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Family of large biological molecules
transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA)
RNA
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins, called messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription_(biology)
Hypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution
RNA_world
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in
Messenger_RNA
RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms
transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in
Ribosomal_RNA
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
also some non-coding RNAs (e.g., snRNAs, snoRNAs or long non-coding RNAs). RNA polymerase III transcribes 5S rRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and some small
Gene_expression
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA during Transcription
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that
RNA_polymerase
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
Topics referred to by the same term
RNA or rna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a family of large biological molecules. RNA or rna may also refer to: RNA
RNA_(disambiguation)
Lab technique in cellular biology
mRNA transcripts, RNA-Seq can look at different populations of RNA to include total RNA, small RNA, such as miRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal profiling. RNA-Seq
RNA-Seq
Subclass of viruses
RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA)
RNA_virus
Molecule that carries genetic information
reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates
DNA
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), formerly referred to as soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides
Transfer_RNA
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
encodes a protein (if it is an mRNA) or forms a 'structural' RNA, such as a transfer RNA (tRNA) or ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule. Each region of the DNA
Gene
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
virions, consisting of (i) genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a
Virus
Protein complex for mRNA transcription
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA
RNA_polymerase_II
Phylum of viruses
complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). During replication of the
Negative-strand_RNA_virus
Biological process of gene regulation
ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are central to components to the RNAi pathway. Once mRNA is degraded,
RNA_interference
An RNA helicase is an enzyme that unwinds RNA. The unwinding is powered by the helicase's hydrolysis of ATP. RNA helicases are involved holistically in
RNA_helicase
RNA molecule that specifies a target sequence
Guide RNA (gRNA) or single guide RNA (sgRNA) is a short sequence of RNA that guides a CRISPR-associated protein to its nucleic acid sequence target by
Guide_RNA
Cellular process of protein synthesis
transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes
Translation_(biology)
Enzyme in eukaryotes
RNA polymerase I (also known as Pol I) is the polymerase that transcribes ribosomal RNA, which accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a
RNA_polymerase_I
Class of large biomolecules essential to all known life
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is deoxyribose, a variant of ribose,
Nucleic_acid
Preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) is the precursor to mature ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a component of ribosomes. Pre-rRNA is first transcribed from ribosomal
Preribosomal_RNA
Biological gene-regulation phenomenon
RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs
RNA_activation
Process in molecular biology
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger
RNA_splicing
Type of RNA found in cells
acid (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which, unlike linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous loop. In circular RNA, the 3' and 5'
Circular_RNA
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
messenger RNA (mRNA). During translation, the ribosome decodes successive codons in an mRNA molecule and, with the aid of transfer RNA (tRNA), links amino
Ribosome
Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
Micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA, miRNA, μRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21–23 nucleotides. Found in plants, animals
MicroRNA
Enzyme that transcribes DNA to small RNAs
cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs. The genes
RNA_polymerase_III
Family of viruses
A retrovirus is a virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
Retrovirus
Realm of viruses
either RNA or DNA genomes) that encode an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, produces RNA (ribonucleic
Riboviria
Concept in molecular biology
RNA velocity is a way of measuring the changes in gene expression. It is derived from ratio of spliced to unspliced RNA in the cell over time. Monitoring
RNA_velocity
Z-RNA is a left-handed alternative conformation for the RNA double helix. Just like for Z-DNA, Z-RNA is favored by a sequence composed of Purine/Pyrimidine
Z-RNA
Type of vaccine
An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine delivers molecules
MRNA_vaccine
Gene silencing by means of RNA
as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing
RNA_silencing
Medications based on ribonucleic acids
interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) to prevent mRNA translation and/or degrade mRNA. Small activating RNA (saRNA) represents a novel class of RNA therapeutics
RNA_therapeutics
Life arising from non-living matter
sugars, amino acids for protein metabolism, and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA for heredity. A theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions
Abiogenesis
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist, HOTAIR, and MALAT1
Non-coding_RNA
Process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
word "infection." Genetic material (such as supercoiled plasmid DNA or siRNA constructs), may be transfected. Transfection of animal cells typically involves
Transfection
Mammalian protein found in humans
double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase enzyme family are encoded by the ADAR family genes. ADAR stands for adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. This article
ADAR
Molecular process
well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human diseases. RNA editing has been observed in some tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, or miRNA molecules of eukaryotes
RNA_editing
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", although this is not its original meaning. It was first
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Pathogenic small single-stranded circular RNA
Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens. Unlike viruses, they have no protein coating. All known viroids are inhabitants
Viroid
biology, the SR1 RNA is a small RNA (sRNA) produced by species of Bacillus and closely related bacteria. It is a dual-function RNA which acts both as
SR1_RNA
American physician and immunologist (born 1959)
contributions to RNA biology. Weissman is the inaugural Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research, director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, and
Drew_Weissman
Non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides
ncRNAs from small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)
Long_non-coding_RNA
Small non-coding RNA
GlycoRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with sialylated glycans. Glycans mediate inter- and intramolecular interactions by adding polysaccharide chains onto
GlycoRNA
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
U5:AUG regions of the gRNA participate in extensive base pairing. RNA can also be processed to produce mature messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In most cases, this
HIV
Exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs) are structured viral RNA elements that block 5′→3′ degradation by host exoribonucleases such as Xrn1. This resistance
Exoribonuclease-resistant_RNA
The suite is composed by alteRNA, for RNA density fold computing, inteRNA, for RNA-RNA interaction prediction, piRNA, for predicting the joint partition
TaveRNA
Rsa RNAs are non-coding RNAs found in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The shared name comes from their discovery, and does not imply homology. Bioinformatics
Rsa_RNA
Aspect of genetics
Chimeric RNA, sometimes referred to as a fusion transcript, is composed of exons from two or more different genes that have the potential to encode novel
Chimeric_RNA
RNA family
Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like
Transfer-messenger_RNA
competing endogenous RNAs (abbreviated ceRNAs) regulate other RNA transcripts by competing for shared microRNAs (miRNAs). Models for ceRNA regulation describe
Competing_endogenous_RNA
Nanoscale folding of RNA
RNA origami is the nanoscale folding of RNA, enabling the RNA to create particular shapes to organize these molecules. It is a new method that was developed
RNA_origami
RNA family
Y RNAs are small non-coding RNAs. They are components of the Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle which is a target of autoimmune antibodies in patients with
Y_RNA
Type of non-coding RNA molecule
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively long non-coding RNA molecules (50–2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer
Enhancer_RNA
Reaction that cleaves the RNA molecule
RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible
RNA_hydrolysis
Region of DNA encouraging transcription
transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function
Promoter_(genetics)
Chemical compound
structural RNA (transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), small nuclear (snRNA), and small nucleolar (snoRNA)), and present in messenger RNA (mRNA), across the
Pseudouridine
Type of protein
RNA-binding proteins (often abbreviated as RBPs) are proteins that bind to the double or single stranded RNA in cells and participate in forming ribonucleoprotein
RNA-binding_protein
Eukaryotic RNA transcript
Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation
Mature_messenger_RNA
Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype
RNA-based evolution is a theory that posits that RNA is not merely an intermediate between the Watson and Crick model of the DNA molecule and proteins
RNA-based_evolution
Form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists
RNA_polymerase_II_holoenzyme
Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification
RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Positive-strand_RNA_virus
The RNA-binding Proteins Database (RBPDB) is a biological database of RNA-binding protein specificities that includes experimental observations of RNA-binding
RNA-binding_protein_database
Hungarian-American biochemist (born 1955)
who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy. Karikó
Katalin_Karikó
(tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA); other non-coding RNAs (sometimes described as "junk RNA") have no known
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The
Genetic_code
Multiprotein complex
levels. Using single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA), the complex functions as
RNA-induced_silencing_complex
Use of non-coding RNA to treat disease
distinguishes lncRNA from small non-coding RNAs which encompasses microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar
NcRNA_therapy
Examines sequence information from individual cells
base pairs of DNA and 600 million mRNA bases. Usually, a mix of millions of cells is used in sequencing the DNA or RNA using traditional methods like Sanger
Single-cell_sequencing
sequence microRNAs, also called miRNAs. miRNA-seq differs from other forms of RNA-seq in that input material is often enriched for small RNAs. miRNA-seq allows
MicroRNA_sequencing
Study of RNA transcripts
its RNA transcripts. The information content of an organism is recorded in the DNA of its genome and expressed through transcription. Here, mRNA serves
Transcriptomics_technologies
Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics
History_of_RNA_biology
for the different types of RNA are listed and explained. List of cis-regulatory RNA elements RNA: Types of RNA Non-coding RNA Gribaldo S, Brochier-Armanet
List_of_RNAs
Biomolecule
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, typically
Small_interfering_RNA
Biochemical changes to RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). The most common and well-understood mRNA modification at
Epitranscriptome
Interactions between nucleic acid modules
euchromatin. RNA is subdivided into many categories, including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and
Nucleic acid quaternary structure
Nucleic_acid_quaternary_structure
RNA component
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome (SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics
identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence
Nuclease_protection_assay
An RNA motif is a description of a group of RNAs that have a related structure. RNA motifs consist of a pattern of features within the primary sequence
RNA_motif
Type of RNA molecules
(ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression
Ribozyme
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
E. coli cut the CRISPR RNA precursor within the repeats into mature spacer-containing RNA molecules called CRISPR RNA (crRNA), which remained bound to
CRISPR
Chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids
protein. Other types of RNA include ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). These types are transcribed by RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III, respectively
Genomic_DNA
21U-RNAs are microRNA molecules 21 nucleotides long found in nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans. They begin with a 5' uridine. The remaining 20
21U-RNA
American molecular biologist
chair of the RNA Therapeutics Institute. His research focuses on RNA-mediated mechanisms of gene regulation, including pre-mRNA splicing, RNA interference
Erik_J._Sontheimer
Class of enzymes
16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase (EC 5.4.99.19, 16S RNA pseudouridine516 synthase, 16S PsiI516 synthase, 16S RNA Psi516 synthase, RNA pseudouridine synthase
16S rRNA pseudouridine516 synthase
16S_rRNA_pseudouridine516_synthase
2010 browser-based video game
University, that engages users to solve puzzles related to the folding of RNA molecules. The project is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
EteRNA
Two nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds
DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" (or
Base_pair
RNA produced by transcription
ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary
Primary_transcript
Short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis
polymerase adds nucleotides after binding to the RNA primer and synthesizes the whole strand. Later, the RNA strands must be removed accurately and replaced
Primer_(molecular_biology)
Chemical process in which a methyl (CH3) group is covalently attached to a molecule
in social insects. RNA methylation occurs in different RNA species viz. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, tmRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA, and viral RNA. Different catalytic
Methylation
RNA-like molecule
An L-ribonucleic acid aptamer (L-RNA aptamer, trade name Spiegelmer) is an RNA-like molecule built from L-ribose units. It is an artificial oligonucleotide
L-Ribonucleic_acid_aptamer
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, negative-sense single-stranded RNA (–ssRNA) viruses, ssRNA viruses that
Baltimore_classification
Enzyme
RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) is an enzyme that synthesizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) in plants, which silence gene expression. RNAP IV belongs to a
RNA_polymerase_IV
Next-generation mRNA vaccine/therapeutic
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), also termed self-replicating RNA (srRNA), is a type of mRNA molecule engineered to replicate itself within host cells, enhancing
Self-amplifying_RNA
tRNA pseudouridine13 synthase (EC 5.4.99.27, TruD, YgbO, tRNA PSI13 synthase, RNA:PSI-synthase Pus7p, Pus7p, RNA:pseudouridine-synthase Pus7p, Pus7 protein)
TRNA_pseudouridine13_synthase
Class of RNA molecules
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic
Small_nuclear_RNA
RNA
RNA
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from various places, for example Chipping (High) Barnet, East Barnet, and Friern Barnet in Greater London, named with Old English bærnet ‘place cleared by burning’ (a derivative of bærnan ‘to burn’, ‘to set light to’).English : from a medieval personal name, a variant of Bernard.
RNA
RNA
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Princess
Boy/Male
Hindu
Reviver of lakshmanas life
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sun light
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Altitude; Height
Female
English
Short form of French Éliane, LIANE means "sun."Â
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Jamaican
To Endure; Enduring; Contemporary Phonetic Variant of Dante Enduring
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Elephant Headed God; Mayureshwar is One of Ashthavinayaks (Lord Ganapati)
Female
Finnish
Finnish form of Danish/Swedish Annalisa, ANNALIISA means "favor; grace," and "God is my oath."
Boy/Male
Slavic
Warrior. Famous Bearers: monster movie actor Boris Karloff and Russian president Boris Yeltsin.
Boy/Male
Tamil
A musical Raag, Ansh of Lakshmi
RNA
RNA
RNA
RNA
RNA