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Decision rule of maximizing utility
In social choice and operations research, the utilitarian rule (also called the max-sum rule) is a rule saying that, among all possible alternatives,
Utilitarian_rule
it is the utilitarian or the egalitarian rule, it satisfies excludable-SP; If-and-only-if it is NOT the utilitarian nor the egalitarian rule, it satisfies
Fractional_approval_voting
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
majority rule is one of two major competing notions of democracy. The most common alternative is given by the utilitarian rule (or other welfarist rules), which
Majority_rule
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that lead to the greatest good for the greatest
Utilitarianism
Ethical principle; incorporates deontology into greatest-happiness thinking
the rule of which it is an instance". Philosophers Richard Brandt and Brad Hooker are major proponents of such an approach. For rule utilitarians, the
Rule_utilitarianism
is represented by the utilitarian rule, which maximizes the sum of utilities; equality is represented by the egalitarian rule, which maximizes the minimum
Fair division of a single homogeneous resource
Fair_division_of_a_single_homogeneous_resource
Use of approximation algorithms in voting
of utilities, as in the utilitarian social choice rule, based only on the ranking information provided. Implicit utilitarian voting attempts to approximate
Implicit_utilitarian_voting
Fair division problem
Utilitarian cake-cutting (also called maxsum cake-cutting) is a rule for dividing a heterogeneous resource, such as a cake or a land-estate, among several
Utilitarian_cake-cutting
Rule in social choice theory: choose the alternative maximizing the product of utilities
by Kaneko and Nakamura. The Nash welfare rule is often described as a compromise between the utilitarian rule, which maximizes the sum of utilities and
Nash_welfare_rule
Guideline governing legal pleas of insanity
by the state may undermine public confidence in the penal system. A utilitarian and humanitarian approach suggests that the interests of society are
M'Naghten_rules
Decision rules for participatory budgeting
the median rule is utilitarian – it maximizes the sum of agents' utilities. This also implies that it is Pareto efficient. But the median rule may be considered
Budget-proposal_aggregation
Rule for fair division of invisible items
to that of utilitarian cake-cutting, where the goal is to maximize the sum of utilities of all participants. However, the utilitarian rule works with
Rank-maximal_allocation
Decision rule for social choice
between the utilitarian rule - which emphasizes overall system efficiency, and the egalitarian rule - which emphasizes individual fairness. The rule was first
Proportional-fair_rule
Proof of social welfare function being pareto efficient given three axioms
In decision theory, the Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem proves mathematically that a rational social welfare function that satisfies the expected utility
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
Mathematical principle
allocation rules are the egalitarian rule - aiming to equalize the utilities of all agents (equivalently: maximize the minimum utility), and the utilitarian rule
Resource_monotonicity
Rawlsian decision rule for social choice
allocation; Egalitarian (leximin) bargaining; Leximin rule for cake sharing. Utilitarian rule - a different rule that emphasizes the sum of utilities rather than
Egalitarian_rule
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
procedures more explicit by modeling them as approximations of the utilitarian rule (or score voting). In psychometrics, there is a general consensus that
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Study of rational collective decision-making
the only coherent and Pareto efficient social choice function is the utilitarian rule. This lends some support to the viewpoint expressed of John Stuart
Social_choice_theory
1858–1947 Crown rule in India
Raj (/ˈrɑːdʒ/ RAHJ; from Hindustani rāj, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the period of rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent, lasting
British_Raj
Principle of treating others reciprocally
constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality." According to Marc H. Bornstein, and William E. Paden, the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential
Golden_Rule
other words, the goal is to find an item allocation satisfying the utilitarian rule. An equivalent problem in the context of combinatorial auctions is
Welfare_maximization
Social choice problem
weighted averaging can be used to interpolate between the utilitarian and egalitarian rule. This family allows to attain a trade-off between fairness
Multi-issue_voting
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
welfare function satisfying coherence and Pareto efficiency is the utilitarian rule. A cardinal social welfare function is a function that takes as input
Social_welfare_function
science Unity of the proposition Universal Universality Unobservable Utilitarian rule Utility Validity Value Vamachara Vajrayana Vertiginous question Vice
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
on these scoring functions, both rules have several variants: The utilitarian rule aims to find a committee that maximizes the sum of satisfaction-levels
Fully proportional representation
Fully_proportional_representation
Θ(√n) This is because the rule of competitive equilibrium from equal incomes yields an envy-free allocation, and its utilitarian price is O(√n). The price-of-fairness
Price_of_fairness
Period of Indian history (1757–1858)
Company rule in India (sometimes also Company Raj, from Hindi rāj, lit. 'rule') was the rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent
Company_rule_in_India
Chinese newspaper in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Sing_Tao_Daily
Branch of bioethics that incorporates principles of utilitarianism
Utilitarian bioethics refers to the branch of bioethics that incorporates principles of utilitarianism to directing practices and resources where they
Utilitarian_bioethics
Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law
whom they are to be distributed, and what the proper distribution is; utilitarian theories look forward to the future consequences of punishment; retributive
Justice
Optimization problem
to a faraway facility), then minisum OFL is an instantiation of the utilitarian rule. Some special cases are: If there are only 3 input points, the solution
Optimal_facility_location
Chief Executive of Hong Kong since 2022
Justice Andrew Cheung had ruled that Lai be allowed to hire Owen. Lee dismissed concerns that his move to ask the NPCSC to rule in the matter would damage
John_Lee_Ka-chiu
Multiwinner voting rules
a committee W that maximizes the total satisfaction (following the utilitarian rule). The results obviously depend on the function f. Without loss of generality
Thiele's_voting_rules
the formulas pi correspond to agens, then this corresponds to the utilitarian rule. Minimizing the largest distance between the interpretations of the
Belief_merging
Algorithm in utilitarian ethics
The felicific calculus is an algorithm formulated by utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure
Felicific_calculus
but might still fail to be Pareto-efficient for m >= 3 issues. The Utilitarian rule is defined by the following phantom system: fk(t) := 0 for t in [0
Moving-phantoms_mechanism
Mendenhall, Grace H. (2013). Mozi: the Man, the Consequentialist, and the Utilitarian (Bachelors of Arts thesis). College of William and Mary. Roger Bacon
List_of_utilitarians
Principle in economics and game theory
preferences to an optimal social outcome. An example function is the utilitarian rule, which says "give the item to a person that values it the most". We
Revelation_principle
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Professional_Forum
the absolute authority of the Emperor. In the nineteenth century, imperial rule was challenged from within and without. The Taiping Rebellion (1849–1861)
Conservatism_in_China
Problem in social choice
genetic algorithms. One class of rules aims to maximize a given social welfare function. In particular, the utilitarian rule aims to find a budget-allocation
Combinatorial participatory budgeting
Combinatorial_participatory_budgeting
based on the utilitarian rule, is to maximize the sum of utilities of all agents, men and women alike. Such a matching can be called utilitarian stable matching
Optimal_stable_matching
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)
Fair division problem for discrete items
deterministic setting can also be considered in the stochastic setting: Utilitarian rule: this rule says that society should choose the solution that maximize the
Fair_item_allocation
Performance metric for voting methods
efficiency, also known as utilitarian efficiency, relates the social utility (sum of voter utilities) of the candidate elected by a rule to that of the utility-maximizing
Social_utility_efficiency
Political party in Hong Kong
元朗區議員退黨兼棄選". 蘋果日報. 12 August 2019. "Hong Kong's Lam says China's patriots-only rule is not meant to exclude democrats from politics". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP
New_People's_Party
Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2005 to 2012
decision by the National People's Congress Standing Committee in 2004 which ruled out the 2007/2008 Chief Executive and Legislative Council universal suffrage
Donald_Tsang
Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2017 to 2022
greatly undermines rule of law, legal experts warn". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 22 March 2018. Ng, Ellie (2 January 2018). "'Rule without law': Hong
Carrie_Lam
Political alignment in Hong Kong
of the CCP. It launched the 1967 Hong Kong riots against British colonial rule in Hong Kong and had a long rivalry with the pro-Kuomintang bloc. After the
Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)
Flavour of utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that the morally right action is the one that produces the best results in that specific
Act_utilitarianism
Political party in Hong Kong
party actively participated in elections in the last years of the colonial rule and became a major party and the ally to the government in the early post-handover
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong
British colonial administrator (1875-1947)
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Cecil_Clementi
Political party in Hong Kong
elections in geographical constituencies. During the last years of British rule and early years of the SAR administration, the party remained one of the
Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)
Trade union federation in Hong Kong
China (PRC). It played a leading role in the 1967 riots against British rule in Hong Kong, which were suppressed by the colonial government. In the 1980s
Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions
Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions
Philosophical aim of minimizing suffering
valuable (or have sufficiently low disvalue). A key way in which negative utilitarian views can differ from one another is with respect to how much weight
Negative_utilitarianism
Family of proportional election methods
tie-breaking rule, it might become non-strategyproof. Cardinality-strategyproofness and inclusion-strategyproofness are satisfied by utilitarian approval
Multiwinner_approval_voting
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
pleasure it receives outweighs the suffering it may cause. Nozick writes: Utilitarian theory is embarrassed by the possibility of utility monsters who get
Utility_monster
Australian moral philosopher (born 1946)
specialises in applied ethics, approaching the subject from a secular, utilitarian perspective. He wrote the book Animal Liberation (1975), in which he
Peter_Singer
"economic miracle", sociologist Lau Siu-kai deployed the concept of "utilitarian familism", which summarises the general attitudinal orientations that
Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance
Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance
System of enforceable rules
question of the extent to which law incorporates morality. John Austin's utilitarian answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from
Law
Political group in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong
Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Silent_Majority_for_Hong_Kong
Latin phrase
ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf), to summarize the counter-utilitarian nature of his moral philosophy, in the form Fiat justitia, pereat mundus
Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus
Fiat_iustitia,_et_pereat_mundus
Mathematical optimization of resource allocation
measure is the sum of unfairness levels for individual agents, as in the utilitarian rule: One can minimize the sum of differences ∑ i = 1 n | a i − q i | {\displaystyle
Optimal_apportionment
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Co-operative_Resources_Centre
Hong Kong politician
to not only embrace true democratic values in the sense of respecting the rule of law and the rights of other people with whom they disagree, they also
Regina_Ip
Principle of allocation
particular, the Nash-optimal rule, absolute-leximin and relative-leximin rules, absolute-utilitarian and relative utilitarian rules are all PM. It is an open
Population_monotonicity
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
consensus democracy, the supermajority rule is applied in most cases. The first known use of a supermajority rule was in juries during the 100s BC in ancient
Supermajority
The Constrained-utilitarian rule finds a budget-allocation maximizing the sum of utilities from the set of all implementable rules. It is implementable
Donor_coordination
Islamic law
which played a limited role in classical fiqh, but were now given wider utilitarian applications. Changes in administrative law that grant the courts discretionary
Sharia
Hong Kong lawyer and politician (born 1962)
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Junius_Ho
An expanding approvals rule (EAR) is a rule for multi-winner elections, which allows agents to express weak ordinal preferences (i.e., ranking with indifferences)
Expanding_approvals_rule
Thought experiment in ethics
supposed to be one man's life for the lives of five. — Philippa Foot A utilitarian view asserts that it is obligatory to steer to the track with one man
Trolley_problem
Physical or psychological proximity between people
the factors, set out by Jeremy Bentham, used to measure the amount of (utilitarian) pleasure in a method known as felicific calculus. The propinquity effect
Propinquity
mall). They compared five aggregation methods: utilitarian rule, Nash-product rule, egalitarian rule, minimal transfers over costs and BPJR. They constructed
Participatory budgeting experiments
Participatory_budgeting_experiments
Single-winner electoral system
each candidate in place of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules. However, supporters of approval voting see grading as necessitating strategic
Approval_voting
Strategy to incorporate Hong Kong more closely with the People's Republic of China
the 12-3 incident in the Macau, aimed at overthrowing the British colonial rule in Hong Kong. The leftists lost their prestige after the riots for a period
United_front_in_Hong_Kong
Method of making choices that maximises utility
our social-choice function is utilitarian. The VCG family is a family of mechanisms that implements the utilitarian welfare function. A typical mechanism
Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism
Vickrey–Clarke–Groves_mechanism
Political party in Hong Kong
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Progressive_Hong_Kong_Society
Ethical theory based on consequences
valued than the pursuit of other pleasures. However, some contemporary utilitarians, such as Peter Singer, are concerned with maximizing the satisfaction
Consequentialism
Rule in math and political science
In mathematics and political science, the quota rule describes a desired property of proportional apportionment methods. It says that the number of seats
Quota_rule
Topic in ethics
there can be nothing that is in itself good or bad: for preference utilitarians, the source of both morality and ethics in general is subjective preference
Preference_utilitarianism
Catholic religious order
architecture embodied the ideals of the order, and was in theory at least utilitarian and without ornamentation. The same "rational, integrated scheme" was
Cistercians
Hair accessory
purposes: aesthetic (fashion); practical (holding back hair); protective; utilitarian (absorbing sweat); or for combinations of these reasons. In the UK, horseshoe-shaped
Headband
Pressure group in Hong Kong
the issue of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong. The Broadcasting Authority ruled in favour of the complaint and published an admonition criticising RTHK
Society_for_Truth_and_Light
French general and emperor (1769–1821)
to support his regime. His attitude to religion is often described as utilitarian. In 1800 he stated, "it was by making myself a Catholic that I won the
Napoleon
Type of voting rules for an election
voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest median rules differ
Highest_median_voting_rules
Method by which voters make a choice between options
An electoral system is a set of rules and mechanisms used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments
Electoral_system
Hong Kong politician (1940–2020)
prosperity and stability of Hong Kong". They also sought to extend the British rule by 15 to 30 years. He returned to Beijing in October 1983 and was met by
Allen_Lee
adding smaller building perspectives, making it appear more practical and utilitarian. A set for the realm was constructed at the Village Roadshow Studios
Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Features_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
Hong Kong conservative political pressure group
Social Ultra Principles Asian values Authority Elitism Familialism Utilitarian Rule of law Social order Traditional Chinese culture Pro-Beijing camp Anti-Americanism
Group_of_89
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2016. "Rule Twenty-Two: Special Rules for the Visual Effects Award". Archived from the original on
Proportional_representation
deontology,[citation needed] or ethics based on moral rules, versus ethics based on utilitarian rules decided on the best outcome for the greatest number
Philosophy in the Soviet Union
Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
arguing that people have a moral duty to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. Utilitarian versions assert that the goal is to increase overall happiness for everyone
Hedonism
Comic book character
series since the 1990s that portrays her as an antiheroine, often with a utilitarian moral philosophy. The character thrived in her earliest appearances,
Catwoman
Restitution with input from victims and offenders
justice Participatory Restorative Retributive Right to an effective remedy Utilitarian Transformative Prison abolition Prison reform open Prisoners' rights
Restorative_justice
regards the Eight Bullets as expendable pawns and only sees them for their utilitarian value to his cause. Shin Nemoto (音本 真, Nemoto Shin) Voiced by: Takayuki
List of My Hero Academia characters
List_of_My_Hero_Academia_characters
1985 studio album by Red Hot Chili Peppers
than the group's debut but "easier to swallow as utilitarian dance-rock". "Catholic School Girls Rule" was inspired by a sexual encounter Kiedis had with
Freaky_Styley
2024 film by Fede Álvarez
Douglas (September 4, 2024). "Production designer Naaman Marshall adopted "utilitarian" approach for Alien: Romulus". Dezeen. Archived from the original on
Alien:_Romulus
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