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744–750 civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate
The Third Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الثاﻟﺜـة, romanized: al-Fitna al-thālitha), was a series of civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate. It
Third_Fitna
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up fitna or fitnah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fitna or Fitnah may refer to: Fitna (word), an Arabic term meaning 'trial' or 'civil strife';
Fitna
Arabic word for strife and conflict
Fitna (or fitnah, pl. fitan; Arabic: فتن ,فتنة: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict") is an Arabic term that denotes concepts such as
Fitna_(word)
Second Islamic caliphate (661–750)
governor of Syria, who became caliph after emerging victorious in the First Fitna following the assassination of Ali in 661. Syria remained the Umayyads'
Umayyad_Caliphate
Umayyad-era Muslim civil war (680–692)
the third by the Kharijites, who took over central Arabia and southern Iraq and Persia. The roots of the civil war date back to the First Fitna. After
Second_Fitna
747–750 overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate
itself in critical condition. A succession crisis in 744 led to the Third Fitna, which raged across the Middle East for three years. The very next year
Abbasid_revolution
Abbasid-era Muslim civil war (811–819)
The Fourth Fitna, Fourth Muslim Civil War, or Great Abbasid Civil War resulted from the conflict between the brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun over the succession
Fourth_Fitna
Umayyad prince and provincial governor (died 750)
in the intra-dynastic politics of the Umayyad Caliphate, including the Third Muslim Civil War and the succession of Caliph Marwan II (r. 744–750). He
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan
Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Siege_of_Baghdad
Umayyad caliph in 744
Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك, romanized: Yazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly
Yazid_III
Umayyad provincial governor and military leader (died 750)
became one of the most important partisans of Caliph Marwan II in the Third Fitna, but failed to stem the onslaught of the Abbasid Revolution. Defeated
Yazid_ibn_Umar_ibn_Hubayra
Third Islamic caliphate
caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of fitnas in the capital, often contending with the ayyarun. With the Buyid dynasty
Abbasid_Caliphate
Alid leader of a rebellion against the Umayyads (died 747-8)
rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate at Kufa and later Persia during the Third Fitna. Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya was a great-grandson of Ali's brother, Ja'far
Abd_Allah_ibn_Mu'awiya
Abu Hamza al-Mukhtar ibn Awf al-Azdi al-Salimi (Arabic: أبو حمزة المختار بن عوف الأزدي السليمي) was an Ibadi Kharijite rebel leader who seized control
Abu_Hamza_al-Mukhtar
13th and penultimate Umayyad caliph in 744
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: ابراهيم ابن الوليد بن عبد الملك, romanized: Ibrāhīm ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; died 25 January 750)
Ibrahim_ibn_al-Walid
Umayyad caliph from 744 to 750
background to undermine his legitimacy during the civil wars of the Third Fitna. Hostile accounts claimed his mother was a non-Arab concubine of Kurdish
Marwan_II
869–883 Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Zanj_Rebellion
Campaign of the Arab-Byzantine Wars
Syrian–Iraqi military elites and created rifts that contributed to the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid civil war that broke out after Harun's death. This conflict
Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)
Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)
Abbasid-era library in Baghdad, modern-day Iraq
beyond Greek astrological texts, and Greek works were already in their third translations. Authors translated include: Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle,
House_of_Wisdom
Umayyad prince and governor of Iraq (died 750)
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (Arabic: عبد الله بن عمر بن عبد العزيز; died 750) was an Umayyad prince, the son of caliph Umar II (r. 717–720)
Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz
Umayyad prince and general (died 750)
Marwan ibn Muhammad (r. 744–750) during the ensuing civil war of the Third Fitna. Marwan had Abbas thrown into prison in Harran, where he died of a disease
Al-Abbas_ibn_al-Walid
Islamist militant organisation
terror attacks in Pakistan. In 2025, the Pakistani Taliban was labelled as Fitna al-Khawarij by the Government of Pakistan on orders on the Interior Ministry
Pakistani_Taliban
Qarmatian attack on the Abbasids
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Sack_of_Mecca
Umayyad governor of Medina, Mecca and al-Ta'if during the caliphate of Hisham
al-Makhzumi were later tortured to death in 743 in the period leading up to the Third Islamic Civil War. The sons of Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi, Ibrahim and
Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi
Ibrahim_ibn_Hisham_ibn_Isma'il_al-Makhzumi
751 battle between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang dynasty
the enemy and attempt to make a breakthrough. The Karluk mercenaries, two-thirds of the Tang army, defected to the Abbasids on the fifth day of the battle
Battle_of_Talas
Umayyad caliph from 743 to 744
al-Walid—secured widespread obedience. His assassination directly sparked the Third Fitna (744–747). Al-Walid's accession was contentious among the Umayyad elite
Al-Walid_II
Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (r. 946–974)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Muti'
2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754–775)
his second was a descendant of a hero of the early Muslim conquests; his third was an Iranian servant. He also had a minimum of three concubines: an Arab
Al-Mansur
5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)
present-day Tehran Province, Iran. He was the son of al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), the third Abbasid caliph, and his wife al-Khayzuran, who was a woman of strong and
Harun_al-Rashid
Governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate
Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami (Arabic: حفص بن الوليد بن يوسف الحضرمي) was a governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate in the mid-8th century
Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
Hafs_ibn_al-Walid_ibn_Yusuf_al-Hadrami
8th-century Umayyad prince
of his brother, Caliph Yazid III (r. 744–744). He played a role in the Third Muslim Civil War as a commander for Yazid III against rebels from Homs.
Masrur_ibn_al-Walid
8th-century Umayyad general and governor
accompanied Marwan in 745/746 in the fighting in the Jazira, during the Third Fitna. He then returned to his governorship in Armenia, which he seems to have
Ishaq_ibn_Muslim_al-Uqayli
8th-century Arab commander and provincial governor
the Qays–Yaman rivalry of the period, playing a major role during the Third Fitna civil war. Patricia Crone describes Mansur as "a coarse soldier equally
Mansur_ibn_Jumhur_al-Kalbi
Abbasid caliph from 750 to 754
allies who originally supported the Chinese. The Karluk mercenaries, two-thirds of the Tang army, defected to the Abbasids during the battle; Karluk troops
Al-Saffah
Leader of Kharijite rebellion (died 746)
Al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays al-Shaybānī (Arabic: الضحاك بن قيس الشيباني) was the leader of a widespread but unsuccessful Kharijite rebellion in Iraq against the
Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani
Al-Dahhak_ibn_Qays_al-Shaybani
Rashidun-era Muslim civil war (656 to 661)
The First Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الكبرى) was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment
First_Fitna
Arab administrator and military leader of the Umayyad Egypt
Ḥawthara ibn Suhayl al-Bāhilī (Arabic: حوثرة بن سهيل) (died 750) was a Bedouin Arab administrator and military leader in the final years of the Umayyad
Hawthara_ibn_Suhayl
Umayyad Provincial governor and Commander
his nephew Sari ibn Ziyad was among the pro-Yemeni leaders during the Third Fitna. Crone 1980, pp. 95–96. Crone 1980, p. 96. Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves
Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki
Yazid_ibn_Abi_Kabsha_al-Saksaki
8th–9th-century political relationship
Jerusalem, George and Felix, who represented of the Patriarch Thomas. The third and final embassy was sent by Charlemagne in 809, but it arrived after Harun
Abbasid–Carolingian_alliance
caliphal army. The term rarely appears in the sources until the Fourth Fitna civil war in the 810s, when it was applied to the Khurasanis of Baghdad
Abna_al-dawla
Period of religious persecution instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Mihna
Umayyad prince, Commander and Amir al-hajj
Jordan against his half-brother, Caliph Yazid III (r. 744–744) during the Third Muslim civil war. Umar may have patronized the construction of the Khirbat
Umar_ibn_al-Walid
were one of the main factors in the outbreak of the civil war of the Third Fitna, during which he was executed. A member of the Thaqif tribe, he was related
Yusuf_ibn_Umar_al-Thaqafi
Kharijite Rebel and leader of Umayyad era
Ibadi revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in southern Arabia during the Third Fitna. Very little information is preserved about his life. He was born Abdallah
Talib_al-Haqq
17th Abbasid Caliph (r. 902–908)
Al-Muktafi inherited his father's love of buildings. He completed al-Mu'tadid's third palace project, the Taj ('Crown') Palace, in Baghdad, for which he reused
Al-Muktafi
Abbasid prince and military leader (843–891)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Muwaffaq
Arab governor and military commander of Caliphate
Abu Abd Allah Salm ibn Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili was an 8th-century Arab who served as governor and military commander for both the Umayyad and Abbasid
Salm_ibn_Qutayba_al-Bahili
High position of the Abbasid Caliph
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)
Abbasid Caliph from 813 to 833
another Barmakid, Ja'far ibn Yahya, as his guardian. At the same time, a third heir, al-Qasim, named al-Mu'tamin, was appointed, under the guardianship
Al-Ma'mun
8th-century Azdi commander in Khurasan
in Damascus. That support was undermined during the civil war of the Third Fitna, during which the Qays–Yaman rivalry broke out into open fighting; the
Juday_al-Kirmani
Umayyad prince and a pretender to the Umayyad Caliphate (died c.754)
Ziyād ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya (Arabic: زياد بن عبد الله بن يزيد بن معاوية), commonly known as Abū Muḥammad al-Sufyānī (Arabic: أبو محمد السفياني)
Abu_Muhammad_al-Sufyani
861–870 crisis in the Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Anarchy_at_Samarra
Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (r. 991–1031)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Qadir
Umayyad prince and Military leader
Yazīd ibn Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (Arabic: يزيد بن هشام بن عبد الملك), commonly known as al-Afqam (fl. 738 – c. 744), was an Umayyad prince who played
Yazid_al-Afqam
Ibadi revolt Part of the Third Fitna Map of Arabia Date c. 747–748 AD Location Hadhramaut, Yemen and the Hejaz Result Umayyad victory in the Hijaz and
Ibadi_revolt
Part of the Abbasid Revolution, 750 AD
thrown to a cat to show his contempt. Siege of Wasit Abbasid revolution Third Fitna Zetterstéen 1987, pp. 22–23. Grohmann & Kennedy 1995, p. 985. Kennedy
Battle_of_the_Zab
Early Islamic rebellious sect
romanized: khārijī) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against
Kharijites
Umayyad prince and Military leader
prince and commander who participated in the Arab–Byzantine wars and the Third Muslim Civil War, often in association with his brother, Sulayman ibn Hisham
Sa'id_ibn_Hisham
First Fitna 680–692 Second Fitna 743–750 Third Fitna 747–750 Abbasid revolution 755 Sunpadh Rebellion 781–805 Tabaristan uprising 809–827 Fourth Fitna 816–837
List_of_conflicts_in_Asia
8th Abbasid caliph (r. 833–842)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Mu'tasim
Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate
nominated an Alid, Ali ibn Musa al-Rida, as his heir during the Fourth Fitna, this move was not followed up, and under Ma'mun's successors, the two families
Alid_revolt_of_762–763
Senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Amir_al-umara
Abbasid caliph from 944 to 946
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Mustakfi
Umayyad commander and Banu Kalb warlord
warlord of the Banu Kalb tribe in Palmyra who played a prominent role in the Third Muslim Civil War (744–750) and afterward was a leader of the revolt of the
Al-Asbagh_ibn_Dhu'ala
Chain of narrators who have transmitted the Hadith
the First Fitna (656–616 AD) (the view of Muhammad Mustafa Azmi), the Second Fitna (680–692) (the view of G.H.A. Juynboll), or the Third Fitna (744–750)
Isnad
16th Abbasid Caliph (r. 892–902)
governor of Baghdad in 851–867—and was the mother of Caliph al-Muqtadir, Fitna, mother of Caliph al-Qahir, and Dastanbuwayh, who was probably the mother
Al-Mu'tadid
838 Abbasid capture of the Eastern Roman city of Amorium
N. (2003). "Caliphs and Their Chroniclers in the Middle Abbasid Period (Third/Ninth Century)". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). Texts, Documents, and Artefacts:
Sack_of_Amorium
Feud in early Islamic history
Umayyad army regarding alliances and wrongdoings during the Second and Third Fitna. At this time Kufa was the center for the opposition to Umayyad rule
Hashemite–Umayyad_rivalry
Conflict prompted by individuals claiming rightful leadership of a monarchy
the Fitnas, most notably the First Fitna (656–661), the Second Fitna (680–692), the Third Fitna (744–747), the Fourth Fitna (809–827), and the Fitna of
War_of_succession
8th-century Umayyad governor of Iraq
al-Walid II's governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, during the Third Fitna he sided with Yazid III, apparently serving as his sahib al-shurta. Following
Yazid_ibn_Khalid_al-Qasri
the Umayyad Caliphate between Umayyads, Zubayrids and Alids (Shiites) Third Fitna (744–750/752): a series of civil wars within and rebellions against the
List_of_wars_of_succession
Garments historically given by Islamic rulers
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Robe_of_honour
8th-century Umayyad prince and general
however suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Akroinon, losing some two thirds of its men, as well as its commanders. In 741, Sulayman again led the summer
Sulayman_ibn_Hisham
Companion of Muhammad (c. 623–684)
militarily supported Caliph al-Walid II against Yazid III during the Third Fitna in 744. Despite his family's alignment against Yazid III, Nu'man's grandson
Nu'man_ibn_Bashir
Umayyad caliph from 705 to 715
al-Walid II (r. 743–744). His assassination in April 744 sparked the Third Fitna (744–750). Yazid III acceded but died six months later, after which he
Al-Walid_I
8th-century Persian revolutionary
in turmoil due to the impact of the ongoing Umayyad civil war of the Third Fitna, which had re-ignited the feud between the Yaman and Qays tribal groups:
Abu_Muslim
Abbasid massacre of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE
Massacre of Bani Umayya Part of the Abbasid revolution and Third Fitna Location Damascus, Bilad al-Sham, Umayyad Caliphate and Jaffa Date 750 CE Attack
Massacre_of_Bani_Umayya
8th-century Ispahbadh of Tabaristan
power, and used the turmoil within the Umayyad Caliphate during the Third Fitna to this effect, rebelling against Caliph Marwan II (r. 744–750), and
Khurshid_of_Tabaristan
1009-1031 civil war in al-Andalus
The Fitna of al-Andalus (Arabic: فتنة الأندلس, romanized: Fitnat al-Andalus) (1009–1031), sometimes referred to as the second fitna of al-Andalus, was
Fitna_of_al-Andalus
War in Mesopotamia
abbaside."". Rivista degli Studi Orientali. 24. Waines, David (1977). "The Third Century Internal Crisis of the Abbasids". Journal of the Economic and Social
Kharijite Rebellions (866–896)
Kharijite_Rebellions_(866–896)
Byzantine Empire Civil War between Artabasdos and Constantine V, 741–743 Third Fitna, 744–752, including the Umayyad civil wars of 744–748 and the Abbasid
List of non-international armed conflicts
List_of_non-international_armed_conflicts
11th-century Abbasid prince and Heir-apparent
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Al-Ghalib
Early battle of the Second Fitna
romanized: Yawm Marj Rāhiṭ) was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna. It was fought on 18 August 684 between the Kalb-dominated armies of the
Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)
927 raid against the Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq
Mamluk dynasty in Egypt and Syria (868–905)
distinct quarter was designated for the Nubians, another for the Romans, a third for the tent-makers, and individual sections were allocated for each group
Tulunids
Theme of the Byzantine Empire
the Byzantine victory at the Battle of Akroinon and the turmoil of the Third Fitna and the Abbasid Revolution, and under Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775)
Anatolic_Theme
Byzantine emperor from 717 to 741
was destroyed in the Battle of Akroinon of 740. It was only during the Third Fitna of 744–747, a civil war within the Umayyad Caliphate, that the regularity
Leo_III_the_Isaurian
8th-century leader of the Abbasid family
Umayyad Caliphate itself was being wracked by a disastrous civil war, the Third Fitna (744–747), between rival members of the Umayyad dynasty. The war exacerbated
Ibrahim_al-Imam
883 battle of the Abbasid decline (861–940)
Abbasid Caliphate topics (750–1258) History Background Umayyad Caliphate Third Fitna Hashimiyya Early period (750–861) Establishment Abbasid revolution Abu
Battle_of_Mecca_(883)
Umayyad governor of Khurasan from 738 to 748
The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent c. 740, before the Third Fitna
Nasr_ibn_Sayyar
position vis-á-vis the Umayyad Caliphate; they used the turmoil of the Third Fitna to rebel against Caliph Marwan II (r. 744–750), and even sent an embassy
Farrukhan_the_Little
Umayyad governor and cavalry commander (died 750)
the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 685–705). During the Third Fitna, a series of civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate,
Abu_al-Ward
Spain. 1868–74: The Six Years' War, often called the Dominican Republic's third war of independence, was to disrupt the annexation to the United States
List of revolutions and rebellions
List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions
Muhammad's third wife (c. 614 – 678)
killed by rebels who had laid siege to his house, triggering the First Fitna. Following his death, Ali was offered the caliphate, which he accepted amid
Aisha
Aspect of Islamic theology concerning the end times and afterlife
of the early Islamic civil wars (First Fitna (656–661 CE), Second Fitna (c. 680/683–c. 685/692 CE), Third Fitna (744–750/752 CE)), where Muhammad's companions
Islamic_eschatology
Fitna 739 C.E. — 743 C.E. Berber Revolt circa 740 C.E. Battle of the Nobles circa October 741 C.E. Battle of Bagdoura 744 C.E. — 746 C.E. Third Fitna
List_of_conflicts_in_Morocco
7th-century Arab Muslim military commander
and executed by the rebels. The family was mentioned again during the Third Fitna in 744, when a great-grandson of Shurahbil, Simt ibn Thabit ibn Yazid
Shurahbil_ibn_Simt
Africa 656 CE — 661 CE First Fitna 680 CE — 692 CE Second Fitna 744 CE — 746 CE Third Fitna 809 CE — 827 CE Fourth Fitna Hilalian invasion of North Africa
List_of_conflicts_in_Algeria
8th century Umayyad official and Governor
II. Of Khalid's sons, Yazid became a partisan of Yazid III during the Third Fitna and was executed by Marwan II (r. 744–750), while Muhammad joined the
Khalid_al-Qasri
Following the assassination of the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan in July 656 and the outbreak of the First Fitna or civil war, his successor Ali ibn
List of caliphal governors of Medina
List_of_caliphal_governors_of_Medina
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