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Optical path (OP) is the trajectory that a light ray follows as it propagates through an optical medium. The geometrical optical-path length or simply
Optical_path
Product of geometric length and refractive index
In optics, optical path length (OPL, denoted Λ in equations), also known as optical length or optical distance, is the vacuum length that light travels
Optical_path_length
Measurement method using interference of waves
the difference in optical path lengths. In analytical science, interferometers are used to measure lengths and the shape of optical components with nanometer
Interferometry
Physics concept
material. Optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular is not a length, though it is a monotonically increasing function of optical path length, and
Optical_depth
Property in optics
(c) to the speed of light in a given optical medium (v), n=c/v. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted, when
Refractive_index
Branch of optics
Ray rA has optical path length S(τA) = n1d5 + n2d6. Also, ray rB has optical path length S(τB) = n1d7 + n2d8. The difference in optical path length for
Nonimaging_optics
Idealized model of light
because it crosses the optical axis again at the location where a real image will be formed, or the backward extension of the ray path crosses the axis where
Ray_(optics)
Optical phenomenon
thin film and reflected by both the upper and lower boundaries. The optical path difference (OPD) of the reflected light must be calculated in order to
Thin-film_interference
Gigabit passive optical network system
at different distances from the OLT and have different optical path losses, the received optical power at the OLT can vary significantly. The power-levelling
GPON
Pair of telescopes mounted side-by-side
of depth. Porro prism designs have the added benefit of folding the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal
Binoculars
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
sending a beam of light or electrons through or onto a sample in its optical path, by detecting photon emissions from a sample, or by scanning across and
Microscope
Array used for astronomical observations
a fraction of a wavelength over long optical paths, requiring very precise optics. Practical infrared and optical astronomical interferometers have only
Astronomical_interferometer
Device to determine relative phase shift
well-separated light paths is traversed only once. If the source has a low coherence length then great care must be taken to equalize the two optical paths. White light
Mach–Zehnder_interferometer
optical information related to the changes that take place in the solution adjacent to the electrode and on the electrode surface. The optical path length
UV-Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry
UV-Vis_absorption_spectroelectrochemistry
Common configuration for optical interferometry
applications of the interferometer, the two light paths can be with different lengths or incorporate optical elements or even materials under test. The Michelson
Michelson_interferometer
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
detector. The difference in optical path length between the two arms to the interferometer is known as the retardation or optical path difference (OPD). An interferogram
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
Hole or opening through which light travels
other fixture that holds an optical element in place or may be a special element such as a diaphragm placed in the optical path to limit the light admitted
Aperture
Optical prism used in solar observation
wedge or Herschel prism is an optical prism used in solar observation to refract most of the light out of the optical path, allowing safe visual observation
Herschel_wedge
Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber
A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber-optic telecommunications network that uses only unpowered devices to carry signals, as opposed to electronic
Passive_optical_network
Optical microscopy technique
gain information about the optical path length of the sample, to see otherwise invisible features. A relatively complex optical system produces an image
Differential interference contrast microscopy
Differential_interference_contrast_microscopy
Formulation of geometrical optics
{x}}_{2}^{2}}}} is the optical Lagrangian and x ˙ k = d x k / d x 3 {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}_{k}=dx_{k}/dx_{3}} . The optical path length (OPL) is defined
Hamiltonian_optics
Relativistic effect due to rotation
the light path due to Stokes' theorem. Consider a ring interferometer where two counter-propagating light beams share a common optical path determined
Sagnac_effect
Physics experiment in quantum mechanics
from slit A or slit B. The optical path length measured from slit to D1, D2, D3, and D4 is 2.5 m longer than the optical path length from slit to D0. This
Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser
concentration due to the enhancement effect of the optical resonator on the effective optical path length. Understanding of the principle of operation
Vernier_spectroscopy
System of optical components to redirect beams of light
to guide a laser through the path required. Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, and DSLRs all have optical trains that guide the incoming
Optical_train
Photolithographic tool
splitter for optical instruments. It has been used in a number of instruments to split a beam of light without causing an optical path shift due to its
Photomask
Folded optics is an optical system in which the beam is bent in a way to make the optical path much longer than the size of the system. This allows the
Folded_optics
Concept in radio communication
travelled a different length (as measured by optical path length – geometric length and refraction (differing optical speed)), and thus arriving at the detector
Multipath_propagation
Combination of concave and convex mirrors
used in optical telescopes and radio antennas, the main characteristic being that the optical path folds back onto itself, relative to the optical system's
Cassegrain_reflector
Filters which selectively transmit specific colors
plane or plastic device in the optical path, which are either dyed in the bulk or have interference coatings. The optical properties of filters are completely
Optical_filter
Craft of lighting at performances
one or more gels (filters) into its optical path. In the simplest case, a single gel is inserted into the optical path to produce light of the same color
Stage_lighting
Scientific instruments
Optical tweezers (originally called single-beam gradient force trap) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move
Optical_tweezers
Optical device
a straight optical path that is relatively long; as a result, monoculars normally use Porro or roof prisms to "fold up" the optical path, which makes
Monocular
Type of catadioptric telescope
Schmidt–Cassegrain is a catadioptric telescope that combines a Cassegrain reflector's optical path with a Schmidt corrector plate to make a compact astronomical instrument
Schmidt–Cassegrain_telescope
incoming DPSK optical signal is first split into two beams with equal intensities, in which one beam is delayed in space by an optical path difference that
Optical_DPSK_demodulator
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
refractive index of the medium inside the interferometer. This modifies the optical path length and results in a measurable modulation of the transmitted or reflected
Microphone
Topics referred to by the same term
Photographic filter, a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path Infrared cut-off filter, designed to reflect or
Filter
Type of computer disk storage drive
In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disc drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as
Optical_disc_drive
Optical inhomogeneities in transparent media
inhomogeneities. These inhomogeneities are localized differences in optical path length that cause deviations of light rays, especially by refraction
Schlieren
Reflecting telescope design
design may also include any number of flat fold mirrors, used to bend the optical path into more convenient configurations. Many combinations of three mirror
Three-mirror_anastigmat
Optical system where refraction and reflection are combined
A catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses (dioptrics) and curved mirrors
Catadioptric_system
Measurement technique
positioning stage through a path length match. The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation when the optical path length of light impinging
White_light_interferometry
Quality of an image being out of focus
coefficient in wavelengths of light. This corresponds to the parabola-shaped optical path difference between two spherical wavefronts that are tangent at their
Defocus_aberration
1887 investigation of the speed of light
aether wind would produce a difference in optical path lengths between the two arms of the interferometer. This path difference depends on the orientation
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Scientific law describing absorption of light
relates the optical attenuation of a physical material containing a single attenuating species of uniform concentration to the optical path length through
Beer–Lambert_law
interference pattern. Fringes appear in the CCD image only where the optical path lengths differ by less than half the coherence length of the light source
White_light_scanner
Optical device for recording images
lens systems. Almost all SLR cameras use a front-surfaced mirror in the optical path to direct the light from the lens via a viewing screen and pentaprism
Camera
2008 MFT mirrorless camera
Thirds system format DSLR cameras, but replaces the complex optical path needed for the optical viewfinder with an electronic viewfinder EVF displaying a
Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-G1
Techniques used to reduce blurring of images
operates by moving the sensor as the final element in the optical path. The key element of all optical stabilization systems is that they stabilize the image
Image_stabilization
Imaging technique
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution imaging technique with most of its applications in medicine and biology. OCT uses coherent near-infrared
Optical_coherence_tomography
Discontinued optical video disc format
For the DVD-5 discs, where there is no layer of bonding resin in the optical path, a surface coating can be used. According to the vendor, "Flexplay discs
Flexplay
Tool used to identify minerals
directions varies with the thickness, and wavelength of light used. The optical path difference (o.p.d.) is defined as o . p . d . = Δ n ⋅ t {\displaystyle
Interference_colour_chart
Type of telescopic sight
the optical path via internal reflections, makes it possible to construct a much shorter and lighter sight, or one with an offset between the optical axes
Prism_sight
Camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system
Until the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two optical light paths: one through the lens to the film and another positioned above (TLR
Single-lens_reflex_camera
Camera with view through the main lens
significantly different from what will be captured, due to different optics, and optical path location which changes the perspective of the viewfinder. A single-lens
Reflex_camera
Type of smoke detector
signal, leading to an increase in optical obscuration i.e. transmittance of light across the beam path. An end-to-end optical beam smoke detector is a system
Optical_beam_smoke_detector
Range of spectroscopic analysis
the stray light. In practice the concentration of the sample or the optical path length must be adjusted to place the unknown absorbance within a range
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible_spectroscopy
Optical ranging devices
the optical bar by a pentaprism. The optical bar is ideally made from a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion so that optical path lengths
Coincidence_rangefinder
after traversing two optical paths, and the interference pattern after recombination allows the determination of the difference in path lengths. Light from
Rayleigh_interferometer
Aim markings in optical devices, e.g. crosshairs
graticule, is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the optical path of an optical device to provide measurement references during visual inspections
Reticle
Phenomenon resulting from the superposition of two waves
Interferometer Lloyd's Mirror Moiré pattern Multipath interference Newton's rings Optical path length Thin-film interference Rayleigh roughness criterion Upfade Kipnis
Wave_interference
orientation is often used in optical profilometers due to the increase in stability between the sample and reference path lengths. An immersion Mirau interferometer
Mirau_interferometer
Topics referred to by the same term
space Optical path length, the product of the distance light travels and the refractive index of the medium it travels through Mean free path, the average
Path_length
optical fiber connector optical illusion optical instrument optical isotropy optical lens design optical modeling and simulation optical path optical
Index_of_optics_articles
Technique of measuring electromagnetic spectra
faster femtosecond optical pulse, typically from a Ti-sapphire laser. That optical pulse is first split to provide a probe pulse whose path length is adjusted
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy
tunnels that have long optical paths through turbulent media. (2) The common-path design uses fewer optical components than double path designs, making alignment
Common-path_interferometer
Amount of atmosphere that sunlight must pass through
coefficient defines the direct optical path length through the Earth's atmosphere, expressed as a ratio relative to the path length vertically upwards, i
Air_mass_(solar_energy)
Standardized protocol
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously
Synchronous optical networking
Synchronous_optical_networking
State of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals
contact lenses). Being an optical phase modulator, a liquid crystal lens feature space-variant optical path length (i.e., optical path length as the function
Liquid_crystal
Special glass type used for optical systems
Optical glass refers to a quality of glass suitable for the manufacture of optical systems such as optical lenses, prisms or mirrors. Unlike window glass
Optical_glass
Spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope
Field Unit (IFU) image slicer, used in the instrument IFU mode. The optical path is represented by the following silicon carbide mirror assemblies: the
NIRSpec
emerge from the same port when the optical path lengths are equal. The coincidence rate has a sharp dip when the optical path length difference is zero. Such
Quantum optical coherence tomography
Quantum_optical_coherence_tomography
Full-size luxury SUV
color. In March 2026, a version of the M9 equipped with an 896-line dual-optical-path image-level LiDAR will be released. Front view (MY2025) Rear view (MY2025)
AITO_M9
Digital imaging calibration technique
differences in the photodetector sensitivity and distortions in the optical path. It is a standard calibration procedure in everything from personal digital
Flat-field_correction
Parametric oscillator that oscillates at optical frequencies
An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is a parametric oscillator that oscillates at optical frequencies. It converts an input laser wave (called "pump")
Optical_parametric_oscillator
Telescope for observations with visible light
An optical telescope gathers and focuses light mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnified image for direct visual
Optical_telescope
Separation between two points
Distance matrix Distance set Engineering tolerance Multiplicative distance Optical path length Orders of magnitude (length) Proper length Proxemics – physical
Distance
IP-only optical network
Switches support ITU-T G.709. In this way IP devices can monitor the optical path and implement the transport functionality as FEC (Forward Error Correction)
IPoDWDM
Topics referred to by the same term
OPL may stand for: Open Programming Language Optical path length Optimization Programming Language, a modelling language designed for the CPLEX Optimization
OPL
Arrangement of mirrors
An optical cavity, resonating cavity or optical resonator is an arrangement of mirrors or other optical elements that confines light waves similarly to
Optical_cavity
Set of waveguides including a closed loop
coupling coefficient. To understand how optical ring resonators work, we must first understand the optical path length difference (OPD) of a ring resonator
Optical_ring_resonators
Gyroscope that uses fiber optics
consisting of many turns of optical fibre. The strength of the Sagnac effect is dependent on the effective area of the closed optical path: this is not simply
Fibre-optic_gyroscope
Interferometric technique
generated by the beating of two beams coming from optical path difference. Therefore, the reference optical path is no longer necessary for measurement and relies
Self-mixing_interferometry
k ( u 2 + v 2 ) {\displaystyle k(u^{2}+v^{2})} . Such a variation in optical path length corresponds to a radial variation in the complex argument of the
Pupil_function
Color-changing accessory for stage lighting fixtures
smaller and less numerous - so the percentage of coloured material in the optical path increases relative to the white light pass-through, and the result is
Color_scroller
Light-conducting fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers are widely used
Optical_fiber
Mounting system for optics
series, with the optical elements aligned along a common axis. A variety of hardware supports more complex designs, including optical paths that turn corners
Optical_cage_system
Measuring technique
non-destructive testing and radiation dosimetry. It can also be used to detect optical path length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid
Holographic_interferometry
Spectroscopic technique
(first optical path) and the R2 signal acquired from a reference sample (dummy sample; e.g., a silicon wafer) placed along the second optical path. The
Surface differential reflectivity
Surface_differential_reflectivity
Photographic lens
differ significantly, because the tinted glass element remains in the optical path all the time. Fully open, the difference amounts to 1.5 EV, however,
Minolta_STF_135mm_f/2.8_T4.5
Optical element that reflects and diffracts light
the James Webb Space Telescope uses grisms. The system allows coarse optical path length matching between the different mirror segments. The grating prism
Grism
Formula for refraction angles
travels the path which takes the least time. By taking the derivative of the optical path length, the stationary point is found giving the path taken by
Snell's_law
this can typically be created by mirrors, effectively making a larger optical path length. For a gaser, a large-scale, slowly spatially varying gravitational
Gravity_laser
Absolute distance measurement technique
using optical components placed at each end of a line-of-sight. The optical path of each measurement interferometer is compared to the optical path in a
Frequency scanning interferometry
Frequency_scanning_interferometry
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam. Fiber lasers are compact compared
Fiber_laser
Technique in computer graphics to represent reflective surfaces
computes the exact reflection by tracing a ray of light and following its optical path. The reflection color used in the shading computation at a pixel is determined
Reflection_mapping
Instrument installed on the Hubble Space Telescope
Object Aperture (BOA). The BOA introduces a neutral density filter to the optical path that attenuates the light by approximately a factor of one hundred (five
Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph
Topics referred to by the same term
synclinal or gauche in alkane stereochemistry Skew ray (optics), an optical path not in a plane of symmetry Skew arch, not at a right angle Clock skew
Skew
Apollo spacecraft guidance system
Each position had a 60° field of view. The AOT had a reticle in its optical path that could be rotated by a crew member. The reticle had two doubled lines
Apollo_PGNCS
Optical device for selecting part of a spectrum
A monochromator is an optical device that transmits a mechanically selectable narrow band of wavelengths of light or other radiation chosen from a wider
Monochromator
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