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Type of solar sail
A diffractive solar sail, or diffractive lightsail, is a type of solar sail which relies on diffraction instead of reflection for its propulsion. Current
Diffractive_solar_sail
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
Solar sails (also known as lightsails, light sails, and photon sails) are a method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight
Solar_sail
American optical physicist
optical vortices, the optical vortex coronagraph, optical lift, and diffractive solar sails. He is a Fellow of Optica (formerly the Optical Society of America)
Grover_Swartzlander
Interference phenomenon of waves
diffraction Diffraction from slits Diffraction spike Diffraction vs. interference Diffractive solar sail Diffractometer Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction Fiber
Diffraction
Optical component which splits light into several beams
efficiency Diffraction from slits Diffraction spike Diffractive solar sail Echelle grating Fraunhofer diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics)
Diffraction_grating
Proposed spacecraft propulsion device
electric sail (also known as an electric solar wind sail or an E-sail) is a proposed form of spacecraft propulsion using the dynamic pressure of the solar wind
Electric_sail
Hypothetical method of spacecraft propulsion
The fission sail is a type of spacecraft propulsion proposed by Robert Forward that uses fission fragments to propel a large solar sail-like craft. It
Fission_sail
Device used to produce electricity from light
A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell (PV cell), is an electronic device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by using
Solar_cell
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
magnetic sail is a proposed method of spacecraft propulsion where an onboard magnetic field source interacts with a plasma wind (e.g., the solar wind) to
Magnetic_sail
Interstellar probe project
camera, computer, communications laser, a nuclear power source, and the solar sail must be miniaturized to fit within a mass limit. All components must be
Breakthrough_Starshot
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
original proposal, it has been discovered that the region surrounding the Solar System has a much lower density of hydrogen than was believed at that time
Bussard_ramjet
Physical and science fiction concept
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Anti-gravity
1985 proposal for microwave sail flyby of a nearby star
the late Robert L. Forward. It is propelled by a microwave sail, similar to a solar sail in concept, but powered by microwaves from a human-made source
Starwisp
US spacecraft
CubeSat satellites to deploy a 260 m (850 ft) long, 20 m2 (220 sq ft) solar sail ribbon between them. This mission was a first in a series of increasingly-complex
CubeSail_(UltraSail)
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
the solar sail concept, NanoSail-D became the first such powered satellite to orbit Earth. As of August 2017, NASA confirmed the Sunjammer solar sail project
Spacecraft_propulsion
Rocket engine operation method
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Staged_combustion_cycle
Proposed spacelaunch method
transporting lunar-surface material to space habitats for processing using solar energy. The Space Studies Institute showed that this application was reasonably
Mass_driver
uses a dipole magnetic field to capture energy from the solar wind. The field acts as a sail, using the captured energy to propel the spacecraft analogously
Plasma_magnet
Mechanism where confined high-speed particles confer energy to a vehicle
"pushing" on the sail. One example is using a solar sail to reflect a laser beam. This concept, called a laser-pushed lightsail or laser sail, was initially
Beam-powered_propulsion
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
sent out of the Solar System by Star 37E upper stages from Atlas-Centaur rockets. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were both sent out of the Solar System by Star
Solid-propellant_rocket
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
into Earth orbit, intended for missions to further out locations in the Solar System such as Mars. The North American Air Augmented VTOVL from 1963 was
Single-stage-to-orbit
Type of electric propulsion system
TsNIIMASH, on the NRO's STEX spacecraft, launched on 3 October 1998. The solar electric propulsion system of the European Space Agency's SMART-1 spacecraft
Hall-effect_thruster
Type of rocket engine fuel
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Hypergolic_propellant
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
electric field. Electric power for ion thrusters is usually provided by solar panels. However, for sufficiently large distances from the sun, nuclear
Ion_thruster
Electrothermal thruster in development
Chang-Díaz, Franklin R.; Squire, Jared P.; Farrias, Joseph E. (2013). VASIMR Solar Powered Missions for NEA Retrieval and NEA Deflection (PDF). 33rd International
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Fusion_rocket
Type of electric propulsion
6 months to 39 days. Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion Magnetic sail Spaceflight Mazouffre, Stéphane (1 June 2016). "Electric Propulsion for Satellites
Plasma_propulsion_engine
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
Retrieved 21 September 2022. Dewar, James A. (2007). To The End of the Solar System: The Story of the Nuclear Rocket (2nd ed.). Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-894959-68-1
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
equivalent to 4.5% of light speed). The Medusa design has more in common with solar sails than with conventional rockets. It was envisioned by Johndale Solem in
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Light wave manipulation
scale. Complicated patterns of phase variation can be used to produce diffractive optical elements, such as dynamic virtual lenses, for beam focusing or
Phased-array_optics
NASA program
Technical Lab Studies of a Solar Neutrino Spacecraft Detector Grover Swartzlander: Diffractive Lightsails Doug Willard: Solar Surfing Also, two projects
NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
NASA_Institute_for_Advanced_Concepts
Propulsion concepts and technologies
Planetarium, described solar propulsion methods including Krafft Arnold Ehricke's solar thermal concepts, Richard Garwin's radiation pressure sail proposals, and
Field_propulsion
Earth shield to reduce sunlight
rotation on the surface of the flyers. By using the solar radiation pressure on the mirrors as solar sails and tilting them in the right direction, the flyer
Space_sunshade
Theoretical spacecraft propulsion system
A solar thermal rocket is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore
Solar_thermal_rocket
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
part of the propulsion system is non-nuclear and could also be driven by solar panels. This is in contrast with a nuclear thermal rocket, which directly
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2008. "NASA team successfully deploys two solar sail systems". NASA. 9 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012
Light
Spacecraft propulsion device
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Thrusters_(spacecraft)
Space navigation technique
Parker Solar Probe The Parker Solar Probe, launched by NASA in 2018, has seven planned Venus gravity assists. Each gravity assist brings the Parker Solar Probe
Gravity_assist
Rocket engine operation method
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Gas-generator_cycle
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Tripropellant_rocket
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
high speed (in Zubrin's scenario, faster than Solar escape velocity, allowing it to eventually leave the Solar System). However, this is of little use on
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
Type of propulsion for spacecraft
flown on spacecraft with a surplus of electricity from abundantly available solar energy. Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (PPT's) are not to be confused with the
Pulsed_plasma_thruster
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
validating NASA's NSTAR solar electric propulsion system in long-duration flight. SMART-1, launched in 2003, demonstrated solar electric primary propulsion
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
Form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
conducting fluids Magnetic sail – Proposed spacecraft propulsion method Pulsed plasma thruster – Type of propulsion for spacecraft Solar panels on spacecraft
Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster
Load bearing cable connecting objects in space
formation. Electric sail A form of solar wind sail with electrically charged tethers that will be pushed by the momentum of solar wind ions. Universal
Space_tether
Rocket that uses a single propellant with a catalyst
radiative heat environment of space—would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system. The waste hydrogen would be productively utilized
Monopropellant_rocket
Spacecraft propulsion system by NASA. 50kW Hall-effect thrusters, now for Lunar Gateway
Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) is a solar electric propulsion system for spacecraft that is being designed, developed and tested by NASA and
Advanced Electric Propulsion System
Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_System
Class of liquid rocket propellants
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Nitrous_oxide_fuel_blend
Proposed nuclear pulse propulsion through antimatter-catalyzed nuclear chain reactions
"Antiproton-Catalyzed Microfission/Fusion Propulsion Systems For Exploration Of The Outer Solar System And Beyond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24
Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Conceptual rocket engine
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Direct_Fusion_Drive
source and a set of electromagnets to produce a mini-magnetosphere magnetic sail. The gas propellant is ejected into the plasma beam being directed at the
MagBeam
Rocket engine that uses photons to propel a spacecraft
specific impulse; that of some other photonic propulsion devices (e.g., solar sails) is effectively infinite because no carried fuel is required. Alternatively
Nuclear_photonic_rocket
Type of electric spacecraft propulsion system
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Field-emission electric propulsion
Field-emission_electric_propulsion
Space propulsion system, a gridded electrostatic ion thruster
engine is a type of solar electric propulsion in which thruster systems use the electricity generated by the spacecraft's solar panel to accelerate the
NEXT_(ion_thruster)
Hypothetical type of spacecraft
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Nuclear_lightbulb
Rocket engine operation method
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Electric-pump-fed_engine
Space propulsion system, electrostatic gridded ion thruster
The NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) is a type of spacecraft ion thruster called electrostatic ion thruster. It is a highly efficient
NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
NASA_Solar_Technology_Application_Readiness
Rocket engine power cycle
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Combustion_tap-off_cycle
Type of rocket engine
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Cold_gas_thruster
Method of spacecraft propulsion
a quadrupling of the temperature yields a doubling in specific impulse. Solar electric propulsion Arcjet rocket thruster Jahn, Robert G.; Choueiri, Edgar
Resistojet_rocket
Spacecraft propulsion technology
power source can provide the required power, e.g. sufficient solar irradiation for the solar panels, such as Mars and Venus, otherwise other electric power
Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
Atmosphere-breathing_electric_propulsion
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
Fiction. McGraw-Hill. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-07-023867-1. Retrieved 4 March 2026. "Solar Wind". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Archived from the original on
Reactionless_drive
Space propulsion system
electrostatic gridded ion thrusters through the 1980s, developing the NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) engine, that was used successfully
Gridded_ion_thruster
Form of beam-powered propulsion
equation. A laser-pushed lightsail is a thin reflective sail similar to a solar sail, in which the sail is being pushed by a laser, rather than the sun. The
Laser_propulsion
Rocket engine operation method
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Pressure-fed_engine
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Robotic Venus rover concept
rover can move in any direction, regardless of wind direction. Zephyr would sail up to 15 minutes per day to reach its next target, where it would park using
Zephyr_(rover)
Ion thruster subtype
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Colloid_thruster
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Electrodeless_plasma_thruster
Rocket engine operation method
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Expander_cycle
Type of spacecraft electric propulsion system
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Arcjet_rocket
Type of nuclear thermal rocket
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Pulsed_nuclear_thermal_rocket
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
conductive and radiative heat loss from the individual fuel particles. Fission sail Nuclear salt-water rocket Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket Fission fragment
Fission-fragment_rocket
Management strategy for global warming
dual-mode asymmetric photonic mirror (APM) consisting of silicon-based diffractive gratings could achieve all-season cooling, even under cloudy and humid
Passive daytime radiative cooling
Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling
test. Exploration of Jupiter List of spacecraft with electric propulsion Solar electric propulsion The Glenn Research Center. NASA. HIGH POWER ELECTRIC
High Power Electric Propulsion
High_Power_Electric_Propulsion
Concept in quantum mechanics
examples where photons display particle-type properties, for instance in solar sails, where sunlight could propel a space vehicle and laser cooling where
Wave–particle_duality
Type of rocket engine which uses liquid fuel stored at very low temperatures
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Cryogenic_rocket_engine
Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Prototype spacecraft propulsion engine
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Helicon_double-layer_thruster
Type of spacecraft plasma propulsion system
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Pulsed_inductive_thruster
Device claimed to be a propellantless spacecraft thruster
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
EmDrive
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Radioisotope_rocket
Type of space propulsion using microwaves
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Microwave electrothermal thruster
Microwave_electrothermal_thruster
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Vacuum_arc_thruster
Professor of applied physics / materials science
Energy Hub program for solar fuels. Atwater's scientific effort focuses on nanophotonic light–matter interactions and solar energy conversion. His
Harry_Atwater
Spacecraft propulsion using steam as propellant
Refueling can be repeated indefinitely at different icy bodies within the Solar System or at multiple landing sites at icy worlds with low gravity such
World Is Not Enough (spacecraft propulsion)
World_Is_Not_Enough_(spacecraft_propulsion)
City in Lebanon
featuring James Bond and biblical themes: in their quest for petroleum, they sail on board a Phoenician ship, but the Roman regime closes off the ports of
Tyre,_Lebanon
Monopropellant
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Cavea-B
English polymath (1642–1727)
precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. Newton solved the two-body problem and introduced
Isaac_Newton
Machine that removes heat from a liquid coolant
low-grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates, solar energy has been used to operate absorption chillers. The single-effect absorption
Chiller
Object that reflects an image
optical cavity) 3D kaleidoscope to concentrate light momentum-enhanced solar sail Tradition states that Archimedes used a large array of mirrors to burn
Mirror
meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working
Meanings of minor-planet names: 13001–14000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_13001–14000
Plasma Physics Experiment
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Star_Thrust_Experiment
Liquid form of rocket propellants
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Soft laser desorption Solar-pumped laser Solar sail Solid-state laser Solid-state dye laser Soviet laser pistol Space-based solar power Space debris Spaser
List_of_laser_articles
Rocketry and spacecraft propulsion research center
the Solar System. These have included Gravity Probe B, an experiment to test two predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and Solar-B, an
Marshall_Space_Flight_Center
Large body of salt water
surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. Earth's 1,335,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000
Sea
thruster Thermal rocket Water rocket Steam rocket Solar sail Diffractive Electric sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket Photon rocket WINE Chemical propulsion
List of spacecraft with electric propulsion
List_of_spacecraft_with_electric_propulsion
Calendar year
States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended. April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage. May 11 Charles
1818
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