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Topic in ethics
Preference utilitarianism (also known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Unlike value monist forms of utilitarianism
Preference_utilitarianism
Philosophical aim of minimizing suffering
unpleasantness. Negative Average Preference Utilitarianism makes the same assumptions on what is good as negative preference utilitarianism, but states that the average
Negative_utilitarianism
Flavour of utilitarianism
utilitarianism is sometimes thought to avoid the problems associated with act utilitarianism. Philosophy portal Brad Hooker Peter Singer Preference utilitarianism
Act_utilitarianism
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Utilitarianism is a family of theories in normative ethics that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.
Utilitarianism
Axiological position which prioritizes avoiding preference frustration
negative preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory. Antinatalism The Asymmetry (population ethics) Buddhist ethics Frustration Negative utilitarianism Painism
Antifrustrationism
Theory of ethics
motives). There are similarities with preference utilitarianism, where utility is defined as individual preference rather than positive conscious experience
Two-level_utilitarianism
British moral philosopher (1919–2002)
of formal features of moral discourse, and for his defence of preference utilitarianism based on his prescriptivism. Some of Hare's tutorial students
R._M._Hare
Ethical theory based on consequences
maximizing the satisfaction of preferences, hence preference utilitarianism. Other contemporary forms of utilitarianism mirror the forms of consequentialism
Consequentialism
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
well-being or welfare. Preference utilitarianism, which holds that the best action is the one that leads to the most overall preference satisfaction. Social
Normative_ethics
Ethical principle; incorporates deontology into greatest-happiness thinking
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness
Rule_utilitarianism
Reasoning by extrapolation
relativism. In addition, the ethical philosophies of utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and pragmatism have been identified as employing
Casuistry
Philosophical tradition of the British people
for his development of prescriptivism and for his defence of preference utilitarianism. Iris Murdoch is another notable author of ethical works. According
British_philosophy
Polish utilitarian philosopher
utilitarian. She persuaded Singer to embrace hedonism instead of preference utilitarianism during their collaboration on The Point of View of the Universe
Katarzyna_de_Lazari-Radek
Australian philosopher and academic
of the preference theory with consequentialism is sometimes called "preference utilitarianism". Smart's arguments against rule utilitarianism have been
J._J._C._Smart
English philosopher and author (1806–1873)
a theory repugnant to his predecessors". He was a proponent of the utilitarianism of his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed to the investigation
John_Stuart_Mill
American philosopher
from a preference utilitarian perspective, as does Singer. Preference utilitarianism defines an act as good insofar as it fulfills the preferences (interests)
Raymond_Frey
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
was initially a proponent of preference utilitarianism but has shifted his position in favor of hedonistic utilitarianism. In a different sense, the term
Hedonism
Rights belonging to animals
particularly pp. 147–152. Nussbaum (2004), p. 302. For a discussion of preference utilitarianism, see Singer (2011), pp. 14ff, 94ff. Singer (1990), pp. 7–8. Singer
Animal_rights
Australian explorer and mountain climber
University. Chao has worked on a form of average utilitarianism called negative average preference utilitarianism. Chao has worked at the Office of Environmental
Roger_Chao
Order by which an agent ranks alternatives based on their utility
Despite utilitarianism and decision theory, many economists have differing definitions of what a rational agent is. In the 18th century, utilitarianism gave
Preference_(economics)
Book by John Stuart Mill
in 1859 under the latter's name. It applied their ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. The Mills suggested standards for the relationship
On_Liberty
economics) University of California, Berkeley Bayesian game, Preference utilitarianism, Equilibrium selection John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928–2015) United
List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences
List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences
Decision rule of maximizing utility
S2CID 154610036 Sobel, Joel (2001), "Manipulation of preferences and relative utilitarianism", Games and Economic Behavior, 37: 196–215, CiteSeerX 10
Utilitarian_rule
Practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher social status
selection Social psychology Social status Socioeconomics Trophy wife Utilitarianism Abgarian, Almara (21 October 2018). "What is hypergamy and are some
Hypergamy
British philosopher and economist (1838–1900)
Essex, with his wife. Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an Intuitional basis". This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry
Henry_Sidgwick
Concept in economics and decision theory
century has shown that insofar as utility represents happiness, as for utilitarianism, it is indeed proportional to log of income.) The first important use
Utility
Any individual whose preferences satisfy four axioms has a utility function
related, but not necessarily equivalent, to the utility of Bentham's utilitarianism. In the theorem, an individual agent is faced with options called lotteries
Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem
Von_Neumann–Morgenstern_utility_theorem
Ethical philosophy of personhood
not apply to fetuses according to Singer's preference utilitarianism as a non-person can not have preferences (see Singer on abortion, euthanasia, and infanticide)
Personism
English philosopher and jurist (1748–1832)
philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle
Jeremy_Bentham
Pain, mental, or emotional unhappiness
the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction
Suffering
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism. A hypothetical being, which Nozick calls the utility monster, receives
Utility_monster
This is an incomplete list of advocates of utilitarianism and/or consequentialism. Epicurus Lucretius Mozi Roger Bacon Richard Cumberland John Gay Bernard
List_of_utilitarians
Problem in ethics
Another response is the conclusion that total utilitarianism must be rejected in favour of average utilitarianism, which would result in situation A+ being
Mere_addition_paradox
Algorithm in utilitarian ethics
happiness in units. The concept of measuring hedonic utility arose in Utilitarianism, with Classical Utilitarians acknowledging that the actual pleasure
Felicific_calculus
Topics referred to by the same term
preserves preference orderings Marginal utility, the change in the utility from an increase in the consumption of a good or service Utilitarianism, philosophical
Utility_(disambiguation)
Philosophical study of morality
of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between act and rule utilitarianism and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism. Deontology
Ethics
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
for. Harsanyi, John C. (1979-09-01). "Bayesian decision theory, rule utilitarianism, and Arrow's impossibility theorem". Theory and Decision. 11 (3): 289–317
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Ecological economist
occurrence of lexicographic preferences . This work on biodiversity economics also led to criticism of preference utilitarianism and the spread of mainstream
Clive_Spash
Argument raised against consequentialist ethical theories
The demandingness objection is a common argument raised against utilitarianism and other consequentialist ethical theories. It suggests that the consequentialist
Demandingness_objection
In contrast with ordinal utility, in economics
not only which of two outcomes is preferred, but also the intensity of preferences, i.e. how much better or worse one outcome is compared to another. In
Cardinal_utility
Month in 1919
English philosopher, developed universal prescriptivism and preference utilitarianism; as Richard Mervyn Hare, in Backwell, England (d. 2002)[citation
March_1919
Fair division problem
social choice rule. Utilitarian cake-cutting is often not "fair"; hence, utilitarianism is often in conflict with fair cake-cutting. Consider a cake with two
Utilitarian_cake-cutting
Philosophical view which prioritises the long-term future
Darius (2022). "Utilitarianism and Practical Ethics – Longtermism: Expanding the Moral Circle Across Time". An Introduction to Utilitarianism. Archived from
Longtermism
1979 book by Peter Singer
abortion. He argues that Singer insufficiently explains how preference and classical utilitarianism each view abortion, and does not bring out their differences
Practical_Ethics
Proof of social welfare function being pareto efficient given three axioms
problem Risse, Mathias (2002). "Harsanyi's 'Utilitarian Theorem' and Utilitarianism". Noûs. 36 (4): 550–577. doi:10.1111/1468-0068.t01-1-00401. JSTOR 3506225
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
Assignment of resources among possible uses
ethical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis in the context of utilitarianism, two researchers suggest that "the long-term social and political project
Resource_allocation
Ethical views prioritising the reduction of suffering
with less suffering. A form of negative consequentialism is negative utilitarianism, according to which one should seek to minimise aggregate suffering
Suffering-focused_ethics
Philosophical paradox about pleasure-seeking
Part of a series on Utilitarianism Predecessors Mozi Shantideva Francis Hutcheson David Hume Claude Adrien Helvétius Cesare Beccaria William Paley William
Paradox_of_hedonism
Ethical philosophy
Part of a series on Utilitarianism Predecessors Mozi Shantideva Francis Hutcheson David Hume Claude Adrien Helvétius Cesare Beccaria William Paley William
Enlightened_self-interest
Thought experiment in ethics
obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it. According to classical utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking
Trolley_problem
Subcategory of welfare economics
Serge-Christophe Kolm (1969, 1996, 2000), and others have considered ways in which utilitarianism as an approach to justice is constrained or challenged by independent
Economic_justice
1975 book by Peter Singer
adequate foundation of justice than Utilitarianism can supply. Utilitarianism, Nussbaum argues, ignores adaptive preferences, elides the separateness of distinct
Animal_Liberation_(book)
Principle that an action is rational if it maximizes one's self-interest
persuasive reason for preferring rational egoism over utilitarianism. Although utilitarianism can be provided with a rational basis and reconciled with
Rational_egoism
Systematic study of values
the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological utilitarianism accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply
Value_theory
American philosopher (1910–1997)
in the field. He defended a version of rule utilitarianism in "Toward a credible form of utilitarianism" (1963) and performed cultural-anthropological
Richard_Brandt
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
rectification is the limiting or conclusion of reproduction. Negative utilitarianism argues that minimizing suffering has greater moral importance than maximizing
Antinatalism
Branch of moral philosophy
animals). For this reason, utilitarianism is often associated with the term welfarist consequentialism. In utilitarianism, it is the "end result" which
Secular_ethics
Philosophical positions
journal requires |journal= (help) "Introduction to Utilitarianism – Utilitarianism.net". Utilitarianism. Retrieved 2022-04-14. Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231
Moral_relativism
Meta-ethical view
human well-being, preferences, or pleasure. The position has appeared in several ethical traditions, including some forms of utilitarianism, virtue ethics
Ethical_naturalism
Ideology supporting both civil and economic liberties
institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of utilitarianism. The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejected classical
Classical_liberalism
Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation
Distributive_justice
Pleasurable emotional reaction of happiness
Cost-benefit analysis Pleasure Social sciences Uses and gratifications theory Utilitarianism van Eimeren, W.; Engelbrecht, R.; Flagle, Ch.D. (2012). Third International
Gratification
Philosophy about how humans should regard land
of the most prominent land ethics include those rooted in economics, utilitarianism, libertarianism, egalitarianism, and ecology. This is a land ethic based
Land_ethic
Thought experiment posed by Robert Nozick
into the machine has more to do with wanting the status quo than with preference of the current life over the simulated one. De Brigard points out that
Experience_machine
Aspect of economics
theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves. It analyzes
Consumer_choice
Entity that always performs optimal actions from given information
economics. The idea of a rational agent is important to the philosophy of utilitarianism, as detailed by philosopher Jeremy Bentham's theory of the felicific
Rational_agent
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
result, moral judgments are seen as expressions of arbitrary personal preferences, making moral disagreements rationally unresolvable. In another sense
Nihilism
Theory advanced by social scientists to explain facts about the social world
theoretical traditions: functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, and utilitarianism. While modern sociological theory descends predominately from functionalist
Sociological_theory
End of the human species
existential risk, grounded in concern for presently existing people. Beyond utilitarianism, other moral perspectives lend support to the importance of reducing
Human_extinction
1951 book by Kenneth Arrow
choice theory Social welfare function Rule according to higher law Utilitarianism Voting paradox Voting system Welfare economics Welfarism JEL D71 by
Social Choice and Individual Values
Social_Choice_and_Individual_Values
Country in northwestern Europe
ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. The BBC, founded
United_Kingdom
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
replaced. The relevance of the tradition of negative theology to Derrida's preference for negative descriptions of deconstruction is the notion that a positive
Deconstruction
Philosophical study of being
Ontologists are also interested in the explanatory power of theories and give preference to theories that can explain many observations. A further factor is how
Ontology
Practice of feigning to be what one is not or believing what one does not
of thought that influenced Adam Smith (1723–1790) and 19th-century utilitarianism. The tension between these two approaches, modes, ambivalences and
Hypocrisy
Philosophical study of beauty and art
experiences as adaptive traits that guide fitness-relevant preferences. Examples are aesthetic preferences for environments conducive to survival, such as landscapes
Aesthetics
Problem of allocation of money by consumers in order to most benefit themselves
doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02233-6. "Consumer Preferences and Choice" (PDF). p. 57. "The History of Utilitarianism". Mar 27, 2009. Retrieved 2026-02-11. Karaivanov
Utility_maximization_problem
Fair division problem for discrete items
Tobias; Nguyen, Nhan-Tam; Rothe, Jörg (2015). "Fairness and Rank-Weighted Utilitarianism in Resource Allocation". Algorithmic Decision Theory. Lecture Notes
Fair_item_allocation
German philosopher
Canberra. Wessels' research interests include consequentialism, welfarism, utilitarianism, supererogation, moral psychology and bioethics. In 2003, Wessels' book
Ulla_Wessels
Practical application of moral considerations
on their consequences. The paradigmatic consequentialist theory is utilitarianism, which classically holds that whether an act is morally right depends
Applied_ethics
Totality of existing entities
something is good or bad, irrespective of subjective beliefs or personal preferences. Naturalism argues that values are part of the natural world and can
Reality
Benefit derived from consuming a product
276. Screpanti, Ernesto; Zamagni, Stefano (2005). "5. The Triumph of Utilitarianism and the Marginalist Revolution". An Outline of the History of Economic
Marginal_utility
Economic measure placing a monetary value on reducing the risk of death
Psychological significance and value in life Rational choice theory Utilitarianism Value (personal and cultural) "Best Practice Regulation Guidance Note:
Value_of_a_statistical_life
What is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community
function, in turn, would be rooted in a moral theory of the good (such as utilitarianism). Social choice theory aims to understand processes by which the common
Common_good
German-American anarcho-capitalist academic (born 1949)
denied the fundamental principle of Misesean praxeology. On the issue of utilitarianism, Long wrote, "Hoppe's argument, if it worked, would commit us to recognizing
Hans-Hermann_Hoppe
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
involve fundamental changes both in one's beliefs and in one's core preferences. It has been argued that transformative experiences constitute counterexamples
Experience
Study of fundamental reality
theoretical virtues. Ockham's Razor is a well-known principle that gives preference to simple theories, in particular, those that assume that few entities
Metaphysics
Polish-Swedish philosopher (born 1947)
areas of expertise include ethics, normativity, decision theory and utilitarianism. From 1995 to 1998, he was editor-in-chief of Theoria. He began his
Wlodek_Rabinowicz
Study of rational collective decision-making
mathematical procedures (social welfare functions) used to combine individual preferences into a coherent whole. It contrasts with political science in that social
Social_choice_theory
Malaysian-Australian economist (born 1942)
economics, and the theory of the third best. He has also written on utilitarianism, animal welfare, welfare biology, and effective altruism. Ng was born
Yew-Kwang_Ng
Scientific study of human society and relationships
theoretical traditions: Functionalism, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionism, and Utilitarianism. Accordingly, modern sociological theory predominantly descends from
Sociology
United States public debt – Universe (economics) – Urban economics – Utilitarianism – Utility – Utility maximization problem Value (economics) – Value added
Index_of_economics_articles
Belgian game theorist (1946–2012)
original ones but modified for the space of preferences over lotteries. Unlike classical Utilitarianism, RU does not assume cardinal utility or interpersonal
Jean-François_Mertens
Ethical or philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its own sake"
feature of intrinsic values to have a negative side—e.g., the feature of utilitarianism to accept both pain and pleasure as of intrinsic value, since they may
Intrinsic_value_(ethics)
Practice of humans eating other humans
acts are wrong, since no living person is wronged in the process. In utilitarianism, if a cannibal act increases the happiness of some people – say the
Human_cannibalism
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
those who thought otherwise. Belief in happiness, I found, was called Utilitarianism, and was merely one among a number of ethical theories. I adhered to
Bertrand_Russell
Study of the foundations of politics
developed, such as social contract theory, liberalism, conservatism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and anarchism. Political philosophy is the branch of philosophy
Political_philosophy
History of the development of microeconomics as a study
Microeconomics descends philosophically from Utilitarianism and mathematically from the work of Daniel Bernoulli. Utilitarianism as a distinct ethical position only
History_of_microeconomics
Principle of treating others reciprocally
John Stuart (1979) [1861]. "Chapter 2 - What Utilitarianism Is". In Sher, George (ed.). Utilitarianism. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett. p. 16. ISBN 0-915144-41-7
Golden_Rule
Australian moral philosopher (born 1946)
consideration of interests. Singer himself adopted utilitarianism on the basis that people's preferences can be universalised, leading to a situation where
Peter_Singer
Insatiable longing for material or immaterial gain; avarice
spirit of capitalism integrated a philosophy of avarice coloured with utilitarianism. Weber also says that, according to Protestant ethic, "Wealth is thus
Greed
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Believe and Preferences
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Indian
Preference of Heart
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Choice; Preference; Selection
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Unparalleled; 1st Preference; Good Beginning
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
Girl/Female
Muslim
Knowing, Knowledgeable, Skilled in music or dance
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Norman personal name that appears in Middle English as Geffrey and in Old French as Je(u)froi. Some authorities regard this as no more than a palatalized form of Godfrey, but early forms such as Galfridus and Gaufridus point to a first element from Germanic gala ‘to sing’ or gawi ‘region’, ‘territory’. It is possible that several originally distinct names have fallen together in the same form.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Young Krishna
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Indispensible
Boy/Male
Hindu
Honesty
Boy/Male
English
Abbreviation of the Hebrew name Tobiah meaning 'Jah is good.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Norfolk, so called from Old English finc ‘finch’ + hÄm ‘homestead’ or hamm ‘enclosure hemmed in by water’, ‘river meadow’.
Boy/Male
Irish
Name of a saint.
Boy/Male
French
Little cow.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love of Guru
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.
n.
One who, or that which, is referred to.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
n.
Choice; preference.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
Reference; respect; regard.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
Relation; regard; respect.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
n.
Appeal.
v.
Relation; reference; regard.
a.
Giving, indicating, or having a preference or precedence; as, a preferential claim; preferential shares.
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
v. t.
To place after, behind, or below something, in respect to precedence, preference, value, or importance.
adv.
In preference; by choice.
n.
One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another.