi:10.1002/bip.23242. ISSN 0006-3525. PMID 30485415
Wheat_germ_agglutinin
hydrolysis and promote the polymerization and vesicle encapsulation of biopolymers. The temperatures of geothermal springs are suitable for biomolecules
History_of_life
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