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Model of electrons within a metallic solid
In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed
Free_electron_model
Physical model of solid metals as electron gases
the nearly free electron model (or NFE model and quasi-free electron model) is a quantum mechanical model of physical properties of electrons that can move
Nearly_free_electron_model
Topics referred to by the same term
Independent electron approximation Lone pair or free electron pair Nearly free electron model Orbital angular momentum of free electrons Unpaired electron This
Free_electron
Physical law relating thermal and electrical conductivities
larger. After taking into account the quantum effects, as in the free electron model, the heat capacity is given by c = π 2 2 T E F k B 2 {\displaystyle
Wiedemann–Franz_law
Model of electrical conduction
in the valence electron model where the sea of electrons is composed of the valence electrons only, and not the full set of electrons available in the
Drude_model
Theoretical electronic band structure model in which the potential is periodic and weak
potential of the lattice in this free electron model must be weak because otherwise the electrons wouldn't be free. The strength of the scattering mainly
Empty_lattice_approximation
Branch of physics focused on matter in the solid state
classical Drude model with quantum mechanics in the free electron model (or Drude-Sommerfeld model). Here, the electrons are modelled as a Fermi gas,
Solid-state_physics
Describes the range of energies of an electron within the solid
with two complementary models for electrons in solids. The first one is the nearly free electron model, in which the electrons are assumed to move almost
Electronic_band_structure
Model of electronic band structures of solids
structure model suggests that this quantum mechanical model describes the properties of tightly bound electrons in solids. The electrons in this model should
Tight_binding
Integral approximation method popular in condensed matter physics
calculating electronic properties, like the heat capacity, in the free electron model of solids. In these calculations the above integral expresses the
Sommerfeld_expansion
Heat capacity of an electron gas
sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure
Electronic_specific_heat
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from
Field_electron_emission
Type of chemical bond in metals
electron model and its further extension, the nearly free electron model. In both models, the electrons are seen as a gas traveling through the structure
Metallic_bonding
Repulsive force in quantum mechanics
particles. Usual models are the free electron model and the nearly free electron model. In the appropriate systems, the free electron pressure can be calculated;
Electron_degeneracy_pressure
Mass of a particle when interacting with other particles
the dispersion relation. Models of solids and crystals: Tight-binding model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Kittel, Introduction to Solid
Effective mass (solid-state physics)
Effective_mass_(solid-state_physics)
Physical model of non-interacting fermions
neutrons in a neutron star, and electrons in a white dwarf. An ideal Fermi gas or free Fermi gas is a physical model assuming a collection of non-interacting
Fermi_gas
Model in Quantum Physics
electromagnetic field so electrons are subject to a regular potential inside the lattice. It is a generalization of the free electron model, which assumes zero
Particle in a one-dimensional lattice
Particle_in_a_one-dimensional_lattice
Primitive quantum mechanical model of electronic structure
orbital-free density functional theory. Working independently, Thomas and Fermi used this model in 1927 to approximate the distribution of electrons in an
Thomas–Fermi_model
Type of dense exotic matter in physics
from each other by electrons. The free electron model of metals derives their physical properties by considering the conduction electrons alone as a degenerate
Degenerate_matter
Physical model of solid metals as electron gases
known as the uniform electron gas (UEG) or homogeneous electron gas (HEG), is a quantum mechanical model of interacting free electrons in a solid where the
Jellium
Rate of travel of electric energy
typical or average velocity of an electron in a conductor with no electric field is well estimated in the free electron model by the Fermi velocity, which
Speed_of_electricity
Type of material
and binding energy of a metal. Various models are applicable, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Modern methods such as density functional
Metal
Method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics
which valence bond theory cannot explain. In molecular orbital theory, electrons in a molecule are not assigned to individual chemical bonds between atoms
Molecular_orbital_theory
Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases
used to model the behavior of electrons in a metal (in the Drude model and the free electron model), and it is one of the most important models in statistical
Ideal_gas
One of two foundational theories of quantum chemistry
supposed complete transfers of electrons between atoms, a model of ionic bonding. Both Lewis and Kossel based their bonding models on Abegg's rule (1904) that
Valence_bond_theory
Highest particle energy in a Fermi gas at absolute zero
{\displaystyle \hbar } the reduced Planck constant. Under the free electron model, the electrons in a metal can be considered to form a Fermi gas. The number
Fermi_energy
Measure of voltage induced by change of temperature
independently moving, nearly-free charge carriers, the Seebeck coefficient is negative for negatively charged carriers (such as electrons), and positive for positively
Seebeck_coefficient
Elementary particle with negative charge
(electrons and holes) can be finely tuned by doping, temperature, voltage and radiation – the basis of modern electronics. Electrons can exist as free
Electron
Electronic states at the surface of materials
combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). In contrast to the nearly free electron model used to describe the Shockley states, the Tamm states are suitable
Surface_states
Damping of electric fields
introductory models of solids like the Drude model, the free electron model and the nearly free electron model. The first theoretical treatment of electrostatic
Electric-field_screening
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
of models to describe the hot-electron effect. The simplest predicts an electron-phonon (e-p) interaction based on a clean three-dimensional free-electron
Hot-carrier_injection
Computational quantum mechanical modelling method to investigate electronic structure
Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof exchange model (a direct generalized gradient parameterization of the free-electron gas with no free parameters); however, this is
Density_functional_theory
Intermetallic compound with 4f and 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands
term is up to 1,000 times larger than the value expected from the free electron model. The properties of the heavy fermion compounds often derive from
Heavy_fermion_material
Equation in Brownian motion
relevant for the electron mobility in normal metals like in the free electron model, Einstein relation should be modified: D = μ q E F q , {\displaystyle
Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory)
Phase of hydrogen
reflectance using a Drude free electron model to determine the plasma frequency of 30.1 eV at T = 5.5 K, with a corresponding electron carrier density of 6
Metallic_hydrogen
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current. More technically, the free electron model gives
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Approximation in many-body systems
is a method used to calculate the self-energy of a many-body system of electrons. The approximation is that the expansion of the self-energy Σ in terms
GW_approximation
Solid-state physics model
Kane). According to quantum mechanics (in the single-electron approximation), the quasi-free electrons in any solid are characterized by wavefunctions which
K·p_perturbation_theory
Law of electrical current and voltage
distribution of electron energies to the Drude model, resulting in the free electron model. A year later, Felix Bloch showed that electrons move in waves
Ohm's_law
Probabilistic algorithms to simulate quantum many-body systems
problems. Diffusion Monte Carlo: The most common high-accuracy method for electrons (that is, chemical problems), since it comes quite close to the exact
Quantum_Monte_Carlo
Weak, attractive magnetism possessed by most elements and some compounds
essentially applications of the spin and the free electron model, the first is due to intrinsic spin of electrons; the second is due to their orbital motion
Paramagnetism
Production of light due to absorption of high-energy photons or particles
luminescence. The excited states of π-electron systems can be explained by the perimeter free-electron model (Platt 1949). This model is used for describing polycyclic
Scintillation_(physics)
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
Thomson, now known as the plum pudding model, was the best available. Thomson proposed a model with electrons rotating in coplanar rings within an atomic-sized
Bohr_model
Fundamental theorem in condensed matter physics
Electronic band structure Nearly free electron model Periodic boundary conditions Symmetries in quantum mechanics Tight-binding model Wannier function Bloch, F
Bloch's_theorem
Empirical thermodynamic law
Drude-Lorentz model to be half of the value predicted by Dulong–Petit. With the development of the quantum mechanical free electron model in 1927 by Arnold
Dulong–Petit_law
Scientific theory
Thomas–Fermi model. Orbital-free density functional theory is, at present, less accurate than Kohn–Sham density functional theory models, but it has the
Orbital-free density functional theory
Orbital-free_density_functional_theory
Quantum-mechanical framework for simulating molecules and solids
energy operator, W the electron-electron interaction, and Vext(t) the external potential which along with the number of electrons defines the system. Nominally
Time-dependent density functional theory
Time-dependent_density_functional_theory
Approximation method in quantum physics
law). The existence of a non-zero quantum defect was attributed to electron–electron repulsion, which clearly does not exist in the isolated hydrogen atom
Hartree–Fock_method
Topics referred to by the same term
quantal collection and interactions of submicroscopic particles Free electron model, a model for the behavior of charge carriers in a metallic solid Kirkwood–Buff
Kinetic_theory
Method in physics
, comes from the electrons. It is fermionic, and is calculated by different methods going back to Sommerfeld's free electron model.[citation needed]
Debye_model
Non-technical introduction to topics in electromagnetism
electrons to flow easily. The most effective conductors are usually metals because they can be described fairly accurately by the free electron model
Introduction to electromagnetism
Introduction_to_electromagnetism
First modern model of the atom
pudding model is an obsolete scientific model of the atom. It was first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897
Plum_pudding_model
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
applied it to electrons in metals and developed the free electron model, and in 1928 Fowler and Lothar Nordheim applied it to field electron emission from
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Simplification that approximates the electron–electron interaction in crystals as null
crystals as null. It is a requirement for both the free electron model and the nearly-free electron model, where it is used alongside Bloch's theorem. In
Independent electron approximation
Independent_electron_approximation
Quantum mechanical description of electronic structure
Projector augmented wave method Electronic band structure Nearly free electron model Tight binding Muffin-tin approximation k·p perturbation theory Empty
Coulson–Fischer_theory
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
The decay results in the stable resultant products of a proton, electron and an electron antineutrino. This is expressed as a decay equation: n0 → p+ +
Free_neutron_decay
Classic textbook in by Charles Kittel
phonons 6 Free Electron Fermi Gas Fermi gas, free electron model 7 Energy Bands nearly free electron model, Bloch's theorem, Kronig-Penney model, crystal
Introduction to Solid State Physics
Introduction_to_Solid_State_Physics
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
with heavy doping. The plasmon energy can often be estimated in the free electron model as E p = ℏ n e 2 m ε 0 = ℏ ω p , {\displaystyle E_{\rm {p}}=\hbar
Plasmon
Method in quantum chemistry
of electron correlation effects into the methods. Within the framework of Hartree–Fock calculations, some pieces of information (such as two-electron integrals)
Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method
Semi-empirical_quantum_chemistry_method
Electromagnetic waves that travel along an interface
_{2}}{\varepsilon _{1}+\varepsilon _{2}}}\right)^{1/2}.} In the free electron model of an electron gas, which neglects attenuation, the metallic dielectric function
Surface_plasmon_polariton
Coherent delocalized electron oscillations
Dual-polarization interferometry Extraordinary optical transmission Free electron model Gap surface plasmon Heat-assisted magnetic recording Multi-parametric
Surface_plasmon
Set of methods in computational chemistry
field (SCF), method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method
Post–Hartree–Fock
State of matter
potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed
Solid
Method for approximating many-body systems
orbital method and constructs multi-electron wavefunctions using the exponential cluster operator to account for electron correlation. Some of the most accurate
Coupled_cluster
Type of semiconductor current
in a semiconductor caused by the diffusion of charge carriers (electrons and/or electron holes). This is the current which is due to the transport of charges
Diffusion_current
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. The resulting conduction-band electron (and the electron hole in the valence band) are free to
Band_gap
German theoretical physicist (1868–1951)
Sommerfeld applied Fermi–Dirac statistics to the Drude model of electrons in metals – a model put forth by Paul Drude. The new theory solved many of the
Arnold_Sommerfeld
Branch of physics
theoretical model for a classical electron moving through a metallic solid. Drude's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons, and
Condensed_matter_physics
Mathematics of a particle physics model
assumption made in Standard Model that neutrinos are massless. Experimentally, neutrino oscillations imply that individual electron, muon and tau numbers are
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Concept in computational chemistry
within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for a quantum chemical multi-electron system. Mathematically, configuration simply describes the linear combination
Configuration_interaction
Solid state physics calculation technique
are more computationally convenient, and provides a way to calculate all-electron properties from these smooth wavefunctions. This approach is somewhat reminiscent
Projector augmented wave method
Projector_augmented_wave_method
Experimental techniques of solid-state physics
from its microscopic electronic structure. In the simple free electron model, the electrons do not interact with each other nor with the atomic cores
Angular Correlation of Electron Positron Annihilation Radiation
Angular_Correlation_of_Electron_Positron_Annihilation_Radiation
1927 physics conference in Como, Italy
free electron model for metals, which extended the classical Drude model by introducing the recently introduced Fermi statistics and Fermi gas model.
Como_Conference
Method in quantum chemistry
{\displaystyle \Theta _{2,0}} is the singlet (S = 0) spin function for two electrons. The molecular orbitals in this case φ1 are taken as sums of 1s atomic
Multi-configurational self-consistent field
Multi-configurational_self-consistent_field
Quantum theory of interacting electron gas
from the classical dielectric function from Drude model and from quantum mechanical free electron model. Derivation in 3D For the denominator of the Lindhard
Lindhard_theory
Description of the electron configuration
The d electron count or number of d electrons is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition
D_electron_count
Optically transparent and electrically conductive material
resistivity. These materials can be modeled reasonably well by the free electron model assuming a parabolic conduction band and doping levels above the
Transparent_conducting_film
Topics referred to by the same term
Fentress, a military airport in Virginia, USA (by FAA LID code) Nearly free electron model Non-formal education New French Extremity Nordisk familjebok ecology
NFE
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
N. Singh, the two-temperature model can be adapted to thin films whose thickness is comparable to the electron mean free path in the material. In the case
Two_temperature_model
Subatomic particle having no substructure
and 13 variations, respectively. These 61 elementary particles include electrons and other leptons, quarks, and the fundamental bosons. Subatomic particles
Elementary_particle
Mathematical approach to quantum physics
near-degenerate subspace. An application is found in the nearly free electron model, where near-degeneracy, treated properly, gives rise to an energy
Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)
Method in ab initio Quantum Chemistry
computational chemistry. It improves on the Hartree–Fock method by adding electron correlation effects by means of Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Møller–Plesset_perturbation_theory
Explanation for the rates of electron transfer reactions
the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another
Marcus_theory
Atom of the element hydrogen
assumptions in order to correct the failed classical model. The assumptions included: Electrons can only be in certain, discrete circular orbits or stationary
Hydrogen_atom
Mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom
peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors. Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak
Electron_configuration
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
chemical bonds are important, the nearly free electron models should not be applicable. However, if the model includes the buildup of a charge distribution
Glass_transition
Pair of valence electrons which are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared
Lone_pair
Quantum-mechanical framework for simulating molecules and solids
Kohn–Sham (KS) system of noninteracting electrons α = 0 {\textstyle \alpha =0} to the real system of interacting electrons α = 1 {\textstyle \alpha =1} with
Görling–Levy perturbation theory
Görling–Levy_perturbation_theory
Quantum chemistry method extending valence bond theory
valence bond theory, is used to describe every electron pair in a molecule. The orbitals for each electron pair are expanded in terms of the full basis
Generalized_valence_bond
Model of subatomic particles
The toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is a physical model of subatomic particles. It is also known as
Toroidal_ring_model
Subatomic particle with positive charge
with four positive charges and two electrons, the first version of the nuclear-electron hypothesis. (The modern model of two positive protons and two neutrons
Proton
Class of elementary particles
Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also
Lepton
Imaging and diffraction using electrons that pass through samples
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission_electron_microscopy
Quantum-mechanical simulation framework
correlation energy. A connection between noninteracting electrons and interacting electrons (the adiabatic connection (AC)) is combined with the random
Adiabatic connection fluctuation dissipation theorem
Adiabatic_connection_fluctuation_dissipation_theorem
statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein 1927: Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld 1927: Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg
List of German inventions and discoveries
List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries
muffin-tin approximation. It is a method to approximate the energy states of an electron in a crystal lattice. The basic approximation lies in the potential in
Muffin-tin_approximation
Diagrams for the bonding between atoms of a molecule and lone pairs of electrons
also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding
Lewis_structure
Subatomic particle with no charge
particles; each is composed of three quarks. A free neutron spontaneously decays to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, with a mean lifetime of
Neutron
Type of electron microscope
electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Scanning_electron_microscope
band Convection–diffusion equation Direct current Drift current Free electron model Random walk Haynes, J.; Shockley, W. (1949). "Investigation of Hole
Haynes–Shockley_experiment
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English freil, frel(i)e ‘frail’, ‘weak’.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Friel 2.
Girl/Female
Greek
Sparkling. The fiery sun. Mythological daughter of Agamemnon. In literature she was a central...
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southeastern)
English (mainly southeastern) : topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous tree, Middle English tre(w).
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Greek
Bright; Shining
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French and Middle English frere ‘friar’ (Latin frater, literally ‘brother’). This was a status name for a member a religious order, especially a mendicant order, and may also have been a nickname for a pious person or for someone employed at a monastery.Americanized spelling of French Frère (see Frere).North German and Dutch : cognate of Friedrich.
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
In Liberty
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Freer 1.French (Frère) : from frère ‘brother’, used as a byname for the younger of two brothers.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Freyr, FREY means "lord, master."
Female
English
Anglicized form of Danish Freya, FREA means "lady, mistress."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Male
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Old Norse Freyr, FREJ means "lord, master."
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Female
English
English form of Irish BrÃgh, BREE means "force, strength."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Election; Last Dream
Male
English
Short form of English Frederick, FRED means "peaceful ruler."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Fry.North German : variant of Frey.Joseph Frye (1711/12–94) was a military officer from Andover, MA, where the family had long been of local prominence. In 1762, he was granted a township in ME, later named Fryeburg after him, and moved his family there. His great-great-grandson William Pierce Frye was born in Lewiston, ME, and served in Congress, first as a member of the House of Representatives and then the Senate from 1871 until his death in 1911.
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Lotus of the Water
Boy/Male
Tamil
A flute
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Greek, Latin
Rejoiced; Keeper of the Keys; Form of Catherine; Pure; Happy; A Nickname for Names Beginning with K
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Deep Narrow Valley
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Hebrew, Irish, Swedish
God is My Oath; Form of Elizabeth; Concentrated to God; House; God's Promise
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
King Rama
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from German Balsam or Yiddish balzam ‘balm’, ‘balsam’.German : occupational name for a seller of spices and perfumes, from Latin balsamum ‘balsam’, ‘aromatic resin’.German : variant of Balsel (see Baltzell).English : habitational name from Balsham in Cambridgeshire, named with an Old English personal name, Bæll(i), + hÄm ‘homestead’, ‘village’, or Balstone in Devon.
Girl/Female
English
Modern feminine of Cedric.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Servant of Love; Loving Servant
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Dove; Linden Trees; Curiosity
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
FREE ELECTRON-MODEL
n.
Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
superl.
Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; -- followed by from, or, rarely, by of.
superl.
Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage.
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
a.
Pertaining to an election or to electors.
a.
Alt. of Electro-metrical
a.
Alt. of Electro-dynamical
superl.
Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift.
a.
Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free.
superl.
Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells.
a.
Pertaining to electro-ballistics.
superl.
Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren.
imp. & p. p.
of Free
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
a.
To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; -- followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences.
n.
Alt. of Electro-puncturing
adv.
Without charge; as, children admitted free.
n.
One who frees, or sets free.