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Natural organic compounds derived from a [C(O)–CH2] chain
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (>C=O
Polyketide
Family of multi-domain enzymes that produce polyketides
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of secondary metabolites
Polyketide_synthase
also known as the polyketide pathway, is a fundamental biosynthetic route in organisms for the production of fatty acids and polyketides. This pathway operates
Acetate_pathway
Family of proteins
Aromatic polyketides are assembled by a type II (iterative) polyketide synthase in bacteria. Iterative type II polyketide syntheses produce polyketide chains
Polyketide synthesis cyclase family
Polyketide_synthesis_cyclase_family
Species of bacterium
isolated from cultures of S. rimosus. Streptomyces rimosus's oxytetracycline polyketide synthase acyl carrier protein differs from most ACPs by having a C-terminus
Streptomyces_rimosus
Antibiotic
class of aromatic polyketide antibiotics, also known as bacterial aromatic polyketides, produced by Streptomyces via type II polyketide synthases (PKSs)
Oxytetracycline
synthases and to Type I polyketide synthesis. But, in contrast to fatty acid synthesis, the keto groups of the growing polyketide chain are not modified
Biosynthesis_of_doxorubicin
Species of beetle
with a strain of the Burkholderia gladioli bacterium, which produces a polyketide that protects the beetle's eggs against fungal and also bacterial infections
Lagria_villosa
the family of transferases, it has been identified as part of a Type 1 polyketide synthase module. DEBS is found in Saccharopolyspora erythraea and other
Erythronolide_synthase
Chemical compound
Borrelidin is an 18-membered polyketide macrolide derived from several Streptomyces species. First discovered in 1949 from Streptomyces rochei, Borrelidin
Borrelidin
instructions of microbes for making natural product polyketides. Rearranging the modular units in natural polyketide synthases, combining modules from different
Kosan_Biosciences
Chemical compound
either from type ll polyketide or shikimate pathways. This claim was not disputed until a key intermediate exclusive to the polyketide pathway was isolated
Carminic_acid
Chemical compound
produced by Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae. Colibactin is a polyketide peptide that can form inter-strand crosslinks in DNA. Colibactin forms
Colibactin
Chemical compound
protein phosphatases, and has a variety of negative effects on cells. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, okadaic acid and other members
Okadaic_acid
Chemical compound
Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalconoid, biosynthesized by a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and subsequent modifying enzymes. Xanthohumol is a prenylated
Xanthohumol
Pharmaceutical drug
polyketide are in RapC. Then, the linear polyketide is modified by the NRPS, RapP, which attaches L-pipecolate to the terminal end of the polyketide,
Sirolimus
Cofactor of both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis
a family of protein cofactors that participate in fatty acid (acyl), polyketide (acyl and aryl), and nonribosomal peptide (peptidyl) biosynthesis. The
Acyl_carrier_protein
Type of organic compound
into four major classes: terpenes, phenylpropanoids (i.e. phenolics), polyketides, and alkaloids. Terpenes constitute a large class of natural products
Secondary_metabolite
Chemical compound
ω−3), Marine bacteria and the microalgae Schizochytrium use an anerobic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway to synthesize DHA. The PKS pathway includes six
Eicosapentaenoic_acid
Drugs to treat parasitic worms and insect pests
of avermectin production: 1) production of the avermectin aglycon by polyketide synthases, 2) modification of the aglycon, 3) synthesis of modified sugars
Avermectin
Chemical compound
Fostriecin is a type I polyketide synthase (PKS) derived natural product, originally isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It belongs
Fostriecin
Secondary metabolides
biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides shares characteristics with the polyketide and fatty acid biosynthesis. Due to these structural and mechanistic similarities
Nonribosomal_peptide
Species of fungus
produces viridicatumtoxin and griseofulvin, two structurally interesting polyketides. List of Penicillium species MycoBank "Straininfo of Penicillium aethiopicum"
Penicillium_aethiopicum
Catalyst for a key step in fatty acid synthesis
and type II polyketide synthesis, or as domains in large multidomain enzymes, such as type I fatty acid synthases (FASs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs)
Ketoacyl_synthase
Polyketide product
Chlorotonil A is a polyketide natural product produced by the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce1525. It displays antimalarial activity in an animal
Chlorotonil_A
Lipid that is soluble in nonpolar solvents with their respective range
glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (derived from condensation of ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and
Lipid
Chemical compound
Apratoxin family of cytotoxins. The mixed peptide-polyketide natural product comes from a polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthase pathway (PKS/NRPS)
Apratoxin_A
Chemical compound
synthase (OLES) follows the module structure of a type I synthase. The polyketide chain is bound through thioester linkages to the S-H groups of the ACP
Oleandomycin
Chemical compound
17C polyketide monic acid and the 9C fatty acid 9-hydroxy-nonanoic acid. The possibility that the entire molecule is assembled as a single polyketide with
Mupirocin
Chemical compound
assembly of the a linear polyketide by use of seven modules and incorporation of six methylmalonyl CoAs and one malonyl CoA by polyketide synthases (type I PKSs)
Codinaeopsin
Chemical compound
iterative polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. This type I PKS loads Acetyl-CoA and then repeatedly adds a total of seven Malonyl-CoAs. The growing polyketide is
Calicheamicin
Indian biochemist and chemical engineer
focused on two realms: the first is to build a molecular understanding of polyketide synthases, and the second is focused on the biochemistry of celiac disease
Chaitan_Khosla
Chemical compound
Muironolide A is a tetrachloro polyketide discovered in 200 that has two unusual structural details: a hexahydro-1H-isoindolone-triketide ring and a trichlorocarbinol
Muironolide_A
Chemical compound
Swinholides are dimeric 42 carbon-ring polyketides that exhibit a 2-fold axis of symmetry. Found mostly in the marine sponge Theonella, swinholides encompass
Swinholide
Tylactone synthase or TYLS is a Type 1 polyketide synthase. TYLS is found in strains of Streptomyces fradiae and responsible for the synthesis of the macrolide
Tylactone_synthase
Species of bacterium
bacterium in the genus Kytococcus. It is known for the production of polyketide antibiotics as well as for its role as an opportunistic pathogen. It is
Kytococcus_sedentarius
Chemical compound
Sanglifehrin A is a polyketide natural product found to potently inhibit cyclophilins and have immunosuppressive activity. Isolation and characterisation
Sanglifehrin
Species of sponge
to bio and organic chemists because it produces (+)-discodermolide, a polyketide natural product with immunosuppressive and cancer killing properties.
Discodermia_dissoluta
Antifungal medication
genomic sequence of nystatin reveals the presence of the polyketide loading module (nysA), six polyketide syntheses modules (nysB, nysC, nysI, nysJ, and nysK)
Nystatin
Species of fungus
brocazine D, brocazine F, bisthiodiketopiperazine, penicibrocazine C and the polyketides brocaenol A, brocaenol B, and brocaenol C. List of Penicillium species
Penicillium_brocae
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals, including humans. The fruiting structures
Fungus
Class of enzymes
\rightleftharpoons } 3 CoA + 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA + 3 CO2 This polyketide synthase catalyse the first step in the cannabinoids biosynthetic pathway
3,5,7-Trioxododecanoyl-CoA synthase
3,5,7-Trioxododecanoyl-CoA_synthase
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Adenosine_triphosphate
Genus of single-celled organisms
in Schizochytrium occurs via a Polyketide synthase (PKS)-based pathway, although the primary structures of the Polyketide synthases do not conform to any
Schizochytrium
Class of enzymes
(CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS. Type III PKSs are associated
Chalcone_synthase
Class of natural products
usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal
Macrolide
Chemical compound
Disorazol, a cyclic polyketide synthesized by the bacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce12, was first detected and isolated in 1994. Its chemical structure
Disorazol
Topics referred to by the same term
fraternity Parkes Catalogue of Radio Sources, an astronomical catalogue Polyketide synthases, a family of enzymes Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan
PKS
Species of bacterium
isolated from soil. Streptomyces resistomycificus produces the pentacyclic polyketide resistomycin. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net UniProt Deutsche
Streptomyces_resistomycificus
synthase categorizes three enzyme isoforms (CURS1, 2, and 3), type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) present in the leaves and rhizome of the turmeric plant
Curcumin_synthase
Species of protist
matrix. This algae species is capable of producing a variety of bioactive polyketide natural products such as ciguatoxin with characteristic fused-ring cyclic
Gambierdiscus_toxicus
Class of chemical compounds
Ericaceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae and Myrtaceae. In lichens, depsides are polyketide-derived secondary metabolites biosynthesized via the polymalonate pathway
Depside
Species of fungus
roquefortine C, shikimic acid, griseofulvin, and 6-Methylsalicylic acid (via a polyketide synthase). Penicillium griseofulvum occurs on cereals and nuts. Fletcher
Penicillium_griseofulvum
Chemical compound
cholesterol. In 1982, some small-scale clinical investigations of lovastatin, a polyketide-derived natural product isolated from Aspergillus terreus, in very high-risk
Lovastatin
Non-essential metabolic compounds and processes within plants
Resveratrol Polyacetylenes, fatty acids and waxes Without nitrogen 1500 Polyketides Without nitrogen 750 Carbohydrates and organic acids Without nitrogen
Plant_secondary_metabolism
Topics referred to by the same term
previously presented Priming beta-ketosynthase in chemistry, a domain of polyketide synthases with a thiol group on a cysteine side-chain The process by which
Priming
British biological chemist (1957–2020)
Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1979 followed by PhD on the topic of polyketide biosynthesis for research supervised by James Staunton in 1982. Abell
Chris_Abell
Category of polyphenol compound
catalyzed by polyketide synthase. Chain extension of 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA with three molecules of malonyl-CoA gives initially a polyketide (figure), which
Flavan-3-ol
Antibiotic
tailor the polyketide using malonyl-CoA, methylmalonyl-CoA, and ethylmalonyl-CoA. The final thioesterase domain hydrolyzes the polyketide to form the
Fidaxomicin
Species of fungus
chemotherapeutic drugs. In 2009, a study showed that O. unilateralis also produces polyketides. These secondary metabolites have been used in antibiotics such as patulin
Ophiocordyceps_unilateralis
Chemical compound
plants as secondary metabolites. The enzyme chalcone synthase, a type III polyketide synthase, is responsible for the biosynthesis of these compounds. The
Chalcone
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Cellular_respiration
Chemical compound
constituent of the Cannabis plant. It is also a meroterpenoid (i.e. a polyketide and a terpenoid), a member of resorcinols and a phytocannabinoid. It derives
Cannabigerolic_acid
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Glycolysis
Species of fungus
marine-derived fungus Aspergillus glaucus for the production of anti-cancer polyketide". Marine Biotechnology. 14 (6): 665–71. Bibcode:2012MarBt..14..665C. doi:10
Aspergillus_glaucus
Chemical compound
malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for synthesis of flavonoids and related polyketides, for elongation of fatty acids to produce waxes, cuticle, and seed oils
Acetyl-CoA
Class of enzymes
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2 CoA + 4-hydroxycoumarin + CO2 This polyketide synthase can also accept benzoyl-CoA as substrate. Liu B, Raeth T, Beuerle
4-Hydroxycoumarin_synthase
generate enolate is a common strategy in biosynthetic pathways such as polyketide synthesis, where malonic acid half thioester can be converted to the corresponding
Modified aldol tandem reaction
Modified_aldol_tandem_reaction
Chemical in plants
of p-coumarate. Entering the flavone synthesis pathway, the type III polyketide synthase enzyme chalcone synthase uses consecutive condensations of three
Apigenin
Chemical compound
backbone of A-type prymnesins like prymnesin-1 is reportedly made by giant polyketide synthase enzymes dubbed the "PKZILLAs" of which PKZILLA-1 and PKZILLA-2
Prymnesin-1
Immunosuppressive drug
Protopic. The biosynthesis of tacrolimus is hybrid synthesis of both type 1 polyketide synthases (PKS 1) and nonribosomal peptide syntheses (NRPS). The research
Tacrolimus
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Ketogenesis
Group of chemical compounds
Ansamycins is a family of bacterial secondary metabolites that show antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria,
Ansamycin
Chemical compound
Mycolactone is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced and secreted by a group of very closely related pathogenic mycobacteria species including M. ulcerans
Mycolactone
Species of true bug
anticancer effects. It was suggested that lac insects employ polyketide pathway catalysed by polyketide synthase to produce laccaic acid D, a common precursor
Kerria_lacca
Chemical compound
still up for debate. It plays a key role in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, fatty acid oxidation via CPT1, the
Malonyl-CoA
Chemical compound
biosynthesized from a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. Pyoluteorin was first isolated in the 1950s from
Pyoluteorin
Chemical compound
MKN28, K562, and KB. Like many macrocyclic polyketides, quinolidomicin A1 is biosynthesized by type-I polyketide synthases. Decarboxylative condensations
Quinolidomicin
Chemical compound
Actinorhodin is a benzoisochromanequinone dimer polyketide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces coelicolor. The antibiotic effect of the substance was first
Actinorhodin
Pigment, aluminium salt of carminic acid
Carmine (/ˈkɑːrmən, ˈkɑːrmaɪn/) – also called cochineal (when it is extracted from the cochineal insect), cochineal extract, crimson lake, or carmine lake –
Carmine
Breakdown of glycogen
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Glycogenolysis
Informal group of fungi
by engineered yeast, including phenolics, isoprenoids, alkaloids, and polyketides. About 20% of biopharmaceuticals are produced in S. cerevisiae, including
Yeast
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Chemical compound
cyclic polyketide derivative originating from the acetate pathway. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is believed to condense with the cyclic polyketide derivative
Brevione_C
Chemical compound
Integrasone is a polyketide natural product, isolated from an unknown fungus, that has been shown to inhibit the HIV-1 integrase enzyme. Integrasone occurs
Integrasone
Chemical compound
synthesized by the lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcus. This class of polyketide antibiotics are effective against foodborne pathogens including L. monocytogenes
Enterocin
Chemical compound
Uvaricin is a bis(tetrahydrofuranoid) fatty acid lactone that was first isolated in 1982 from the roots of the Annonaceae Uvaria acuminata. Uvaricin was
Uvaricin
Metabolic pathway
Proteins Glycoproteins & proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl -CoA Polyketides Terpenoid backbones Terpenoids & carotenoids (vitamin A) Cholesterol
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Toxic chemicals synthesized by algae
Euglenoidea Polyketide Karlotoxin Karlodinium veneficum Dinophyceae Polyketide / Polyether Karmitoxin Karlodinium armiger Dinophyceae Polyketide / Polyether
Phycotoxin
Antifungal and antiparasitaric chemical compound
from sixteen 'C2' acetate and three 'C3' propionate units by polyketide syntheses. Polyketide biosynthesis begins with the decarboxylative condensation of
Amphotericin_B
Polyketide
Anthracimycin is a polyketide antibiotic discovered in 2013. Anthracimycin is derived from marine actinobacteria. In preliminary laboratory research, it
Anthracimycin
James S. (2005-04-01). "Crotylsilane Reagents in the Synthesis of Complex Polyketide Natural Products: Total Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide". Journal of the
Crotyl_group
Species of bryozoan
predicted in the next 200 years. Myriapora truncata is the source of 4 polyketide-derived metabolites: Myriaprones 1-4 Wikimedia Commons has media related
Myriapora_truncata
Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein chain
Biology of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases". Nonribosomal Peptide and Polyketide Biosynthesis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1401. pp. 3–29. doi:10
Peptide_bond
Chemical compound
particularly important in metabolic pathways that generate precursors for polyketide synthesis and other secondary metabolites. Post-translational modification
Crotonyl-CoA
Chemical compound
Pladienolide B is a polyketide natural product that is made by the bacterium Streptomyces platensis MER-11107, which is a gram-positive bacteria isolated
Pladienolide_B
Chemical compound
concentration, while subsequently increasing the concentration of polyketides. A polyketide is a structure commonly found in fungi that is made of acetyl-
Propionyl-CoA
Organic compounds with three C=O groups
are of practical importance as intermediates in the biosynthesis of polyketides. These natural products are a major source of antibiotics. Diketone Fischbach
Triketone
Chemical compound
biosynthesis of prescopranone follows the module structure of a Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) with three elongation modules and a lactonizing thioesterase
Prescopranone
Species of sponge
microbiota. Examples of these molecules include the potent cytotoxic polyketides: pateamine, peloruside, and mycalamide. Rust, Michael; Helfrich, Eric
Mycale_hentscheli
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