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The Ibadi revolt was an Ibadi Kharijite uprising that occurred in ca. 747–748 against the Umayyad Caliphate. It established the first Ibadi imamate, a
Ibadi_revolt
Third-largest branch of Islam
of Ibadi communities in areas of the Arabian Peninsula, the Maghreb, and sub-Saharan Africa. The followers of the Ibadi sect are known as the Ibadis or
Ibadism
بن عوف الأزدي السليمي) was an Ibadi Kharijite rebel leader who seized control of Mecca and Medina during the Ibadi revolt. Al-Mukhtar hailed from Basra
Abu_Hamza_al-Mukhtar
Kharijite Rebel and leader of Umayyad era
(Arabic: طالب الحق, lit. 'Seeker of the Truth'), was the leader of an Ibadi revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in southern Arabia during the Third Fitna
Talib_al-Haqq
747–750 overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate
on the heels of the Zaydi Revolt in Iraq, but also concurrently with the Berber Revolt in Iberia and Maghreb, the Ibadi revolt in Yemen and Hejaz, and the
Abbasid_revolution
Branch of Islamic theology
Ibāḍī theology refers to the study of God within the Ibāḍī branch of Islam, and shares a path with Islamic theology. Although the school was founded in
Ibadi_theology
Imam
and the Ibadi school until the Ibadi revolt, during which he pledged allegiance to its leader Abdullah bin Yahya al-Kindi. Unlike the Ibadi preachers
Al-Julanda_bin_Masud
Ibadi ruling house in Algeria (777–909)
The Rustamid dynasty (Arabic: الرستميون) was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria. The dynasty
Rustamid_dynasty
uprising, a revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule. 1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion Epirus Revolt of 1878 Cretan Revolt (1878) 1876:
List of revolutions and rebellions
List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions
Early Islamic rebellious sect
Kharijite revolts and their leaders as the anchors of the group identity. These too are hostile to other Kharijite groups. The sources, whether Ibadi, historiographical
Kharijites
740 failed rebellion in the Umayyad Caliphate
Revolts of Zayd ibn Ali (Arabic: الثورات زيد بن علي, romanized: al-Thawrāt Zayd ibn ʿAlī), also known as the Zaydi Revolts, were a series of revolts initially
Revolts_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali
Muslims who reject a 657 arbitration
modern Ibadi authors point to the differences between Ibadi doctrine and some of the more extreme beliefs commonly associated with Kharijites. The Ibadi scholar
Muhakkima
Sasanian reconquest of Yemen 632–633 Ridda wars 744–750 Third Fitna 747–748 Ibadi revolt 1523 Battle of Ash-Shihr (1523) 1531 Battle of al-Shihr (1531) 1548 Battle
List_of_conflicts_in_Asia
Islamic history of the Maghreb
persecution, particularly against its activists and scholars. This forced many Ibadis to seek refuge far from the caliphate's political centers, where they could
Ibadism_in_the_Maghreb
Topics referred to by the same term
The rebellion of al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani in Iraq (745–746) The Ibadi revolt in Arabia (747–748) The rebellion of al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani in
Kharijite_Rebellion
Mountains in Libya
of Jadu in the east. In the aftermath of the great Berber Revolt of the 8th century, Ibadi missionaries that had fled from the Umayyad Caliphate took
Nafusa_Mountains
Umayyad Prince and Governor of Hejaz (died c. 750)
takeover of the two Islamic holy cities by the Kharijites during the Ibadi revolt. He was later executed by the Abbasids after their toppling of the Umayyad
Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Sulayman
Armed uprisings by Muhakkima Secessionists against Ali (657–661)
ISBN 978-2-7451-5673-0. Hoffman, Valerie Jon (2012). The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815650843. Hawting
Kharijite Rebellions (657–661)
Kharijite_Rebellions_(657–661)
Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa
widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in 739–740 under the banner of Ibadi Islam. The Ibadi had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and
Berbers
Kharijite revolt against Ali
The Banu Najiyah Revolt was a Kharijite uprising against the authority of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib led by Al-Khirrit ibn Rashid who
Banu_Najiyah_revolt
atrocities and the desecration of the Grand Mosque of Kairouan provoked the Ibadi Berbers who after capturing Tripoli, occupied Kairouan in 758 putting an
Ourferdjouma
First conflict amongst the Muslims
religious act rather than a mere political rebellion. According to Ibadi historians, the revolt was a necessary response to Uthman ceasing to act with justice
Uprisings_against_Uthman
School of thought within Ibadism
the main branches of Ibadi Islam, founded in 784 by Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin al-Ifrani. Led by Abu Yazid al-Nukkari, they revolted against the ruling
Nukkariyya
Kharijite Berber leader (c. 873–947)
947), was a member of the Ibadi sect. He opposed the Ismaili Shia rule of the Fatimids in North Africa and sought to restore Ibadi dominance in the region
Abu_Yazid
Bilateral relations
Thus, the moderate party formed the Ibadi movement, in which later became the core of Omani culture. The Ibadi is the only surviving force of the Khawarij
Oman–Saudi_Arabia_relations
numerous (Sunnīs make up 87-90% of all Muslims), or relatively small in size (Ibadis, Ismāʿīlīs, Zaydīs). Differences between the groups may not be well known
Islamic_schools_and_branches
Wars in 632. In 751 Ibadi Muslims, a moderate branch of the Kharijites, established an imamate in Oman. Despite interruptions, the Ibadi imamate survived
History_of_Oman
Umayyad-era Muslim civil war (680–692)
large-scale Kharijite uprisings, though smaller offshoots like the Sufriyya and Ibadis persisted in later decades. Following Marwan's accession in June 684, Ibn
Second_Fitna
Rashidun-era Muslim civil war (656 to 661)
that Ali had failed to prioritize the prosecution of Uthman's killers and revolted to demand a new elective council. The two parties fought the Battle of
First_Fitna
7th-century Kharijite military leader
action at Nahrawan. His death was later remembered within Kharijite and Ibadi-oriented traditions as part of a broader martyrdom narrative that emphasized
Zayd_ibn_Hisn_al-Ta'i
Islamic sect
groups such as the Sufri, Azariqa, Bayhasiyya, Ajardi, Najdat, and Ibadi. The Sufri and Ibadi sects are considered the most moderate of the Kharijite groups
Sufri
Ruler of Mecca from 1908 to 1924
Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, King of the Hejaz, even if he refused this title
Hussein,_King_of_Hejaz
Imam
1743) was the sixth of the Yaruba dynasty of Imams of Oman, a member of the Ibadi sect. He held the position of Imam four times during the Omani Civil War
Saif_bin_Sultan_II
Leader of quietist Kharijites of Basra
long time. The Ibadi Kharijites venerate him to this day and see him as a model of principled resistance against tyranny. In the Ibadi political theory
Abu_Bilal_Mirdas
Emir of Ifriqiya (817–838)
763 many of the towns recaptured had to be wrestled from the control of Ibadi militants, a sect now largely subscribed to by the Berbers. The Berbers
Ziyadat_Allah_I_of_Ifriqiya
656 murder of the third Rashidun caliph in Medina
the arrival of the reinforcements. Valerie Jon Hoffman, The Essentials of Ibadi Islam, pg. 8. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780815650843
Assassination_of_Uthman
Abbasid Provincial governor (died 787)
with a massive army. After arriving in Tripoli, Yazid advanced against the Ibadis in early 772 and engaged them in a major battle, killing their leader Abu
Yazid_ibn_Hatim_al-Muhallabi
One of the six geographical and economic regions of Tunisia
remains the principal center of Ibāḍism in North Africa, with remaining Ibāḍī communities on Djerba in Tunisia, in the M'zab in Algeria, and in Jabal
Djerid
Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 1932 to 1970
in suppressing the revolt as not conducive to the cause of Arab nationalism. In 1957, these two countries supported a renewed revolt by the Imam, which
Said_bin_Taimur
Controversy in Islam
from these divisions are Sunni and Shia as well as Ibadi branches of Islam. Sunni Islam and Ibadi Islam asserts that Abu Bakr rightfully succeeded Muhammad
Succession_to_Muhammad
744–750 civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate
civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate. It began with a revolt against al-Walid II in 744, and lasted until 747, when Marwan II emerged
Third_Fitna
Umayyad noble, general, and rebel (died 704)
Sayabija, clients of the Banu Tamim tribe. Even the participation of some Ibadi Kharijites is recorded, as well as the early Qadari leader Ma'bad al-Juhani
Ibn_al-Ash'ath
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
unbelievers. Ibadi hadiths, such as the Jami Sahih collection, use chains of narrators from early Islamic history they consider trustworthy, but most Ibadi hadiths
Islam
Branch of Shia Islam
similar to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, as well as the Ibadi school. Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school, was favorable and
Zaydism
Sub-sect of Kharjite movement
(2010). Muslims, Scholars, Soldiers: The Origin and Elaboration of the Ibadi Imamate Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199738939
Najdat
800–909 Arab dynasty of North Africa and South Italy
province of Qastiliya (the Djerid region), largely inhabited by Ibadi Muslims, revolted, prompting the Aghlabids to recapture Tozeur, its main city, that
Aghlabid_dynasty
Sultan of Oman from 1871 to 1888
concubine. His father appointed him the Wali of Sohar in 1854. In 1861, he revolted against his brother, Thuwaini bin Said, who had succeeded his father as
Turki_bin_Said
Ruling dynasty of the Sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar
interior alienated the Ghafiri tribe, who in 1870 instigated a general revolt led by Salim's uncle Sayyid Turki bin Said.[citation needed] Turki contrived
Al_Bu_Said_dynasty
Imam of the Imamate of Oman
bin Ali would become an effective and determined leader in the imamate's revolt against the sultan of Muscat in the 1950s. Oman was split between the interior
Ghalib_bin_Ali
Muslim scholar and teacher during the Islamic Golden Age
spreading of Islamic truths until he almost single-handedly removed the Ibadi sect from Hadhramaut without ever taking up arms against them. He died in
Ahmad_al-Muhajir
Yemeni Islamic missionary and political activist (c. 1820 – 1901)
a revolt broke out in Manjeri, where the Mappila Muslims attacked the British troops and officials. This was a continuation of the earlier revolt that
Fazal_Pookoya_Thangal
Second Islamic caliphate (661–750)
Iraqi revolt against the Umayyads. Yazid II reversed Umar II's equalization reforms, reimposing the jizya on the mawali, which sparked revolts in Khurasan
Umayyad_Caliphate
Country in North Africa
and the Alid Idrisids in the west. Due to the strict religious nature of Ibadi society, the imams frequently dealt with internal rebellions, which weakened
Algeria
Shia Imam (632–661) and Rashidun caliph (656–661)
Mu'awiya, the Ibadi tradition holds that Ali forfeited his right to lead when he accepted human arbitration at the Battle of Siffin. From the Ibadi perspective
Ali
remains today only in its Ibadi branch, with small minorities in isolated locales throughout the Muslim world. The Ibadis predominate in Oman. In the
History of early Islamic Tunisia
History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia
Sultan of Oman
Salim ibn Rashid al Kharusi was elected imam at Tanuf and spearheaded a revolt against the sultan that combined both Hinawi and Ghafiri tribal groups.[citation
Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Busaidi
Island off of the coast of Tunisia
665 during the invasion of Tunisia by Mu'awiya ibn Hudaij, in which the Ibadi sect prevailed. Then it became "Ifriqiya" after its conquest under the rule
Djerba
Historic region of Northern Africa
ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 771 Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji 771–772 (Ibadi rebel) Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 772–787 Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi
Ifriqiya
10th-century Iraqi Isma'ili missionary
cause. Moreover, the Kutama, unlike most Berbers, were not followers of the Ibadi Kharijite imamate of Tahert; living on the margins of the settled Muslim
Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi'i
secession from Ali. Ibadi Muslims are known as the Ibadis or, as they call themselves, 'The People of Truth and Integrity'. Ibadis are far less numerous
Holiest_sites_in_Islam
8th-century Islamic scholar
al-Fazārī (Arabic: أبومحمد عبدالله بن يزيد الفزاري) (c. 748–795), was an Ibadi scholar of theology hailing from the Arab tribe of Banu Fazara. His works
Abd_Allah_ibn_Yazid_al-Fazari
Family
his compatriot. On his way to Sijilmasa, he subdued Tahert, the nearby Ibadi Kharijite stronghold under the Rustamid dynasty. The army arrived in the
Midrarid_dynasty
Danish Orientalist and historian (1945–2015)
ISBN 978-0-7546-5925-9 The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism (2012). Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-1107018792
Patricia_Crone
Judaism (Hellenistic Judaism) Jewish–Roman wars Great Revolt Provisional government Diaspora Revolt Bar Kokhba Revolt Rabbinic period and Middle Ages Rabbinic Judaism
History of the Jews under Muslim rule
History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule
became a center for learning and culture. Rustamids or Banou Rostom, an Ibadi Islamic berber state, appeared in 776 AD, founded and led initially by Abdurrahman
Algeria_in_the_Middle_Ages
Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171)
collapse of Abbasid power in the Anarchy at Samarra and the subsequent Zanj Revolt, as well as from dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political
Fatimid_Caliphate
Supreme political and religious leadership position
caliph), who in 740 launched an unsuccessful revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate, in which he died. The revolt failed in large part due to lack of support
Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine
Chain of narrators who have transmitted the Hadith
Pavel (2018). "The Origin of the Isnād and al-Mukhtār b. Abī 'Ubayd's Revolt in Kūfa (66-7/685-7)". Al-Qanṭara. 39 (1): 17–48. Schacht, Joseph (1950)
Isnad
Early Islamic rationalist theological sect
Zakat Sawm Hajj Jihad Theology of the Zaydis Muhakkima Theology of the Ibadis Other variants Jabriyya Jahmiyya Mujassimah Murji Mu'tazila Qadariyya Quraniyya
Mu'tazilism
Islamic form of government
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 3) Valerie J. Hoffman, The Essentials of Ibadi Islam (2012), p. 6 Madelung (1997, pp. 32–33) Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014
Caliphate
Country in West Asia
their rule over the highlands from Saada to Taiz, while Hadhramaut was an Ibadi stronghold and rejected all allegiance to the Abbasids in Baghdad. The first
Yemen
State in Islamic Iberia (756–1031 CE)
inhabitants of the al-Rabad suburb of Córdoba rose against Al-Hakam I. After the revolt's suppression, the inhabitants were expelled. Some settled in Fez or Alexandria
Umayyad_state_of_Córdoba
Ethnic group
northern Syria and Al-Batinah Region in Oman. There are small numbers of Ibadi and non-denominational Muslims too. The Druze community is concentrated
Arabs
Fatimid caliph from 934 to 946
of mixed Zenata Berber and Black African descent, and an adherent of the Ibadi Kharijite sect that had been predominant among the Ifriqiyan Berbers before
Al-Qa'im_(Fatimid_caliph)
Mystic practices in Islam
Children Circumcision Democracy Demographics Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Finance Friday prayer Halal
Sufism
Third Islamic caliphate
tensions had simmered for years. According to Ira Lapidus, "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of Merv with
Abbasid_Caliphate
Holiest city in Islam and capital of Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia
Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the Battle of Mecca (1916). Sharif's revolt proved a turning
Mecca
Shia sect of Islam
Zakat Sawm Hajj Jihad Theology of the Zaydis Muhakkima Theology of the Ibadis Other variants Jabriyya Jahmiyya Mujassimah Murji Mu'tazila Qadariyya Quraniyya
Nizari_Isma'ilism
Angel expelled from heaven in Abrahamic religions
Routledge. ISBN 978-0710313560 p. 73 Hoffman, Valerie J. The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. Syracuse University Press, 2012. p. 188 T.C. t.c Istanbul Bilimler
Fallen_angel
(1954–1959) Sultanate of Muscat and Oman United Kingdom Imamate of Oman Ibadi sect Saudi Arabia British Allied victory Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman
List of wars involving the United Kingdom in the 20th century
List_of_wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom_in_the_20th_century
First Islamic caliphate (632–661)
legitimate caliph and reject the first three caliphs as usurpers; while Ibadi Muslims only regard the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, as rightly-guided
Rashidun_Caliphate
Sunni Islamic organisation in India
original on 29 January 2024. Prashanth, M. P. (10 July 2021). "Malabar revolt pushed Muslims back by 100 years: Sunni body". The New Indian Express. Retrieved
Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)
Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(EK_Sunnis)
Sunni school of Islamic theology
Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Muhakkima/Khawarij Azariqa Moderate Kharijites Ibadi Azzabas Nukkari Wahbi Sufri Najdat Nation of Islam Quranism Non-denominational
Ash'arism
Country in North Africa
are Muslims, most of whom belong to the Sunni branch. Small numbers of Ibadi Muslims live in the country. Before the 1930s, the Senussi Sunni Sufi movement
Libya
restlessness to produce the Berber Revolt. He was also faced with a revolt by Zayd ibn Ali. Hisham suppressed both revolts. The Abbasids continued to gain
History_of_Islam
Sunni Islamic reformist movement
challenge" faced by the British during the 1850s. After the defeat of the revolt, the British would fully crush the Mujahidin through a series of expeditions
Salafi_movement
Ethnoreligious group of the Levant
of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis. Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia
Druze
Medieval migrations of Arabs to the Maghreb
the Sunni Arab Aghlabids based in Tunisia were squared off against the Ibadi Berber Rustamids based in Algeria. A third option in the Maghreb opened
Arab migrations to the Maghreb
Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb
Empire around Lake Chad, Africa, c. 700–1902
9th century. Portions of the population may have early on converted to Ibadi Islam, as happened in Gao to the northwest. The early rulers of Kanem approached
Kanem–Bornu_Empire
1618–1651 theater of war
Pius Malekandathil, " From Slumber to Assertion: Maritime Expansion of the Ibadis of Oman and the Responses of Estado da India, 1622-1720", in Michael Hoffmann-Ruff
Thirty Years' War outside Europe
Thirty_Years'_War_outside_Europe
Arabs who adhere to Christianity
Christianity, including the Nabataeans, Lakhmids, Salihids, Tanukhids, Ibadis of al-Hira, and the Ghassanids. In modern times, Arab Christians have played
Arab_Christians
Relations between the two largest Islamic sects
governments in Muslim-majority countries (which were all Sunni regimes except for Ibadi-led Oman, Khomeini's government being the only Shi'i-led country at the
Shia–Sunni_relations
Islamic seminary in Uttar Pradesh, India
established on 15 Muharram 1283 AH / 31 May 1866, in the aftermath of the 1857 revolt, through the efforts of Sayyid Muhammad Abid and other local scholars and
Darul_Uloom_Deoband
Fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam
Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5154-3. Hoffman, Valerie (2012). The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. p. 19. N. Stearns, Peter (2008). "Wahhabism". The Oxford Encyclopedia
Wahhabism
Largest main branch of Islam
Countries by percentage of population practicing Islam. Sunni Shias Ibadi
Sunni_Islam
Ethnoreligious group centered in Syria
army or as Ottoman governors. Moreover, they even initiated the Alawite revolt (1834–35) against the Egyptian rule of the region, which was later suppressed
Alawites
Geocultural region in Asia and Africa
eastern Al-Hasa region and the southern city of Najran. Ibadi Islam is practiced in Oman, where Ibadis constitute around 75% of Muslims. There are also Christian
Arab_world
Muslims from countries in Latin America
1835 Malê Revolt in Bahia, a notable slave revolt in Brazil, had Muslim related practices blended with Afro-Brazilian culture. The revolt was led by
Latin_American_Muslims
many to believe Sebastian would reappear to restore monarchy. The Tepehuán Revolt in 1620s Mexico was an attempt to expel Spanish colonists and priests and
Millenarianism in colonial societies
Millenarianism_in_colonial_societies
Sect of Shia Islam
successor of Abu Hashim. He revolted after the death of his cousin Zayd ibn Ali and his nephew Yahya ibn Zayd. His revolt spread through Iraq into Isfahan
Kaysanites
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
Boy/Male
Muslim
Distinct, Evident, Plain, Wonderful, Marvelous, Unique
Boy/Male
Muslim
Slave of the originator, Servant of the incomparable
Boy/Male
Muslim
The originator
Boy/Male
Indian
Distinct, Evident, Plain, Wonderful, Marvelous, Unique
Biblical
revolting from God
Boy/Male
Indian
Slave of the originator, Servant of the incomparable
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the Norman personal name Aschetil (see Haskell).Stephen Hasket, a soap boiler and merchant of Salem, MA, was a native of Henstridge, Somerset, England. He came to Salem from Exeter, Devon, about 1666. His son Elias, born at Salem, went on to become governor of New Providence, Bahamas, before the people there revolted and sent him back to NY.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Incomparable
Boy/Male
Arabic
Servants; Slaves; Servant of Allah; Worshipper of Allah
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Inventor; Creator
Boy/Male
Muslim
The marvel of time
Boy/Male
Biblical
Revolting from God.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
The Marvel of Time
Surname or Lastname
English, from Welsh
English, from Welsh : from the Welsh personal name Caradog meaning ‘amiable’. A British bearer of this name is recorded in the Latin form Cara(c)tacus and remembered for his leadership of a revolt against the Roman occupation in the 1st century ad.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Parsi
Eternal; Endless; Immortal; Pleasantness
Boy/Male
Muslim
Servant of the incomparable
Boy/Male
Indian
The originator
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT
IBADI REVOLT