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Pair of valence electrons which are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond
a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or
Lone_pair
Model for predicting molecular geometry
electron pairs. The bonding electron pair shared in a sigma bond with an adjacent atom lies further from the central atom than a nonbonding (lone) pair of that
VSEPR_theory
Reluctance of s-orbitals to take part in bond formation
inertness (where steric inertness means that the presence of the s-electron lone pair has little or no influence on the geometry of the molecule or crystal)
Inert-pair_effect
Chemical bond theory
it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane [(CH3)3B or Me3B] is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct
Lewis_acids_and_bases
Molecular structure with atoms at the center and vertices of a triangular bipyramid
central atom by a lone pair of valence electrons leaves the general form of the electron arrangement unchanged with the lone pair now occupying one position
Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry
Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry
Organic compound (C6H5NH2); simplest aromatic amine
lone pair with the aryl substituent. The observed geometry reflects a compromise between two competing factors: 1) stabilization of the N lone pair in
Aniline
Concepts in chemistry
molecules in valence bond theory. The σ-π model differentiates bonds and lone pairs of σ symmetry from those of π symmetry, while the equivalent-orbital model
Sigma-pi and equivalent-orbital models
Sigma-pi_and_equivalent-orbital_models
Intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen donor-and-acceptor pair
or group (Dn), interacts with another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac). Unlike simple dipole–dipole
Hydrogen_bond
Chemical compounds and groups containing nitrogen with a lone pair (:N)
replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons. Amines can also exist as heterocyclic compounds. Aniline
Amine
Mixing (superposition) of atomic orbitals
bond/Lewis structure) bonding pairs and lone pairs. For the hydrogen fluoride molecule, for example, two F lone pairs are essentially unhybridised p
Orbital_hybridisation
Diagrams for the bonding between atoms of a molecule and lone pairs of electrons
diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. Introduced by Gilbert N.
Lewis_structure
System of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule
conventionally represented as having alternating single and multiple bonds. Lone pairs, radicals or carbenium ions may be part of the system, which may be cyclic
Conjugated_system
Molecular geometry
tetragonal distortion. Some molecules, such as XeF6 or IF− 6, have a lone pair that distorts the symmetry of the molecule from Oh to C3v. The specific
Octahedral_molecular_geometry
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
electron pair. An example is boron trifluoride (BF3), whose boron atom has a vacant orbital that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons
Acid
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
the lone pairs on the nitrogen atoms are donated to the metal cation. The less well-characterised ways involve dinitrogen donating electron pairs from
Nitrogen
Central atom with four substituents located at the corners of a tetrahedron
two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H2O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonding lone pairs.[citation needed] However
Tetrahedral molecular geometry
Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry
Two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins
or they can occur as a lone pair of valence electrons. They also fill the core levels of an atom. Because the spins are paired, the magnetic moment of
Electron_pair
Triatomic molecule
oxygen atom and the two peripheral hydrogen atoms with oxygen having two lone pairs of electrons. Valence bond theory suggests that H 2O is sp3 hybridized
Chemical_bonding_of_water
Pair of electrons bound together at low temperature, allowing for superconductivity
superconductor Unconventional superconductor Lone pair Electron pair Cooper, Leon N. (1956). "Bound electron pairs in a degenerate Fermi gas". Physical Review
Cooper_pair
Structural molecular geometry
a bonding pair of electrons. An equatorial lone pair is repelled by only two bonding pairs at 90°, whereas a hypothetical axial lone pair would be repelled
Seesaw_molecular_geometry
Two-electron chemical bond where both electrons derive from the same atom
donating a pair of electrons to a metal centre. For example, in hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, each ammonia ligand donates its lone pair of electrons
Coordinate_covalent_bond
Association of atoms to form chemical compounds
which a lone pair of electrons on N is shared with an empty atomic orbital on B. BF3 with an empty orbital is described as an electron pair acceptor
Chemical_bond
Geometric property of some molecules and ions
stereocenters, provided they have four distinct substituents (including lone pair electrons) attached to them. A given stereocenter has two possible configurations
Chirality_(chemistry)
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
electrons. Here, there are only three pairs of bonded electrons, leaving one unshared lone pair. Lone pair – bond pair repulsions change the bond angle from
Molecular_geometry
Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound
orbital. The lone pair is in an sp2 orbital, projecting outward from the ring in the same plane as the σ bonds. As a result, the lone pair does not contribute
Pyridine
Any chemical compound having at least one nitrogen atom
discovered. These complexes, in which a nitrogen molecule donates at least one lone pair of electrons to a central metal cation, illustrate how N2 might bind to
Nitrogen_compounds
Rule in geometry of individual molecules
assumed to lie in localized regions and lone pairs are assumed to repel each other to a greater extent than bonding pairs. Bent's rule provides an alternative
Bent's_rule
Chemical bond by sharing of electron pairs
sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive
Covalent_bond
Theory in chemistry
In LCP theory a lone pair is treated as a ligand. Gillespie terms the lone pair a lone pair domain and states that these lone pair domains push the ligands
LCP_theory
Intermolecular forces between oppositely-charged sites on molecules
site, termed a sigma hole, and a negatively-charged site, typically a lone pair, on different atoms that are not covalently bonded to each other. These
Sigma_hole_interactions
Chemical compound
nitrogen atom that is bonded to an ethyl group and two isopropyl groups. A lone pair of electrons resides on the nitrogen atom, which can react with electrophiles
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
Model of chemical bonding in which three atoms share four electrons
of the diiodine (I2) σ molecular orbitals and an iodide (I−) lone pair. The I− lone pair acts as a 2-electron donor, while the I2 σ* antibonding orbital
Three-center four-electron bond
Three-center_four-electron_bond
Ion or molecule bound to a metal atom
has three lone pairs. One lone pair is used as a sigma X donor, the other two lone pairs are available as L-type pi donors. If both lone pairs are used
Ligand
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up lone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lone may refer to: Destroy Lonely, a nickname for the artist Lone (given name), a given name (including
Lone
Tendency of some substituents on a cyclohexane ring to prefer axial orientation
the general formula C−Y−C−X, where Y is a heteroatom with one or more lone pairs, and X is an electronegative atom or group. The magnitude of the anomeric
Anomeric_effect
Covalent bond
it is trivalent, with the two remaining electrons forming a lone pair. Through that pair, nitrogen can form an additional bond to hydrogen making it tetravalent
Carbon–nitrogen_bond
Chemical polarity due to interactions between pi bonds or lone pairs
molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. This change in electron arrangement
Mesomeric_effect
bonding and that the lone pair on the Ge(II) resides in a purely s orbital, indicating a stereochemically inactive lone pair. This lone pair orbital of Ge(II)
Germanium(II) dicationic complexes
Germanium(II)_dicationic_complexes
Aromatic organic compounds consisting only of a conjugated planar ring system
aromatic rings, the lone pair of electrons is not part of the aromatic system and extends in the plane of the ring. This lone pair is responsible for the
Simple_aromatic_ring
Materials which exhibit ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and/or ferroelasticity
this contraindication between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. In lone-pair-active multiferroics, the ferroelectric displacement is driven by the
Multiferroics
Form of interaction between two atoms
hidden by an opposing effect: as the phosphorus lone pair is donated to the metal, P(lone pair)–R(bonding pair) repulsions decrease, which acts to shorten
Pi_backbonding
Concept in chemistry
geometries, as are the identification of the IBOs corresponding to the oxygen lone pairs. Benzene provided an example of a delocalized aromatic system to test
Intrinsic_bond_orbitals
Divalent organolead(II) analogues of carbenes
Lewis acidic vacant 6p orbital interacts with a weakly Lewis basic 6s lone pair. These diplumbenes possess a trans-bent structure similar to that in lighter
Plumbylene
Organic ion with a negatively charged carbon atom
In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion with a lone pair attached to a trivalent carbon atom. This gives the carbon atom a negative charge. Formally
Carbanion
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
represents the second most important resonance contributor. Because of the lone pair and divalence of carbon in this resonance structure, carbon monoxide is
Carbon_monoxide
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two lone pairs of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is
Properties_of_water
Aspect of quantum chemistry
in a limited spatial region of a molecule, such as a specific bond or lone pair on a specific atom. They can be used to relate molecular orbital calculations
Localized_molecular_orbitals
Type of lepton that orbits an atom on its own
the formation of electron pairs is often energetically favourable, either in the form of a chemical bond or as a lone pair, unpaired electrons are relatively
Unpaired_electron
One of two foundational theories of quantum chemistry
of the theory over the course of the night. Later, Linus Pauling used the pair bonding ideas of Lewis together with Heitler–London theory to develop two
Valence_bond_theory
Interaction of an organic molecule's reaction center with unconjugated electrons
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond
Neighbouring group participation
Neighbouring_group_participation
Chemical compound
called a sulfurane. As such, the sulfur adopts a see-saw structure, with a lone pair of electrons as the equatorial fifth coordinate of a trigonal bipyramid
Martin's_sulfurane
Class of enzymes
pushing another lone pair (the one that forms the double bond between the alpha and beta carbons) "off" the molecule. This lone pair, in turn, picks up
Isocitrate_dehydrogenase
Configuration of atoms within a molecule
arccos(−1/3) ≈ 109.5°. However, the three hydrogen atoms are repelled by the electron lone pair in a way that the geometry is distorted to a trigonal pyramid (regular
Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry
Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry
Chemical compound
pairs that are arranged tetrahedrally. Three of these electron pairs are used as bond pairs, which leaves one lone pair of electrons. The lone pair repels
Ammonia
Class of chemical compounds
mainly because the lone pair of the nitrogen in NPh3 is partially delocalized into the three phenyl rings. Whereas the lone pair on nitrogen is delocalized
Organophosphine
Class of chemical compounds
orbital. Analogously, if the N lone pair participates in stereoelectronic interactions on the amine moiety, the lone pair will pop out of the plane (will
Enamine
Visual tool in quantum chemistry
eV). The 1b1 MO is a lone pair, while the 3a1, 1b2 and 2a1 MO's can be localized to give two O−H bonds and an in-plane lone pair. This MO treatment of
Molecular_orbital_diagram
Chemical compound
directing the electron cloud of the lone pair of nitrogen towards it. With the delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair, a partial positive charge is conferred
Triphenylamine
Technique to describe progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms
charge that corresponds to a lone pair. However, not all formal negative charges correspond to the presence of a lone pair (e.g., the B in F4B−), and care
Arrow_pushing
from the donation of boron's lone pair into the empty orbital on carbon. As previously discussed, a nitrogen lone pair donates into an empty boron p-orbital
Borylene
the lone pair of electrons of a ring-nitrogen atom is not part of the aromatic system, but instead extends in the plane of the ring. This lone pair is
Basic_aromatic_ring
Heterocyclic organic compound,
attached to oxygen retain significant double bond character. The other lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom extends in the plane of the flat ring
Furan
Class of ions
This situation is illustrated by the isolation of protonated benzene. Lone-pair bearing heteroatoms also stabilize carbenium ions. The stability of alkyl-substituted
Carbenium_ion
atoms as replacement for carbon in a parent structure. The nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons instead of the hydrogen or substituent on the carbon—the
Azine_(heterocycle)
Chemical species that donates an electron pair
lone pair of electrons such as NH3 (ammonia) and PR3.[citation needed] In the example below, the oxygen of the hydroxide ion donates an electron pair
Nucleophile
Molecular geometry
presence of lone pairs. There are several variants of bending, where the most common is AX2E2 where two covalent bonds and two lone pairs of the central
Bent_molecular_geometry
Molecules of the form >N–S–
either sulfur or nitrogen's lone pair and the other atom's antibonding orbitals. Additionally bulky substituent groups and lone pair repulsion can contribute
Sulfenamide
Chemical compound
the nitrogens' lone pair electrons delocalization through the carbon π-bond, resulting in lower Lewis basicity of the nitrogen lone pairs toward the silicon
N-Heterocyclic_silylene
Class of chemical compounds
appropriate. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis reveals an s-type lone pair and a p-type lone pair at the metal, with the remaining two p orbitals being involved
Nontrigonal pnictogen compounds
Nontrigonal_pnictogen_compounds
Chemical bond involving four bonding electrons; has one sigma plus one pi bond
carbene analog). The bonding comprises two weak donor acceptor bonds, the lone pair on each tin atom overlapping with the empty p orbital on the other. In
Double_bond
Concept in organic chemistry
give a pair of extended molecular orbitals. However, sometimes, low-lying antibonding σ* orbitals may also interact with filled orbitals of lone pair character
Hyperconjugation
Chemical reaction
abstracts the relatively acidic proton to generate a stabilized anion. The lone pair of electrons on the anion then moves to the neighboring atom, thus expelling
E1cB-elimination_reaction
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
more surrounding ligands, molecules or ions that contain at least one lone pair of electrons. If all the ligands are monodentate, then the number of donor
Coordination_complex
Affect on molecular properties due to spatial arrangement of electron orbitals
σ*(C–H). For donating orbitals, the nonbonding orbitals, or the lone pairs, are generally more effective than bonding orbitals due to the high energy
Stereoelectronic_effect
Class of carbon compounds
whereas carbenes possess one lone pair and an empty p orbital that allows for back-bonding, CDCs feature two lone pairs, leading to enhanced Lewis basicity
Carbodicarbenes
Class of heterocyclic compounds
reduced analogs (azolines and azolidines) with fewer. One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic
Azole
Functional group which changes a molecule's ability to absorb light
absorption. A feature of these auxochromes is the presence of at least one lone pair of electrons which can be viewed as extending the conjugated system by
Auxochrome
Chemical compound
structure perspective, it can be represented with a P-N triple bond with a lone pair on each atom. It is isoelectronic with N2, CO, P2, CS, NO+, CN− and SiO
Phosphorus_mononitride
Chemical compound
is a common feature of the chemistry of phosphorus. As a result, the lone pair of trimethylphosphine has predominantly s-character as is the case for
Trimethylphosphine
Graphic representation of a molecular structure
structures") are flat graphical formulas that show atom connectivity and lone pair or unpaired electrons, but not three-dimensional structure. This notation
Structural_formula
Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein chain
particularly susceptible to UV radiation. Significant delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom gives the group a partial double-bond
Peptide_bond
7-coordinate molecular geometry
as xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) is a variant of this geometry, with the lone pair occupying the "cap" position. Roald. Hoffmann; Barbara F. Beier; Earl
Capped octahedral molecular geometry
Capped_octahedral_molecular_geometry
Chemical compound
suggesting that this is less stable than other alkali carbonites. Due to the lone pair on the carbon atom, salts of the carbonite ion would be protonated to
Carbonite_(ion)
Chemical compound
chloride of tin; tin(IV) chloride or stannic chloride (SnCl4). SnCl2 has a lone pair of electrons, such that the molecule in the gas phase is bent. In the
Tin(II)_chloride
Chemical compound
delocalization of the lone pair on the amines; the Se=C π-bonding electrons are drawn towards the selenium atom, while the nitrogen's lone pair is drawn towards
Selenourea
Chemical property
property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected
Aromaticity
Formalism used for classifying compounds
a sigma bond. Two is added for every lone pair bonding to the metal (e.g. each Lewis base binds with a lone pair). Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes
Electron_counting
Chemical bond
to form an alkoxide anion, R–O−, with three lone pairs. In oxonium ions, one of oxygen's two lone pairs is used to form a third covalent bond which generates
Carbon–oxygen_bond
form non-bonding electron pairs, usually known as lone pairs. The valence of a bond, S, is defined as the number of electron pairs forming the bond. In general
Bond_valence_method
Triazolobenzodiazepine
undergoes acylation, leveraging its amino group with a lone pair on the nitrogen atom. This lone pair facilitates a nucleophilic attack, where the nitrogen
Bromazolam
Class of organobismuth compounds
analogous to carbenes. These compounds have the general form R-Bi, with two lone pairs of electrons on the central bismuth(I) atom. Due to the unusually low
Bismuthinidene
but the -M effect is more favorable. Nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons. However, the lone pair of its monomer form is unfavourable to donate through
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
happens in the following order: 1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons. One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a
Alpha_cleavage
Any chemical reaction with ammonia as a reactant
compounds to produce amines (molecules containing a nitrogen atom with a lone pair, :N), or with inorganic compounds to produce nitrides. This reaction is
Ammonolysis
Effect in chemistry
nucleophilicity of an atom due to the presence of an adjacent (alpha) atom with lone pair electrons. This first atom does not necessarily exhibit increased basicity
Alpha_effect
Use of metal-based Lewis acids to catalyze organic reactions
copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2
Lewis_acid_catalysis
correspond to the HOMO and LUMO, respectively. HOMO-1 was calculated to be the lone pair on phosphorus n(P). Driess and coworkers prepared thermally stable "half"-parent
Phosphasilene
Model to predict the geometry of molecules
such as Walsh diagrams, atomic state hybridization, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR), softness-hardness-based models, aromaticity and antiaromaticity
Second-order Jahn-Teller distortion in main-group element compounds
Second-order_Jahn-Teller_distortion_in_main-group_element_compounds
Chemical reaction
peracid, respectively. There is also a secondary interaction between a lone pair orbital perpendicular to the plane of the peracid, nO(p) (HOMO) and the
Prilezhaev_reaction
Chemical compound
bound to one fluorine atom with the formula CF. The carbon atom has a lone-pair and a single unpaired (radical) electron in the ground state. Ground-state
Fluoromethylidyne
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
Boy/Male
Indian
One of the one
Male
Swedish
Swedish name derived from Middle Latin Ludovicus, LOVE means "famous warrior." Compare with feminine Love.
Female
English
English variant spelling of Latin Leona, LEONE means "lion." Compare with masculine Leone.
Female
German
 Variant spelling of German Lora, LORE means "laurel." Compare with another form of Lore.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, German, Swedish
Lion's Strength
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, from Old English lufu, LOVE means "affection, friendliness, love." Compare with masculine Love.
Male
English
English name derived from the place name Lorne, Scotland, of unknown LORNE means. The name was a part of a courtesy title for the Scottish Duke of Argyll's eldest son and heir, the Marquess of Lorne, who also derived it from the place name.
Girl/Female
British, English
Love
Boy/Male
French, German, Polish
Long
Boy/Male
English American
From the long meadow 'Path; roadway.
Boy/Male
Australian, Bengali, German, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Modern, Scandinavian, Sikh, Swedish, Tamil
Famous and Powerful; Love; Female Wolf; Beloved
Surname or Lastname
Norwegian
Norwegian : habitational name from any of several farmsteads in southwestern Norway, named with Old Norse lón ‘calm, deep pool (in a river)’.English : variant of Lane.Muslim : unexplained.
Male
English
Pet form of English Anthony, possibly TONE means "invaluable."Â
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, English, Scandinavian
Affection; Love; Loved One; Famous and Powerful
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lane.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lind 2 and Line 1.Irish : variant of Lane 2.Scottish : habitational name from places so named in Ayrshire, Peebles-shire, and Wigtownshire.
Female
German
 Short form of German Helene, possibly LENE means "torch." Compare with another form of Lene.
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Latin Lupus, LOPE means "wolf."
Female
Danish
, of Magdala.
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Leo, LEONE means "lion." Compare with feminine Leone.
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR
LONE PAIR