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Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
Gas core reactor rockets are a conceptual type of rocket that is propelled by the exhausted coolant of a gaseous fission reactor. The nuclear fission reactor
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Type of nuclear reactor
A gas core reactor, and the very closely related vapor core reactor, is a proposed kind of nuclear reactor in which the nuclear fuel would be in a gaseous
Gaseous_fission_reactor
Hypothetical type of spacecraft
engine using a gaseous fission reactor to achieve nuclear propulsion. Specifically, it would be a type of gas core reactor rocket that uses a quartz wall to
Nuclear_lightbulb
Type of spacecraft propulsion system
electric rocket (more properly nuclear electric propulsion) is a type of spacecraft propulsion system where thermal energy from a nuclear reactor is converted
Nuclear_electric_rocket
Nuclear power to propel a vehicle
Fission fragment rocket Fission sail Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Nuclear salt-water rocket Radioisotope rocket Nuclear photonic rocket Nuclear electric
Nuclear_propulsion
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion technology
difficult to construct but theoretically more efficient gas core reactor. As with all thermal rocket designs, the specific impulse produced is proportional
Nuclear_thermal_rocket
Space exploration using nuclear energy
developed and undergone ground testing. Nuclear thermal rockets typically used large reactors with liquid hydrogen as both coolant and propellant, and
Nuclear_power_in_space
Type of very-high-temperature reactor
containment. Thousands of pebbles are amassed to create a reactor core. The core is cooled by a gas that does not react chemically with the fuel elements
Pebble-bed_reactor
Type of nuclear propulsion method with an ultra high specific-inpulse
the most advanced gas-core engines, it corresponds to a specific impulse of about 7000 s. The temperature of a conventional reactor design is the average
Fission-fragment_rocket
Possible future technology
starship Field propulsion Fission sail Ford-Svaiter mirror Fusion rocket Gas core reactor rocket Gravity tractor Halo drive Information panspermia Isotropic
List of hypothetical technologies
List_of_hypothetical_technologies
Nuclear power plant in California, US
July 1959, the reactor experienced a partial meltdown when 13 of the reactor's 43 fuel elements partially melted, and radioactive gas was released into
Sodium_Reactor_Experiment
U.S. project to build a nuclear thermal rocket
Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) project and henceforth dealt with the research into nuclear rocket reactor design, while NERVA
Project_Rover
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
in the base of the containment vessel. Gas-core reactor. A closed-loop version of the nuclear lightbulb rocket, where the fissile material is gaseous
Nuclear_reactor
US Nuclear thermal rocket engine project (1956–1973)
Moon rocket. Reactors were tested at very low power before being shipped to Jackass Flats in the Nevada Test Site. While LASL concentrated on reactor development
NERVA
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
high-temperature gas produced by the combustion of rocket propellant stored inside the rocket. However, non-combusting forms such as cold gas thrusters, nuclear
Rocket_engine
Rocket driven by nuclear fusion power
disadvantage is the (likely) large mass of the reactor. A fusion rocket may produce less radiation than a fission rocket, reducing the shielding mass needed. The
Fusion_rocket
U.S. project 1946–1961
section is instead directed into the nuclear reactor core. The air is heated further, thereby cooling the reactor. The air is then expanded through a turbine
Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion
Electrothermal thruster in development
plasma thruster, the microwave arcjet rocket, and the pulsed inductive thruster. The propellant, a neutral gas such as argon or xenon, is injected into
Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket
Proposed rocket propulsion mechanism
creating thrust. In a nuclear thermal rocket (NTR), thrust is created by heating a fluid by using a nuclear fission reactor. The lower the molecular weight
Nuclear_salt-water_rocket
U.S. Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
develop reactors for nuclear rockets under Project Rover. In mid-1958, NASA replaced the Air Force and built Kiwi reactors to test nuclear rocket principles
Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations
Demonstration_Rocket_for_Agile_Cislunar_Operations
US nuclear ramjet project, 1957–1964
it. The reactor, code-named "Tory", would therefore have to survive high temperatures that would melt the metals used in most jet and rocket engines.
Project_Pluto
Feasibility experiment for aircraft nuclear propulsion
The Aircraft Reactor Experiment (ARE) was an experimental nuclear reactor designed to test the feasibility of fluid-fuel, high-temperature, high-power-density
Aircraft_Reactor_Experiment
Chemical or mixture used in a rocket engine
velocity relative to the rocket (specific impulse). A rocket can be thought of as being accelerated by the pressure of the combusting gases against the combustion
Rocket_propellant
Method used to accelerate spacecraft
of propulsion being nuclear, instead of a nuclear electric rocket where a nuclear reactor would provide power (instead of solar panels) for other types
Spacecraft_propulsion
Power generated from nuclear reactions
attacks. An attack on a reactor's spent fuel pool could also be serious, as these pools are less protected than the reactor core. The release of radioactivity
Nuclear_power
Industrial research and development facilities in California
and testing of liquid-propellant rocket engines for the United States space program from 1949 to 2006, nuclear reactors from 1953 to 1980 and the operation
Santa_Susana_Field_Laboratory
Third-generation pressurised water nuclear reactor design
around the reactor An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building and core catcher) Two-layer
EPR_(nuclear_reactor)
Type of nuclear reactor
Aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHR) is a two-chamber reactor consisting of an interior reactor chamber and an outside cooling and moderating jacket chamber
Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor
Molten salt reactor program
TMSR (a shortened initialism of English Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Nuclear Energy System translated from Chinese: 钍基熔盐堆核能系统) is a long-term research
TMSR (Chinese reactor project)
TMSR_(Chinese_reactor_project)
Rocket engine that uses photons to propel a spacecraft
nuclear photonic rocket, an onboard nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the blackbody radiation from the reactor would provide significant
Nuclear_photonic_rocket
American Ultra-High Temperature Reactor Experiment (1959–1971)
The Ultra-High Temperature Reactor Experiment (UHTREX) was an experimental gas-cooled nuclear reactor run at Los Alamos National Laboratory between 1959
UHTREX
Type of nuclear thermal rocket
A pulsed nuclear thermal rocket is a type of nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) concept developed at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain, and presented
Pulsed_nuclear_thermal_rocket
Galactic halo Gas Gas-filled tube Gas core reactor rocket Gas cracker, plasma cracking Gas Electron Multiplier Gaseous fission reactor Gaseous ionisation
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Proposed spacecraft propulsion method
extra reaction mass to augment the rocket. The propulsion system of the RAIR consists of three subsystems: a fusion reactor, a scoop field, and a plasma accelerator
Bussard_ramjet
Nuclear propulsion project
project to create an uncrewed nuclear electric rocket spaceship for Solar system exploration. The first reactor tests are scheduled for the early 2020s; as
TEM_(nuclear_propulsion)
German aerospace engineer (1911–1998)
the early 1960s he did a fair amount of work on the design of gas core reactor rockets which would retain the nuclear fuel while allowing the working
Hans_von_Ohain
Closed nuclear power plant in France
containment building. Two rockets hit and caused minor damage to the reinforced concrete outer shell, missing the reactor's empty core. Initially there were
Superphénix
Very small nuclear reactor of 1-20 MW capacity
reactors (LWRs), high-temperature gas reactors (HTGRs), and advanced reactor designs, such as liquid metal fast reactors (FRs), molten salt reactors (MSRs)
Nuclear_microreactor
Laboratory in Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States
also generating electricity. And the NGNP would use a high-temperature gas reactor, which would have redundant safety systems that rely on natural physical
Idaho_National_Laboratory
One of the largest rocket engines to be designed
one of the largest and most powerful liquid-hydrogen-fueled liquid-fuel rocket engines to be designed and component-tested. It was originally developed
Aerojet_M-1
Rockets using antimatter as their power source
thermal rockets. One proposed method is to use positron annihilation gamma rays to heat a solid engine core. Hydrogen gas is ducted through this core, heated
Antimatter propulsion spacecraft
Antimatter_propulsion_spacecraft
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
(2007). Nuclear Reactor Physics. Wiley-VCH. p. 213. ISBN 978-3-527-40679-1. Ramsay SW (July 12, 1898). "Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere"
Xenon
Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor
fuels used in marine reactors and research reactors, the isotope inventory will vary based on in-core fuel management and reactor operating conditions
Spent_nuclear_fuel
Type of electric propulsion
Magazine. Retrieved 29 July 2017. "Rocket Aims for Cheaper Nudges in Space; Plasma Thruster Is Small, Runs on Inexpensive Gases". Massachusetts Institute of
Plasma_propulsion_engine
1977 American TV series or program
the reactor's managers realize that they are facing a possibility of a core meltdown, or even an explosion given the presence of combustible gases. Backup
Red_Alert_(1977_film)
EL-2, the first gas-cooled reactor, achieves criticality at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre, France. While many early reactors were air-cooled, it
Timeline_of_nuclear_power
Experimental fission reactors for use in space
Dave Poston. A smaller test reactor called SAFE-30 was first built. The working fluid used in the reactor was a helium–xenon gas mixture. The project was
Safe affordable fission engine
Safe_affordable_fission_engine
Supersonic atmospheric jet engine
altitude or speed are limited. In a ducted rocket, a solid fuel gas generator produces a hot fuel-rich gas which is burnt in the ramcombustor with the
Ramjet
North Korean nuclear site
casing and uranium metal core react with water; it is designed to be reprocessed within a few years of removal from a reactor. As a carbon dioxide cooled
Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
Nyongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center
Proposed spacelaunch method
A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a proposed method of non-rocket spacelaunch which would use a linear motor to accelerate and catapult payloads
Mass_driver
the first commercial scale breeder reactor in France, a later member of the Swiss Green Party fired five RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenades at the still under
History_of_nuclear_power
and agricultural purposes. The spent fuel of the reactor contains plutonium suitable for making the core of a nuclear bomb; which would be lighter, cheaper
Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran
systems is typically fairly low. Whereas the full "active" reactor system in a nuclear thermal rocket can be expected to generate over a gigawatt, a radioisotope
Radioisotope_rocket
American mathematician and rocket scientist
Tech Memo 82729 Mar 1982 31p Bleed Cycle Propellant Pumping in a Gas-Core Nuclear Rocket Engine System. Kascak, A. F.; Easley, A. J. National Aeronautics
Annie_Easley
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
the rocket and the other systems, and instead included a 300 kW conventional nuclear reactor for running the ship. The added weight of the reactor reduced
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Spacecraft propulsion system by NASA. 50kW Hall-effect thrusters, now for Lunar Gateway
maneuvers. The AEPS will serve as nuclear electric propulsion for Space Reactor-1 Freedom. Solar-electric propulsion has been shown to be reliable and
Advanced Electric Propulsion System
Advanced_Electric_Propulsion_System
Indian fast breeder nuclear reactor design
Breeder Reactor-600 (FBR-600) or Indian Fast Breeder Reactor (IFBR) or Commercial Fast Breeder Reactor (CFBR) is a 600-MWe fast breeder nuclear reactor design
FBR-600
Chemical compound
agent.[citation needed] For corrosion protection in nuclear reactors of the light water reactor design, depleted zinc oxide is produced by first passing
Diethylzinc
Conceptual rocket engine
spacecraft. The concept is based on the Princeton field-reversed configuration reactor, invented in 2002 by Samuel A. Cohen. It is being modeled and experimentally
Direct_Fusion_Drive
Japanese multinational corporation
Generation IV reactor technology. In 2011, Mitsubishi launched the Type-J gas turbines. These turbines were Mitsubishi's first combined-cycle gas turbines
Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries
Mechanism where confined high-speed particles confer energy to a vehicle
powered rocket engine, such as an ion thruster or plasma propulsion engine. Usually, these schemes assume either solar panels or an onboard reactor. However
Beam-powered_propulsion
reactor, turned to high-temperature prismatic reactor technology with the Antares program (Areva New Technology base on Advanced gas cooled Reactor for
History of France's civil nuclear program
History_of_France's_civil_nuclear_program
Spacecraft propulsion technology
in low orbits without the need of on-board propellant, by using residual gases in the atmosphere as propellant. Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
Atmosphere-breathing_electric_propulsion
Russian rocket engine manufacturer
propellant rocket engines, a nuclear reactor for space use, the first Soviet laser with an output of 1 MW and the USSR's only operational nuclear rocket engine
Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
Chemical_Automatics_Design_Bureau
French engineering company
was one of the centrepieces of nuclear reactor safety protocols and controllers in 1999. The code base and core components of this system have been integrated
Cegelec
Form of electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
are incapable of producing that much power. NASA's Project Prometheus reactor was expected to generate power in the hundreds of kilowatts range but was
Magnetoplasmadynamic_thruster
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
in units of keV. China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor Cold fusion Focus fusion FuseNet Fusion rocket Impulse generator Joint European Torus List of computational
Nuclear_fusion
Nuclear power generation. The first eight power reactors in the nation were gas cooled reactor types (UNGG reactor), whose development was pioneered by CEA.
Nuclear_power_in_France
Hypothetical method of spacecraft propulsion
the sail with no net contribution to thrust. The sail is not a nuclear reactor, and relies on natural decay rates for energy release. The thrust from
Fission_sail
Means of creating force leading to movement
four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and
Propulsion
2019 radiation accident in Russia
held near Russian rocket test site". BBC. BBC. 16 October 2019. Digges, Charles (12 August 2019). "Russia says small nuclear reactor blew up in deadly
Nyonoksa_radiation_accident
Austenitic nickel-chromium superalloys
heat exchanger tubing, steam generators and core components in nuclear pressurized water reactors, natural gas processing with contaminants such as H2S and
Inconel
NASA research facility in Ohio
Hypersonic Tunnel Facility NASA Electric Aircraft Testbed The Plum Brook Reactor was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract
Glenn_Research_Center
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
Davis (10 September 2021). "Winchell Chung's Atomic Rockets: An Invaluable SF Resource". Reactor. Archived from the original on 25 March 2025. All of
Reactionless_drive
Engineer
nuclear rockets., and was the first to the propose the design, and demonstrate the feasibility, of a tungsten-based gas-core nuclear reactor, a type that
Frank_E._Rom
secondary systems at the reactor, which allowed radioactive steam to escape and resulted in the partial core meltdown of one of two reactors at the site, making
List of nuclear power accidents by country
List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country
Branch of fusion energy research
(LIFT) experimental reactor. In April 2017, clean energy startup Apollo Fusion began to develop a hybrid fusion-fission reactor technology. In Germany
Inertial_confinement_fusion
most prolific year, and Falcon rockets were second most prolific rocket family of 2020, only behind China's Long March rocket family. In October 2020, Elon
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020–2022)
Controversy over the use of nuclear power
reactors to generate electricity for civilian purposes. The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, as more and more reactors were
Nuclear_power_debate
Unusable radioactive materials
the core, it is considered HLW. Spent fuel rods contain mostly uranium with fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. Spent
Radioactive_waste
Retrieved 2007-06-17. "Industrial/Warnings of Serious Risks for Nuclear Reactor Operations". Archived from the original on 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2007-06-17
List of military nuclear accidents
List_of_military_nuclear_accidents
Hypothetical process of mining a star for resources
rocket thrust, requiring both large rocket systems and a large amount of reaction mass. This reaction mass can be "recycled" by directing the rockets'
Star_lifting
grams. A newer nuclear reactor with a capacity of 5 MWe. This gas-graphite moderated Magnox type reactor is North Korea's main reactor, where practically
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
British multinational aerospace and defence company
Rolls-Royce also constructs and installs power generation systems. Its core gas turbine technology has created one of the broadest product ranges of aero-engines
Rolls-Royce_Holdings
Magnetohydrodynamic converter that transforms thermal and kinetic energy into electricity
A magnetohydrodynamic generator might also be the first stage of a gas core reactor. MHD generators have problems in regard to materials, both for the
Magnetohydrodynamic_generator
Soviet nuclear reactor for use in space
The TOPAZ nuclear reactor is a lightweight nuclear reactor developed for long term space use by the Soviet Union. Cooled by liquid metal, it uses a high-temperature
TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor
Chemical compound
and yields hydrogen and nitrogen gas. Rocket engines have also been fuelled by ammonia. The Reaction Motors XLR99 rocket engine that powered the X-15 hypersonic
Ammonia
Process of mechanically stirring a heterogeneous mixture to homogenize it
chemical reactors are also mixers. With the right equipment, it is possible to mix a solid, liquid or gas into another solid, liquid or gas. A biofuel
Mixing_(process_engineering)
Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991
the Gas Dynamics Laboratory in 1921, and these endeavors expanded during the 1930s and 1940s. After the surrender of Nazi Germany, German V-2 rocket technology
Soviet_space_program
potential applications expanded to include warfare, energy production and rocket propulsion. In 1920, the British physicist, Francis William Aston, discovered
History_of_nuclear_fusion
Device for measuring temperature
Originally developed for use in nuclear test reactors, HTIR-TC may enhance the safety of operations in future reactors. This thermocouple was developed by researchers
Thermocouple
Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
that is operated by the cyclic expansion and contraction of air or other gas (the working fluid) by exposing it to different temperatures, resulting in
Stirling_engine
UK atomic bomb development project
under the direction of John Cockcroft. The first nuclear reactor in the UK, a small research reactor known as GLEEP, went critical at Harwell on 15 August
High_Explosive_Research
Plasma Physics Experiment
Drive, a current research project to create a fusion rocket from an RMF-driven FRC fusion reactor. The STX vacuum vessel was made of quartz, as it needed
Star_Thrust_Experiment
System whose failure would be serious
Examples of these include elevators, the gas thermostats in most home furnaces, and passively safe nuclear reactors. Fail-operational mode is sometimes unsafe
Safety-critical_system
at a French production plant near Toulon, damaging two reactor cores destined for Iraqi reactors. Mossad agents may also have been behind the assassinations
Israel_and_nuclear_weapons
1954 U.S. thermonuclear weapon test in the Marshall Islands
tamper to speed inwards, thus imploding the thermonuclear core. At the same time, the rocket effect on the surface of the hohlraum would force the radiation
Castle_Bravo
Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space
have been made for "mining" for rocket propulsion, using what is called a Propulsive Fluid Accumulator. Atmospheric gases like oxygen and argon could be
In_situ_resource_utilization
robotic rotorcraft probe which will explore Saturn's moon Titan, and Space Reactor‑1 Freedom (SR-1 Freedom), a nuclear electric propulsion spacecraft which
2028_in_spaceflight
Abram Alikhanov (1904–1970), Armenia/USSR – Soviet atomic bomb, nuclear reactor Bruce Ames (1928–2024), U.S. – Ames test (Cell biology) Giovanni Battista
List_of_inventors
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET
GAS CORE-REACTOR-ROCKET