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Abbasid-era Muslim civil war (811–819)
The Fourth Fitna, Fourth Muslim Civil War, or Great Abbasid Civil War resulted from the conflict between the brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun over the succession
Fourth_Fitna
Arabic word for strife and conflict
Fitna (or fitnah, pl. fitan; Arabic: فتن ,فتنة: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict") is an Arabic term that denotes concepts such as
Fitna_(word)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up fitna or fitnah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fitna or Fitnah may refer to: Fitna (word), an Arabic term meaning 'trial' or 'civil strife';
Fitna
747–750 overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate
itself in critical condition. A succession crisis in 744 led to the Third Fitna, which raged across the Middle East for three years. The very next year
Abbasid_revolution
2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754–775)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Mansur
Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Siege_of_Baghdad
Member of a historical warrior group in the Near East
mention of the 'Ayyarun in Arabic sources can be found in 812 during the Fourth Fitna, which was the strife between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, in which they played
Ayyār
6th Abbasid caliph (r. 809–813)
Abū Mūsā Muḥammad bin Hārūn al-Amīn (Arabic: أبو موسى محمد بن هارون الأمين; April 787 – 24/25 September 813), better known by just his laqab of al-Amīn
Al-Amin
Abbasid-era library in Baghdad, modern-day Iraq
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
House_of_Wisdom
Tibetan Empire and its vassals, before and after his victory in the Fourth Fitna in 813. Though compelled to offer concessions in exchange for a truce
Tibetan_wars_of_al-Ma'mun
the caliphal army. The term rarely appears in the sources until the Fourth Fitna civil war in the 810s, when it was applied to the Khurasanis of Baghdad
Abna_al-dawla
Abbasid Caliph from 813 to 833
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Ma'mun
Campaign of the Arab-Byzantine Wars
Syrian–Iraqi military elites and created rifts that contributed to the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid civil war that broke out after Harun's death. This conflict
Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)
Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)
Abbasid prince and political leader (766/7 – 813/5)
'Abbasid regime", according to the historian Wilferd Madelung. During the Fourth Fitna, the civil war which broke out in 811 over the succession dispute between
Sulayman_ibn_Abi_Ja'far
869–883 Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Zanj_Rebellion
5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Harun_al-Rashid
Ninth-century slave revolt in Iraq
The Zutt Rebellion was a rebellion by the Zutts, originally inhabitants of the lower Indus Valley (roughly Pakistan), between 810 and 835 in Iraq during
Zutt_Rebellion
Abbasid military commander under al-Ma'mun
Ali ibn Abi Sa'id, also known as Dhu'l-Qalamayn, was an early 9th-century Abbasid official and military commander in the service of Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun
Ali_ibn_Abi_Sa'id
Son of Musa al-Kazim
Zayd ibn Mūsā ibn Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: زيد بن موسى بن جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسين بن علي بن أبي
Zayd_ibn_Musa_al-Kazim
Third Islamic caliphate
caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of fitnas in the capital, often contending with the ayyarun. With the Buyid dynasty
Abbasid_Caliphate
Eighth of the Twelve Shia Imams (766–818)
reputation drew the attention of the Abbasid caliph al-Maʾmun. Following the Fourth Fitna, the caliph faced Shia uprisings. To legitimize his rule, al-Ma'mun summoned
Ali_al-Rida
Governor of Yemen (816-820)
Hamdawayh ibn Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan (Arabic: حمدويه بن علي بن عيسى بن ماهان) was a ninth century military commander for the Abbasid Caliphate. He became
Hamdawayh ibn Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan
Hamdawayh_ibn_Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_Mahan
Qarmatian attack on the Abbasids
the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Fourth ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-36690-2. Madelung
Sack_of_Mecca
Umayyad anti-Abbasid rebel in 813
Abbasid Caliphate in the Hauran and Balqa (Transjordan) in 813, during the Fourth Muslim Civil War, in a bid to claim the caliphate. His revolt followed two
Al-Faddayni
Anti-Abbasid rebel leader (died 815)
Zaydi uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in 814–815, during the Fourth Fitna. His grandfather Ismāʿīl al-Dībāj is the grandson of Hasan al-Mu'thannā
Ibn_Tabataba
8th–9th-century political relationship
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Abbasid–Carolingian_alliance
Abbasid caliph from 750 to 754
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Saffah
Part of the Fourth Fitna (Muslim Civil War)
Siege of Baghdad (812–813) Part of the Fourth Fitna Baghdad in the late 8th/early 9th centuries Date August 812 – 28 September 813 Location Baghdad, Abbasid
Siege_of_Baghdad_(812–813)
Abbasid caliphate general and governor (died 822)
Abbasid Caliphate. Specifically, he served under al-Ma'mun during the Fourth Fitna and led the armies that would defeat al-Amin, making al-Ma'mun the caliph
Tahir_ibn_Husayn
High position of the Abbasid Caliph
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)
9th-century provincial Abbasid governor
Muttalib ibn Abdallah ibn Malik al-Khuza'i (Arabic: مطلب بن عبدالله بن مالك الخزاعي) was a son of the Abbasid general and administrator Abdallah ibn Malik
Muttalib ibn Abdallah ibn Malik
Muttalib_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_Malik
Abbasid civil war battle
many) was fought on May 1, 811 AD as part of an Abbasid civil war (the "Fourth Fitna") between the two half-brothers, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. Caliph Harun
Battle_of_Ray_(811)
17th Abbasid Caliph (r. 902–908)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Muktafi
Abbasid governor of Syria, Damascus from 813 to 824/5
pro-Umayyads in Syria attempted to gain power during the political chaos of the Fourth Muslim Civil War, which pitted the Abbasid contenders for the caliphate
Ibn_Bayhas_al-Kilabi
Son of Musa al-Kazim
rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate in the Yemen in the aftermath of the Fourth Fitna. He later seized control of Mecca in ca. 817, and was subsequently recognized
Ibrahim_ibn_Musa_al-Kazim
Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (r. 946–974)
the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol
Al-Muti'
Umayyad-era Muslim civil war (680–692)
The Second Fitna was the second civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate. It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph
Second_Fitna
Period of religious persecution instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Mihna
Abbasid prince and military leader (843–891)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Muwaffaq
Rashidun-era Muslim civil war (656 to 661)
The First Fitna (Arabic: الفتنة الكبرى) was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment
First_Fitna
Abbasid governor of Ahvaz
Abbasid Caliphate Parent Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi Military service Allegiance Abbasid Caliphate Years of service 809–811 Battles/wars Fourth Fitna
Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi
Muhammad_ibn_Yazid_al-Muhallabi
9th-century rebel of Abbasid government
Abu'l-Sarāyā al-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī (d. 18 October 815) was leader of a Zaydi revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate in Kufa and Iraq in 815. The
Abu'l-Saraya
Abbasid provincial governor and general (died 816)
Harthama ibn A'yan (Arabic: هرثمة بن أعين; died June 816) was a Khurasan-born general and governor of the early Abbasid Caliphate, serving under the caliphs
Harthama_ibn_A'yan
War in Mesopotamia
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Kharijite Rebellions (866–896)
Kharijite_Rebellions_(866–896)
Abbasid governor of Yemen (812–813)
Yazid ibn Jarir ibn Yazid ibn Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri (Arabic: يزيد بن جرير بن يزيد بن خالد بن عبد الله القسري) was a provincial governor for the
Yazid_ibn_Jarir_al-Qasri
751 battle between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang dynasty
righteousness. If it is true that they will deploy their troops in the fourth month, your forces over there should already be aware of it. You must respond
Battle_of_Talas
9th-century self-declared Caliph of the Muslims
Zayd's body] was erected only on the orders of the Buyid wazīr al-Ṣāḥib". Fourth Fitna Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib Momen 1985, p. 55. Daftary 2007, pp
Muhammad_al-Dibaj
Persian Abbasid vizier and official (died 818)
appointed Minister of Finance. Even though he emerged victorious during the Fourth Fitna, al-Ma'mun continued to face several revolts and a considerable resistance
Al-Fadl_ibn_Sahl
Abbasid vizier
of mutual acts that resulted in the outbreak of open civil war (the "Fourth Fitna") between the two brothers. After Ma'mun's forces scored an unexpected
Al-Fadl_ibn_al-Rabi
Abbasid governor of Yemen
Nu'aym ibn al-Waddah al-Azdi (Arabic: نعيم بن الوضاح الأزدي) was a ninth century military commander and governor of the Yemen for the Abbasid Caliphate
Nu'aym_ibn_al-Waddah_al-Azdi
861–870 crisis in the Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Anarchy_at_Samarra
838 Abbasid capture of the Eastern Roman city of Amorium
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Sack_of_Amorium
16th Abbasid Caliph (r. 892–902)
governor of Baghdad in 851–867—and was the mother of Caliph al-Muqtadir, Fitna, mother of Caliph al-Qahir, and Dastanbuwayh, who was probably the mother
Al-Mu'tadid
Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate
point nominated an Alid, Ali ibn Musa al-Rida, as his heir during the Fourth Fitna, this move was not followed up, and under Ma'mun's successors, the two
Alid_revolt_of_762–763
Abbasid governor of Medina and Mecca (811–815)
remained as governor throughout the reign of al-Amin however due to the Fourth Fitna, Later switched his allegiance to the rival al-Ma'mun probably in 812
Dawud ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi
Dawud_ibn_Isa_ibn_Musa_al-Hashimi
Abbasid official and Governor of Khorasan
Children Isa, Husayn Parent Isa ibn Mahan Military service Allegiance Abbasid Caliphate Years of service 780–811 Rank Commander Battles/wars Fourth Fitna
Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_Mahan
Topics referred to by the same term
of Baghdad (812–813), during the Fourth Fitna in the Abbasid Caliphate Siege of Baghdad (865), during the Fifth Fitna in the Abbasid Caliphate Buyid capture
Battle_of_Baghdad
Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (r. 991–1031)
accommodation with the Abbasid caliphate; stories circulated that Ali himself, the fourth caliph and first Shi'a imam, had appeared in a dream prophesying his ascent
Al-Qadir
8th Abbasid caliph (r. 833–842)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Mu'tasim
Abbasid governor and official
and governor of Iraq for Caliph al-Ma'mun (reigned 813–833) during the Fourth Fitna. Hasan's father was an Iranian Zoroastrian convert to Islam. Along with
Al-Hasan_ibn_Sahl
Rebel leader of caliph Al-Ma'mun's era
Jazira against the central Abbasid government during the civil war of the Fourth Fitna. Nasr appears in 811/812, when Caliph al-Amin (r. 809–813) sent his general
Nasr_ibn_Shabath_al-Uqayli
9th-century rebel during Abbasid era (811–813)
al-Amin and al-Ma'mun culminated in a widescale civil war known as the Fourth Fitna. The war caused a power vacuum in the western provinces of the Caliphate
Abu_al-Umaytir_al-Sufyani
Mamluk dynasty in Egypt and Syria (868–905)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Tulunids
Abbasid prince, singer, composer and poet (779–839)
After Ibrahim divorced her, she married Harun al-Rashid. During the Fourth Fitna, Ibrahim was proclaimed caliph on 20 July 817 by the people of Baghdad
Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi
927 raid against the Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq
Senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Amir_al-umara
821–873 Sunni Persian dynasty of Khorasan; Abbasid vassals
of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. For his support of al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna, he was granted the governance of Khorasan. The Tahirids, however, were
Tahirid_dynasty
Second Islamic caliphate (661–750)
governor of Syria, who became caliph after emerging victorious in the First Fitna following the assassination of Ali in 661. Syria remained the Umayyads'
Umayyad_Caliphate
883 battle of the Abbasid decline (861–940)
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Battle_of_Mecca_(883)
Conflict prompted by individuals claiming rightful leadership of a monarchy
the Fitnas, most notably the First Fitna (656–661), the Second Fitna (680–692), the Third Fitna (744–747), the Fourth Fitna (809–827), and the Fitna of
War_of_succession
Military division
Islamic period, until their power was broken in the turmoils of the Fourth Fitna. The jund system in some form seems to have been introduced in Muslim
Jund
central Algeria. The family fell from power during and after the Fourth Fitna (fourth civil war), when the traditional Arab families began to be increasingly
Muhallabids
Garments historically given by Islamic rulers
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Robe_of_honour
First Fitna 680–692 Second Fitna 743–750 Third Fitna 747–750 Abbasid revolution 755 Sunpadh Rebellion 781–805 Tabaristan uprising 809–827 Fourth Fitna 816–837
List_of_conflicts_in_Asia
Arab tribe
Ahmad went with 20,000 tribesmen to the aid of Caliph al-Amin in the Fourth Fitna against al-Ma'mun. Yazid also served twice as governor of Arminiya, a
Banu_Shayban
the Abbasid Revolution Fourth Fitna (811–813): under the reign of the caliph Muhammad Al-Amin of the Abbasid Caliphate Fifth Fitna (865–866); after the
List_of_wars_of_succession
Debeltos (812) – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Siege of Baghdad (812–813) – Fourth Fitna Siege of Mesembria (812) – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars Siege of Adrianople
List_of_sieges
Abbasid caliph from 944 to 946
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Mustakfi
Abbasid general and administrator (died 819)
ibn al-Sindi (son) Kushajim (grandson) Parent Shahak Military service Allegiance Abbasid Caliphate Years of service 792–813 Battles/wars Fourth Fitna
Al-Sindi_ibn_Shahak
8th-century Ispahbadh of Tabaristan
al-Mahdi's concubines, Shakla, was a daughter of Khurshid. In 817, during the Fourth Fitna, the populace of Baghdad turned to their sons to make them caliphs in
Khurshid_of_Tabaristan
Abbasid provincial governor and official (died c.835)
al-Amin, who released them and showed them again some favour. During the Fourth Fitna, Musa sided with al-Amin, fighting in the ranks of the loyalist army
Musa_ibn_Yahya
Abbasid governor of Yemen (811–812)
during the Fourth Fitna. He then returned to Palestine, and is subsequently mentioned as seizing control of al-Ramlah during the chaos of the Fitna. Al-Mad'aj
Muhammad_ibn_Sa'id_al-Kinani
11th-century Abbasid prince and Heir-apparent
al-Mahdi al-Hadi Harun al-Rashid Barmakids Sack of Heraclea al-Amin Fourth Fitna al-Ma'mun Graeco-Arabic translation movement Mu'tazilism and Mihna Samarra
Al-Ghalib
Ancient city in modern Iraq near Ctesiphon and Seleucia
patriarch Timothy I founded a hospital at al-Mada'in in 790. During the Fourth Fitna (809–813) between Caliph al-Amin (r. 809–813), and his brother al-Ma'mun
Al-Mada'in
Abbasid general and governor
Muhammad, was a military commander who sided with Caliph al-Amin in the Fourth Fitna. Crone 1980, p. 191. Bosworth 1989, p. 173. Bosworth 1989, p. 267 (note
Hammad_al-Barbari
operation. 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built. 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War) 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun. 827 – Tomb of Zobeide
Timeline_of_Baghdad
Sub-province of Syrian province in the Arab Caliphate
dinars, but this probably reflects the effects of the civil war of the Fourth Fitna. In terms of troops, under the Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715), 45,000
Jund_Dimashq
Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492)
flourished, as many scholars fled the Abbasid caliphate due to the disastrous Fourth Fitna. The scholar Abbas ibn Firnas made an attempt to fly, though accounts
Al-Andalus
City in Turkey
probably remained in Byzantine hands during the Abbasid civil war of the Fourth Fitna, but returned to Muslim control by 830 when Caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833)
Tarsus,_Mersin
Municipality type D in Nablus, State of Palestine
Samaritan Chronicle of Abu l-Fath. The text mentions an event during the Fourth Fitna (811–819) when a rebel named Abu 'Uf, from the Judham tribe, reached
Salim,_Nablus
as heir apparent after he removed al-Amin's name from coins, starting Fourth Fitna. Executed after al-Ma'mun's capture of Baghdad. 7 al-Ma'mun أبو العباس
List_of_Abbasid_caliphs
7th-century treaty between Makuria and Egypt
were not unheard of. In the 830s, Egypt plunged into turmoil during the Fourth Fitna, and King Zacharias III of Makuria halted payment of the Baqt. When the
Baqt
Political dynasty in South Asia
the wrath of the Caliph, al-Amin on a matter of principle, during the fourth fitna civil war (811 - 813 A.D.). In Iran, his great great great great grandchild
Suhrawardy_family
Calendar year
boundary of Denmark is established at the Eider River.[citation needed] Fourth Fitna: Abbasid caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of
811
– discuss] Fourth Fitna, 809–827, including the Abbasid civil wars and other regional conflicts Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, 944–968 Fitna of al-Andalus
List of non-international armed conflicts
List_of_non-international_armed_conflicts
reputation drew the attention of the Abbasid caliph al-Maʾmun. Following the Fourth Fitna, the caliph faced Shia uprisings. To legitimize his rule, al-Ma'mun summoned
Holiest_sites_in_Islam
President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, and set new elections. This is the fourth colour revolution. 2005: Paraguayan People's Army insurgency. 2005: 15 April
List of revolutions and rebellions
List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions
Siege of Baghdad (812–813), during the Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War) Siege of Baghdad (865), during the Fifth Fitna Battle of Baghdad (946), Buyid–Hamdanid
History_of_Baghdad
Calendar year
Sigered of Essex is reduced to the rank of duke, by his Mercian overlords. Fourth Fitna: Forces loyal to al-Ma'mun, led by Tahir ibn Husayn, blockade Baghdad
812
She was purchased by ʿAlī ibn Hishām, governor of Baghdad during the Fourth Fitna. (The name "al-Hāshimiyya" marked her as part of his household.) They
Mutayyam_al-Hashimiyya
FOURTH FITNA
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