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DNA reverse transcribed from RNA
genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA that was reverse transcribed (via reverse transcriptase) from an RNA (e.g., messenger RNA or microRNA). cDNA exists
Complementary_DNA
Enzyme which generates DNA
an enzyme that uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA molecule, through a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse
Reverse_transcriptase
Phenomenon in molecular biology
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally
Nucleic_acid_hybridization
Molecule that carries genetic information
double-stranded DNA. The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, the single-ringed pyrimidines and the double-ringed purines. In DNA, the pyrimidines
DNA
Property of nucleic acid strands with respect to their translatability into protein
mRNA transcript. Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two
Sense_(molecular_biology)
Technology for constructing integrated circuits
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS /ˈsiːmɒs/ SEE-moss) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication
CMOS
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
nucleotide sequences. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary RNA strand called a primary transcript
Transcription_(biology)
Lab technique in cellular biology
and finally to the current technology, next-gen sequencing of complementary DNA (cDNA), notably RNA-Seq in mid 2000s. The first manuscripts that used
RNA-Seq
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
common method for amplifying DNA; for RNA-based PCR the RNA sample is first reverse-transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) with reverse transcriptase
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
DNA structure
complementary sequence of homopurine PNA oligomers. This triplex is formed from a PNA-DNA hybrid that binds anti-parallel with the complementary DNA sequence
Triple-stranded_DNA
Lock-and-key pairing between two structures
double helix formation. DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions, they are said to be antiparallel. A complementary strand of DNA or RNA may be constructed
Complementarity (molecular biology)
Complementarity_(molecular_biology)
Biological process
two complementary strands held together by base pairing of the nucleotides comprising each strand. The two linear strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule
DNA_replication
Class of enzymes
duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break in both complementary strands
DNA_ligase
Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
are a complementary sequence to the target DNA region) and a thermostable DNA polymerase. In the first step of PCR, the two strands of the DNA double
Polymerase_chain_reaction
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase—a Reverse transcriptase synthesizes a double-stranded complementary DNA based on existing
DNA_sequencing
DNA inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
of DNA. The original polynucleotide strand of DNA serves as a template to guide the synthesis of the new complementary polynucleotide of DNA. The DNA single-strand
Nuclear_DNA
Virus that has DNA as its genetic material
common. Some dsDNA viruses use a strand displacement method whereby one strand is synthesized from a template strand, and a complementary strand is then
DNA_virus
binding of the RNA to non-complementary DNA sequences. These controls became known as "spike-ins". With the advent of DNA microarray chips in the 1990s
RNA_spike-in
replaced by a layer of immobilized ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) molecules which act as surface receptors. When complementary DNA strands hybridize to the receptors
DNA_field-effect_transistor
Genus of viruses
mammals. Lentiviruses can integrate a significant amount of viral complementary DNA into the DNA of the host cell and can efficiently infect nondividing cells
Lentivirus
Cellular mechanism
undamaged sequence in the complementary DNA strand or in a homologous chromosome, is available for copying. If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of
DNA_repair
Topics referred to by the same term
cascade of proteins in the blood that form part of innate immunity Complementary DNA, DNA reverse transcribed from a mature mRNA template Complementarity
Complement
Set of methods in molecular biology
reverse transcriptase (complementary DNA or cDNA cloning), or in the form of synthetic DNA (artificial gene synthesis). cDNA cloning is usually used
Molecular_cloning
Type of DNA library
A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which constitute some portion of
CDNA_library
Technology for screening small molecule compounds
annealing of a partially complementary oligonucleotide and by a subsequent Klenow fill-in DNA-polymerization, yielding a double stranded DNA fragment. The synthetic
DNA-encoded_chemical_library
Laboratory technique to multiply an RNA sample for study
reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction
Microbiological process
DNA programmed assembly of cells (DPAC) involves the use of complementary ssDNA to guide cell interactions. Synthetic ssDNA oligonucleotide sequences
DNA programmed assembly of cells
DNA_programmed_assembly_of_cells
One of many possible double helical structures of DNA
the first single-crystal X-ray structure of a DNA fragment (a self-complementary DNA hexamer d(CG)3). It was resolved as a left-handed double helix with
Z-DNA
Replication of DNA
sugar of the next nucleotide, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is a complementary, double stranded structure as specific base pairing (adenine and
DNA_synthesis
Japanese immunologist and Nobel laureate (born 1942)
T; Harada N; Severinson E; et al. (1 November 1986). "Cloning of complementary DNA encoding T-cell replacing factor and identity with B-cell growth factor
Tasuku_Honjo
Group of methods in synthetic biology
overhangs on each DNA fragment. The complementary overhangs on adjacent DNA fragments anneal via complementary base pairing. The Phusion DNA polymerase fills
Artificial_gene_synthesis
Repeating sequences of 2–13 base pairs of DNA
oligonucleotide sequences consisting of repeats complementary to repeats in the microsatellite to "enrich" the DNA extracted (microsatellite enrichment). The
Microsatellite
Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid
the reverse order. For example, the complementary sequence to TTAC is GTAA. If one strand of the double-stranded DNA is considered the sense strand, then
Nucleic_acid_sequence
Structure formed by double-stranded molecules
the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double-helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence
Nucleic_acid_double_helix
Study of RNA transcripts
Libraries of silkmoth mRNA transcripts were collected and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) for storage using reverse transcriptase in the late 1970s. In
Transcriptomics_technologies
Topics referred to by the same term
nucleotides on complementary DNA and RNA strands Beta-alumina solid electrolyte, a fast ion conductor material Nucleobase, in genetics, the parts of DNA and RNA
Base
Collection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome
the proteome and the genome. High-throughput protein arrays can use complementary DNA or antibodies to bind and hence can detect many different proteins
Molecular_diagnostics
Branch of medical science
solution full of the DNA fragments, called the probe, found in the desired sample of DNA. The probes anneal to the complementary DNA of the bands already
Biomedicine
Laboratory technique to localize nucleic acids
hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acid strand (i.e., a probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion
In_situ_hybridization
Measurement of genetic variations
applications have been developed that interrogate SNPs by hybridizing complementary DNA probes to the SNP site. The challenge of this approach is reducing
SNP_genotyping
2013 United States Supreme Court case
Court allowed patenting of complementary DNA, which contains exactly the same protein-coding base pair sequence as the natural DNA, albeit with introns removed
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc.
Genetic testing technique
cells and tissues. In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of interest. RNA probes can be designed
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization
Folding of DNA to create two- and three-dimensional shapes at the nanoscale
interactions between complementary base pairs makes DNA a useful construction material, through the design of its base sequences. DNA is a well-understood
DNA_origami
Study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure
more complementary strands of nucleic acids into a single complex, which in the case of two strands is referred to as a duplex. Oligonucleotides, DNA, or
Nucleic_acid_thermodynamics
Restriction enzyme
the fragmented foreign DNA and prevents it from infecting the host genome. NlaIII recognizes the palindromic and complementary DNA sequence of CATG/GTAC
NlaIII
Medical condition
French FS, Wilson EM (April 1988). "Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome". Science. 240 (4850): 327–30
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
Programming language for statistics
Bioconductor project provides packages for genomic data analysis, complementary DNA, microarray, and high-throughput sequencing methods. There are three
R_(programming_language)
Pharmaceutical drug
glycoprotein developed by introducing the following modifications to the complementary DNA for natural human tPA: a substitution of threonine 103 with asparagine
Tenecteplase
DNA profiling technique
as PCR amplified products, cloned DNA, and complementary DNA (cDNA) populations. DAF relies on a thermostable DNA polymerase (e.g. Taq polymerase or
DNA amplification fingerprinting
DNA_amplification_fingerprinting
reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. The RT enzyme is used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from the retroviral RNA genome. This process is called reverse
Retroviral_ribonuclease_H
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
using the complementary undamaged strand in DNA as a template or an undamaged sequence in a homologous chromosome if it is available. If DNA damage remains
Mutation
Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
forming complementary base pairs. Extension: A DNA polymerase starts from where the primer binds to the DNA (duplex) and builds out a complementary chain
DNA_profiling
Vaccine containing DNA
to drive the in vivo transcription and translation of the gene (or complementary DNA) of interest. Intron A may sometimes be included to improve mRNA stability
DNA_vaccine
RNase H, and RNA polymerase is used. AMV-RT synthesizes a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) from the RNA template once the primer is annealed. RNase H
NASBA_(molecular_biology)
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
RNA genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule. The process of reverse transcription is extremely error-prone
HIV
Realm of viruses
negative-sense complementary DNA (-cDNA) strand. The +RNA strand is degraded and later replaced by RdDp with a +DNA strand to synthesize a linear dsDNA copy of
Riboviria
British X-ray crystallographer (1920–1958)
Her work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite
Rosalind_Franklin
DMD DNA DNA bank DNA clone DNA cloning DNA fingerprint DNA glycosylase DNA gyrase DNA hybridization DNA ligase DNA marker DNA polymerase DNA probe DNA repair
Index_of_genetics_articles
marked ribosomal DNA can be used to detect its complementary DNA sequence in a frog egg, known as the first researchers who use DNA probes to perform
Riboprobe
Chemical synthesis of nucleic acids
oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools
Oligonucleotide_synthesis
sequence where an RNA or DNA single-stranded primer binds to start replication. The primer binding site is on one of the two complementary strands of a double-stranded
Primer_binding_site
Short strand of RNA or DNA that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis
requiring a primer be bound to the template before DNA polymerase can begin a complementary strand. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides after binding to the
Primer_(molecular_biology)
Pharmaceutical drug
by a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. The complementary DNA (cDNA) coding for rasburicase was cloned from a strain of Aspergillus
Rasburicase
Group of cytokines
by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. A complementary DNA encoding protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned.
Interleukin
Family of viruses
double-stranded DNA, since the minus-strand DNA are complementary and make base pairing to retrovirus genome in the first cycle of DNA synthesis. The RNase
Retrovirus
Hybrid mammal
reported to be present in some gray wolves. Moreover, analysis of their complementary DNA and ribosomal RNA revealed that the hybrids have very differential
Coywolf
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
the RNA in a tissue is isolated and converted to labeled complementary DNA (cDNA). This cDNA is then hybridized to the fragments on the array and visualization
Molecular_biology
Measurement in electrophoresis methods
permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary DNA target. Frequently, real-time PCR is combined with reverse transcription
Relative_fluorescence_units
Biological process
DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without
DNA_methylation
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences
CRISPR
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
helicase acts on the molecule of DNA. DNA has an antiparallel, double helix structure composed of two, complementary polynucleotide strands, held together
Protein_biosynthesis
Technique in molecular biology
synthesis of a short DNA oligonucleotide primer. This synthetic primer contains the desired mutation and is complementary to the DNA sequence around the
Site-directed_mutagenesis
Separation or breakage of DNA strands into pieces
that bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological
DNA_fragmentation
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
"Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA". Science. 245 (4922): 1066–1073. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1066R. doi:10
Cystic_fibrosis
Biomolecular structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA
sequence to AGCT is TCGA. DNA is double-stranded containing both a sense strand and an antisense strand. Therefore, the complementary sequence will be to the
Nucleic_acid_structure
American biotechnology company
not found in nature—such as a strand of synthetically-produced complementary DNA (cDNA)—could still be eligible for patent protection. Myriad Genetics
Myriad_Genetics
1953 scientific paper on DNA
their double helix model of DNA with the hydrogen bonds at the core of the helix providing a way to unzip the two complementary strands for easy replication:
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SW, Sanders JM, Rothberg KG, Anderson RG, Kamen BA (August 1989). "Complementary DNA for the folate binding protein correctly predicts anchoring to the
Folate_receptor_1
Class of enzymes that divide DNA
backward sequences are found in complementary DNA strands (i.e., of double-stranded DNA), as in GTATAC (GTATAC being complementary to CATATG). Inverted repeat
Restriction_enzyme
RNA-based gene silencing process
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a biological process in which non-coding RNA molecules direct the addition of DNA methylation to specific DNA sequences
RNA-directed_DNA_methylation
DNA sequences with no known biological function
include RNA:DNA hybridization leading to the discovery that considerably less than 10% of the human genome was complementary to mRNA and this DNA was in the
Junk_DNA
Evolutionary theory
The possible mechanisms include the Complementary DNA (cDNA) hypothesis and the bulk flow hypothesis. The cDNA hypothesis involves the use of messenger
Symbiogenesis
Ends of DNA molecules
cut DNA. Very often they cut the two DNA strands four base pairs from each other, creating a four-base 3' overhang in one molecule and a complementary 3'
Sticky_and_blunt_ends
Microbial protein found in Streptococcus pyogenes M1 GAS
the complementary (target) DNA strand, while the RuvC-like nuclease domains are responsible for cleavage of the non-complementary (non-target DNA strands)
Cas9
DNA sequencing method
the DNA strands in place during sequencing. As the fragmented DNA is washed over the flow cell, the appropriate adapter attaches to the complementary solid
Illumina_dye_sequencing
mechanisms governing DNA replication, transcription, and DNA repair. complementary DNA (cDNA) DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA template
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
DNA. minor groove minus-strand See template strand. miRNA See microRNA. mismatch An incorrect pairing of nucleobases on complementary strands of DNA or
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Study of viruses
genetics is a powerful research method in virology. In this procedure complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of virus genomes called "infectious clones" are used to
Virology
polyacrylamide gel system; as complementary ss nucleic acid moves past the immobilized Acrydite oligos, the complementary DNA is captured. Hybrigel-like
Acrydite
Cytosine-rich quadruplex DNA structure
i-motif DNA, short for intercalated-motif DNA, are cytosine-rich four-stranded quadruplex DNA structures, similar to the G-quadruplex structures that
I-motif_DNA
combined with another that is functionalized with complementary DNA sequences, the particles assemble via DNA hybridization interactions. These nanoparticles
Polyvalent DNA gold nanoparticles
Polyvalent_DNA_gold_nanoparticles
Cell line
of sequences cotransfected with a modular dihydrofolate reductase complementary DNA gene". Journal of Molecular Biology. 159 (4): 601–621. doi:10
Chinese_hamster_ovary_cell
Field of synthetic biology
to 3' direction, thereby producing complementary overhangs. The overhangs hybridize to each other, a Phusion DNA polymerase fills in any missing nucleotides
Synthetic_genomics
Species of fungus
M. F.; Huang, M. H.; Kuo, M. L.; Wang, S. R.; Han, S. H. (2000). "Complementary DNA cloning and immunologic characterization of a new Penicillium citrinum
Penicillium_citrinum
Design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures
four-arm junction that consists of four individual DNA strands, portions of which are complementary in a specific pattern. Unlike in natural Holliday junctions
DNA_nanotechnology
Protein-coding gene in humans
by Sellers and Woessner in the uterus of the rat in 1988. The complementary DNA (cDNA) of human MMP7 was isolated in 1988 by Muller et al. MMP7 is a
MMP7
Nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides
directly to long-chain helical structures such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Five nucleobases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and
Nucleotide_base
Range of methods designed for assigning cell types
marked complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized, providing information about gene expression in the exact location of the tissue section. From the cDNA, libraries
Spatial_transcriptomics
Substrates performing biochemical reactions
research showed how hybridization of complementary single oligonucleotide strands could be used as a basis for DNA sensing. Two additional developments
Biochip
American hematologist
(June 21, 1985). "Human von Willebrand factor (vWF): isolation of complementary DNA (cDNA) clones and chromosomal localization". Science. 228 (4706): 1401–1406
Stuart_Orkin
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA
COMPLEMENTARY DNA