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Replacement of broken-down proteins
biology, protein turnover refers to the replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell. Different types of proteins have very
Protein_turnover
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a
Protein
from protein arginine (arginine incorporated in protein). Asymmetrically methylated forms of arginine are toxic when released during protein turnover. The
Protein_detoxification
Breakdown product of creatine phosphate
muscle protein synthesis and higher muscle protein turnover across their life span. As HDL supports muscle anabolism, higher muscle protein turnover links
Creatinine
Change of a linear protein chain to a 3D structure
a reflection of the loss of protein homeostasis, the balance between synthesis, folding, aggregation and protein turnover. Recently the European Medicines
Protein_folding
American gerontologist
rose to full professorship, and established expertise in measuring protein turnover using stable isotopes. In 2018, he moved to the Oklahoma Medical Research
Benjamin_Miller_(scientist)
Medical laboratory value
metabolism. Urea is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover. Creatinine is the product of muscle creatine catabolism
Urea-to-creatinine_ratio
Chemical compound
act to increase protein turnover. This might serve an adaptive function in regard to long-term calorie restriction with adequate protein. When calories
Triiodothyronine
cells expressing a protein substrate of interest typically require cycloheximide chases lasting up to 90 minutes to allow protein turnover to occur. In contrast
Cycloheximide_chase
British functional food company
Santander Growing Business of the Year: Turnover £25m-45m category. In the same year, Protein Works reported a turnover of £42.8m for the 12 months to August
The_Protein_Works
Protein without a fixed 3D structure
of cell shape, subcellular localisation of individual proteins and regulated protein turnover. Often, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation
Intrinsically disordered proteins
Intrinsically_disordered_proteins
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family and participates in protein turnover by targeting substrates for degradation by the proteasome. The UBD
Ubiquitin_D
Dietary supplement used for bodybuilding
three of the four major mechanisms involved in muscle deconditioning (protein turnover, apoptosis, and the regenerative process), whereas it is hypothesized
Bodybuilding_supplement
Metabolic disorder
disorder in which biotin is not released from proteins in the diet during digestion or from normal protein turnover in the cell. This situation results in biotin
Biotinidase_deficiency
Ionization technique
detection sensitivity up to 0.05 ng/ml. Another application is in protein turnover studies using GC-EI-MS. This measures very low levels of d-phenylalanine
Electron_ionization
roles in ribosomal biogenesis, Rho protein signal transduction, and protein turnover through ubiquitination. It connects mitochondrial activity to cell
C15orf62
Aggregation of misfolded proteins in cells
inclusions in protein deposition diseases. Evidence shows that aggresomes serve a cytoprotective function and are associated with accelerated turnover of mutant
Aggresome
Self-labeling protein tag
Bodor DL; Rodríguez MG; Moreno N; Jansen LE (June 2012). Analysis of protein turnover by quantitative SNAP-based pulse-chase imaging. Vol. 55. pp. Unit8
SNAP-tag
American scientist
controlled proteostasis, i.e., the pharmacological modulation of protein turnover. In 2001, Crews developed, in collaboration with Ray Deshaies, proteolysis
Craig_M._Crews
Chemical compound
three of the four major mechanisms involved in muscle deconditioning (protein turnover, apoptosis, and the regenerative process), whereas it is hypothesized
Leucine
Cell surface proteins, part of the acquired immune system
normally presents cytosolic peptides, mostly self peptides derived from protein turnover and defective ribosomal products. During viral infection, intracellular
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Mathematical model or scientific law
plateau principle was recognized during radioactive tracer studies of protein turnover in the 1940s by Rudolph Schoenheimer and David Rittenberg. Unlike the
Plateau_principle
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and ubiquitinated. ITCH is regulated by MAPK8. MAPK8 regulates JUNB protein turnover by MAPK8-dependent phosphorylation of ITCH and a subsequent conformational
ITCH
Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008). "Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases". Biochimie. 90 (2): 306–12
Protein_acetylation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"The AAA-ATPase p97 is essential for outer mitochondrial membrane protein turnover". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1091/mbc.E10-09-0748
Valosin-containing_protein
American biochemist (born 1948)
2004, as the head of the biology department. He was the president of the Protein Society from 1997 to 1999. Sauer was elected to the American Academy of
Robert_T._Sauer
Chemical compounds
mediated by AP-1 (activation protein 1) such as RANTES, IL-8 and GM-CSF. Recently, JNK1 has been found to regulate Jun protein turnover by phosphorylation and
C-Jun_N-terminal_kinases
Kristina; Malenica, Nenad; Genschik, Pascal; Bauer, Natasa (2020). "The protein turnover of Arabidopsis BPM1 is involved in regulation of flowering time and
BPM_RNA_motif
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
some contexts, protein abundance can increase even when mRNA abundance decreases, because translation efficiency and protein turnover are regulated independently
Messenger_RNA
Protein of the immune system
cross-presentation. A normal cell will display peptides from normal cellular protein turnover on its class I MHC, and CTLs will not be activated in response to them
MHC_class_I
Type of amino acid
PMC 4237068. PMID 17444813. Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L (2015-04-08). "Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism". Biochemistry (8th ed.). Macmillan Learning
Ketogenic_amino_acid
Biological mechanism that controls circadian rhythm
leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (FBXL3). In mammals, CSNK1E and CSNK1D are critical factors that regulate the core circadian protein turnover. Experimental manipulation
Circadian_clock
Biochemist and molecular biologist
Drug Resistance, Ryazanov Alexey, RWJ-Pharmacology-PISC The Role of Protein Turnover in Aging, Ryazanov Alexey RWJ-Pharmacology-PISC Project 1 Structure
Alexey_G._Ryazanov
Nutrient within the soil
way out of the soil and into the atmosphere. Nitrogen turnover (mostly involved in protein turnover) is lesser than that of carbon (mostly involved in respiration)
Plant_nutrients_in_soil
Medical condition
be that despite high protein production and protein turnover in diabetic ulcer fibroblasts, vesicles containing secretory proteins could not travel along
Diabetic_foot_ulcer
Spherical, water-soluble type of protein
globular protein that results from folding into its native conformation is small, it is marginally stable, thus providing a rapid turnover rate and effective
Globular_protein
Chemical compound
skeletal muscle in ovariectomized rats by regulating body composition, protein turnover, and mitochondrial quality signaling". Food Science & Nutrition. 10
Oligonol
Diet of brown bear
Farley, S. D., & Robbins, C. T. (1997). "Whole-body urea cycling and protein turnover during hyperphagia and dormancy in growing bears (Ursus americanus
Dietary biology of the brown bear
Dietary_biology_of_the_brown_bear
Graduate-level standardized test in the US
Intracellular trafficking Secretion and endocytosis Protein turnover (e.g., proteosomes, lysosomes, damaged protein response) E. Cell Division, Differentiation
GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test
GRE_Biochemistry,_Cell_and_Molecular_Biology_Test
Chemical compound
critical for proteasome-mediated protein degradation." MLN4924 has been shown to disrupt CRL-mediated protein turnover leading to apoptosis in cancer cells
Pevonedistat
Nutrients supporting human health
enhance protein turnover and prevent muscle loss. Older adults, particularly those with acute or chronic illnesses, may require higher protein intake,
Human_nutrition
are involved in ubiquitination and protein degradation, suggesting that ZNF816 may help regulate protein turnover through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
ZNF816
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
progression through the cell cycle, response to cellular stress, protein turnover, and protein stability. There are varying levels of H3K27ac, H3K4me1, and
C14orf119
1947). Israeli biochemist at the Technion, Haifa, known for work on protein turnover. Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2004. Foreign associate Natl. Acad. Sci
List_of_biochemists
Reed (2003). "Ratchets and clocks: the cell cycle, ubiquitylation and protein turnover". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 4 (11): 855–864. doi:10.1038/nrm1246
Mitotic_exit
Canadian gastroenterologist (born 1935)
factors on the synthesis of albumin, fibrinogen and transferrin. In: Protein Turnover - Ciba Foundation Symposium 9 (new series) 1972, Associated Sciences
Khursheed_Jeejeebhoy
David Suter, Swiss cell biologist
Felix; Suter, David Michael (2018). "Single Live Cell Monitoring of Protein Turnover Reveals Intercellular Variability and Cell-Cycle Dependence of Degradation
David_Suter_(biologist)
American chemist
worked with Robert T. Sauer on antibacterial agents that can impede protein turnover in bacteria. Sello has developed antibacterial drugs based on cyclic
Jason_Sello
Chemical compound
- Proteins and Proteomics. 1703 (2): 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.08.010. PMID 15680221. Shringarpure R, Davies KJ (2002). "Protein turnover by
Methionine_sulfoxide
Chemical compound
three of the four major mechanisms involved in muscle deconditioning (protein turnover, apoptosis, and the regenerative process), whereas it is hypothesized
Β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
Β-Hydroxy_β-methylbutyric_acid
British biologist
L; Loros, J. J; Dunlap, J. C (2015). "Decoupling circadian clock protein turnover from circadian period determination". Science. 347 (6221) 1257277.
John_S._O'Neill
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
deubiquitinating enzyme that places a very significant role in the regulation of protein turnover during spermatogenesis. It is a testis-specific enzyme that is solely
USP26
Molecular process that occurs within living cells
the cells response to cellular stress, the cell cycle, protein stability and protein turnover. It may be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like
O-linked_glycosylation
American chronobiologist and photobiologist
truly circadian, and that daily phosphorylation of FRQ protein, but not daily turnover of FRQ protein, is required for closing of the negative feedback loop
Jay_Dunlap
by the metabolism for the purpose of somatic maintenance (including protein turnover, maintenance of concentration gradients across membranes, activity
Dynamic_reserve
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
important role in diverse processes including normal lysosome mediated protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Its substrates include
Cathepsin_L1
Protein-coding gene in humans
of mRNA correlates with protein level of ERCC1. The rate of ERCC1 protein turnover also does not correlate with ERCC1 protein level. A translational level
ERCC1
German physiologist and dietitian
that the amount of nitrogen in excreted urea is a measure for the protein turnover. Using a respiration calorimeter, he could measure the contribution
Carl_von_Voit
Class of enzymes
externally supplied peptides (very short proteins) and are necessary for the final steps of protein turnover and replacement. They also participate in
Aminopeptidase
British physiologist
works include: 'Protein turnover in mammalian tissues and in the whole body' (1978) - JC Waterlow, P.J Garlick and D.J Millward. 'Protein-energy malnutrition:
John_Waterlow
Chemical compound
Makoto; Umezawa, Hamao (1980). "Biosynthesis of leupeptin IV. Is protein turnover in leupeptin producer cells affected by leupeptin?". The Journal of
Leupeptin
Rare neurodegenerative disease
dysregulation Histone hypermethylation and altered epigenetics Altered protein turnover These hypotheses may not be mutually exclusive, and more than one of
Ataxia–telangiectasia
Histone acetylation on the tail of histone H3
acetylation Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008). "Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases". Biochimie. 90 (2): 306–12
H3K27ac
Histone acetylation on tail of histone H2B
acetylation Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008). "Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases". Biochimie. 90 (2): 306–12
H2BK5ac
Biology research scientist, focused on DNA
the nascent field of biochemistry, working with James Murray Luck on protein turnover in the liver. He "graduated in 1933 from Stanford, where he majored
Maclyn_McCarty
Italian biologist
(2024). "Natural proteome diversity links aneuploidy tolerance to protein turnover". Nature. 630 (8015): 149–157. Bibcode:2024Natur.630..149M. bioRxiv 10
Markus_Ralser
Protein
G1/S-specific cyclin Cln3 is a protein that is encoded by the CLN3 gene. The Cln3 protein is a budding yeast G1 cyclin that controls the timing of Start
Cln3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(2005). "The kinase domain of titin controls muscle gene expression and protein turnover". Science. 308 (5728): 1599–603. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.383.9888. doi:10
TRIM55
American cell biologist
"Arrestin-related ubiquitin-ligase adaptors regulate endocytosis and protein turnover at the cell surface". Cell. 135 (4): 714–725. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008
Scott_D._Emr
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
domain of EID1, raising the possibility that binding interactions and protein turnover are automatically connected. Studies have implicated EID1 as in control
EID1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
- Proteins and Proteomics. 1703 (2): 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.08.010. PMID 15680221. Shringarpure R, Davies KJ (2002). "Protein turnover by
Mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase
Mitochondrial_peptide_methionine_sulfoxide_reductase
Events leading to cell division
and number of chromosomes are unchanged. Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase. An exception to this is histone
Cell_cycle
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Obscurin and KCTD6 regulate cullin-dependent small ankyrin-1 (sAnk1.5) protein turnover". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 23 (13): 2490–504. doi:10.1091/mbc
Obscurin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
enzyme USP9x regulates hippo pathway activity by controlling angiomotin protein turnover". Cell Discovery. 2: 16001. doi:10.1038/celldisc.2016.1. PMC 4849470
Angiomotin
Model of protein allosteric regulation
Morpheeins are proteins that can form two or more different homo-oligomers (morpheein forms), but must come apart and change shape to convert between forms
Morpheein
Histone acetylation on tail of histone H4
Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008). "Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases". Biochimie. 90 (2): 306–12
H4K8ac
Aaron Ciechanover (born 1947). Israeli biochemist known for work on protein turnover, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2004 Albert Claude (1899–1983)
List_of_biologists
Greek geneticist and molecular biologist
domain: implicated in regulating targeted protein turnover in stomatins and other membrane-associated proteins". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 24 (11):
Nektarios_Tavernarakis
Protein-coding gene in humans
translocation to myofilaments. Regarding the turnover of CapZβ, it was recently demonstrated that the protein turnover of CapZβ1 is in part regulated by the
CAPZB
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
repair, neuronal survival, learning/memory, sleep/wake patterns, and protein turnover, all of which contribute to cellular homeostasis and organismal health
KAT5
American cell biologist-biochemist (1942–2023)
PMID 4604628. Goldberg, A. L. (1969). "Protein turnover in skeletal muscle. II. Effects of denervation and cortisone on protein catabolism in skeletal muscle"
Alfred_L._Goldberg
Swiss-Austrian biochemist (1936–2015)
also demonstrated that the energy-requiring protease Lon regulates protein turnover within the mitochondria, thus maintaining the integrity and the proper
Gottfried_Schatz
Species of sea urchin
were induced to spawn. Over 10 million embryos were used to test the protein turnover rates and the associated changes in metabolic rates in the larvae as
Sterechinus_neumayeri
Protein family
dissociation of any bound GDP from the protein, enhancing GTP binding. In effect, the GTP turnover of G proteins is greatly increased by mastoparan. These
Mastoparan
structural features allow for β-arrestins to regulate endocytic turnover of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed at the mammalian plasma membrane
Alpha_Arrestin
Protein found in humans
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), also known as thrombospondin-5, is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein primarily present in cartilage. In
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein
British professor of perinatal physiology
of amino acids across the placenta, and the effects of insulin on protein turnover in developing tissues. These involved various models, including the
Maureen_Young
Protein family
frequency (frq) gene encodes the protein frequency (FRQ) that functions in the Neurospora crassa circadian clock. The FRQ protein plays a key role in circadian
Frequency_(gene)
Enzyme
Unlike many enzymes, it is predominantly regulated at the level of protein turnover rather than transcriptional (mRNA levels). High cysteine levels inhibit
Cysteine_dioxygenase
Histone acetylation on tail of histone H3
Sadoul K, Boyault C, Pabion M, Khochbin S (2008). "Regulation of protein turnover by acetyltransferases and deacetylases". Biochimie. 90 (2): 306–12
H3K9ac
Protein found in humans
Zinc finger protein 197 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF197 gene. This gene product belongs to the zinc finger protein superfamily, members
Zinc_finger_protein_197
Class of enzymes
and PepA. Once thought of as a housekeeping gene necessary only for protein turnover, studies have demonstrated that LAP-A has a regulatory role in the
Leucyl_aminopeptidase
Mammalian protein found in humans
p53, also known as tumor protein p53, TP53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory transcription
P53
Inhibitors of translation
A protein synthesis inhibitor is a compound that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to
Protein_synthesis_inhibitor
Chemical compound
2003). "Withdrawal from repeated cocaine alters dopamine transporter protein turnover in the rat striatum". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental
2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane
2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane
American biochemist (1932–2014)
of an artist after spending decades as a scientist". ASBMB Today. "Protein Turnover and Gene Amplification". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (e1 2)
Robert_Schimke
Lab technique in molecular biology
stop protein synthesis or radioisotopic amino acids or proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). These labels are used to study proteins through
Pulse-chase_analysis
Indian nutritionist (1909–1996)
Arunachala Sreenivasan (November 1975). "Regulation of mitochondrial protein turnover by thyroid hormone(s)". Biochem. J. 152 (2): 379–387. doi:10.1042/bj1520379
Arunachala_Sreenivasan
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2005). "The kinase domain of titin controls muscle gene expression and protein turnover". Science. 308 (5728): 1599–1603. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1599L. CiteSeerX 10
NBR1
Genus of single-celled organisms
RNA processing and translation, post translational modification, protein turnover, and cytoskeletal genes. The Guillardia nuclear genome was also found
Guillardia
PROTEIN TURNOVER
PROTEIN TURNOVER
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Tamil
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Who protect
Rakshita | ரகà¯à®·à®¿à®¤à®¾, ரகà¯à®·à¯€à®¤à®¾Â
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : regional name from Old French Poitevin, denoting someone from Poitou in western France. The form Potvin has long been established in England and was brought to the U.S. from there. However, French bearers of the surname Poitevin also came to the New World, where their surname underwent a similar transformation on arrival in New England.
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Tamil
Rakshitha | ரகà¯à®·à®¿à®¤à®¾, ரகà¯à®·à¯€à®¤à®¾Â
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To Protect
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English, Hebrew
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American, Australian, French
Supplanter; Yahweh May Protect
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Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
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Greek Shakespearean
A sea god.
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Arabic, Australian, Lebanese
Seeking Shelter; Protect; Rescue
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English
English : possibly a variant of Porton, a habitational name from Porton in Wiltshire or Poorton in Dorset; both place names are formed with an obscure first element, perhaps the name of a river, + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.Dutch : habitational name for someone from a place named with Dutch poort ‘gate’.
PROTEIN TURNOVER
PROTEIN TURNOVER
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