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Cave in Greece and Albania
The Sulfur Cave is a cave on the border between Greece and Albania, and an example of the broader phenomenon of sulfuric acid caves. It is known for containing
Sulfur_Cave
Cave in Constanța County, Romania
vents, where sulfur oxidation plays a central role in energy production. The cave's biochemical processes are driven by aerobic elemental sulfur-oxidizing
Movile_Cave
Caves formed by sulfuric acid dissolution of carbonate bedrock
Sulfuric acid caves are caves formed when groundwater containing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) comes into contact with carbonate bedrock, creating a void in the
Sulfuric_acid_cave
Species of spider
thousands of individuals and shared by Prinerigone vagans was found in the Sulfur Cave between Greece and Albania. The discoverers hypothesize that the darkness
Tegenaria_domestica
Microbial mat often found in caves
a toxic sulfur cave called Cueva de Villa Luz (Cave of the Lighted House), in Tabasco, Mexico. Snottites were first discovered in this cave by Jim Pisarowicz
Snottite
Development of 2011 video game
as well as sulfur spikes—stalactites and stalagmites made out of sulfur. Sulfur springs appear on the surface right above sulfur caves, intended to
Development of Minecraft: Java Edition
Development_of_Minecraft:_Java_Edition
Cave in Eddy County, New Mexico, U.S.
believed to occur in the cave. These bacteria feed on the sulfur, iron, and manganese minerals and may assist in enlarging the cave and determining the shapes
Lechuguilla_Cave
Structure created by a spider from silk
to form colonies) and shared by Prinerigone vagans was found in the Sulfur Cave between Greece and Albania. The discoverers hypothesize that the darkness
Spider_web
Cave in Mexico
sulfide is oxidized to colloidal sulfur which gives the water a milky appearance, and creates sulfuric acid. The cave is essentially a maze about two kilometers
Villa_Luz_Cave
Type of cave
A solutional cave, solution cave, or karst cave is usually formed in a soluble rock like limestone, which is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Being
Solutional_cave
Archaeological site
the continued saturation of the sulfur containing clay with the saline water which drips from the roof of the cave results in an improvement in medicinal
Isinuka Mud Caves and Sulphur Pools
Isinuka_Mud_Caves_and_Sulphur_Pools
and sulfur caused a unique process of cave formation. Groundwater set the sulfur free which was oxidized by microorganisms and created sulfuric acid
Toca_da_Boa_Vista
Fish adapted to life in caves
"Predation on cave fish by freshwater crab Avotrichodactylus bidens (Bott, 1969) (Brachyura, Trichodactylidae) in Mexican sulfur cave". Crustaceana.
Cavefish
Locations on Earth sharing environmental conditions with Mars
particular locations on Mars. These include ice caves, the icy fumaroles of Mount Erebus, hot springs, or the sulfur rich mineral deposits of the Rio Tinto region
Mars habitability analogue environments on Earth
Mars_habitability_analogue_environments_on_Earth
Species of bacterium
predominantly composed of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. Sulfide oxidation produces sulfuric acid, which dissolves the limestone walls of the cave. Microcrystalline
Acidithiobacillus_thiooxidans
of longest caves by country includes the longest-known natural cave per country. To be listed, the caves must have been surveyed to cave surveying standards
List of longest caves by country
List_of_longest_caves_by_country
Poisonous and flammable gas
by its ability to reduce sulfur dioxide in the Claus process. Hydrogen sulfide burns in oxygen with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water:
Hydrogen_sulfide
Natural void under a planetary surface
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid). The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface. Caves formed
Cave
Creature in Polish folklore
finally being defeated by the king's sons using decoy cows stuffed with sulfur. But the younger prince ("Krak the younger" or "Krak junior") murdered his
Wawel_Dragon
Cave near Naples, Italy
nature as the cave and boils in several places due to the great heat of sulfur. Curiosity drove me to investigate how high the venom in the cave might be from
Cave_of_Dogs
Volcano in Romania
(Gyilkos-barlang) which mean "killer cave" while Puturosu means "stinky" - and local legends of a "gate to hell". Former alum and sulfur mines east of Ciomadul were
Ciomadul
Microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds
Sulfur-reducing_bacteria
Place in Andhra Pradesh, India
the cave is 12 m (39 ft) and it stretches to about 200 m (660 ft). The average temperature of the inner cave wall is about 16 °C (61 °F). Sulfur springs
Borra_Caves
Species of insect
the cave due to the number of hazards inside (lack of a natural opening, high levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, etc.). The cave also
Nepa_anophthalma
National park in South Dakota, United States
in Wind Cave. These calcite fins were once cracks filling gypsum and anhydrite. Calcite-gypsum pseudomorphs are common. The released sulfuric acid weakened
Wind_Cave_National_Park
National park in New Mexico, United States
gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process, as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park
Overview of and topical guide to caves
limestone by carbonic acid, but some caves, such as Lechuguilla, have instead been formed from the bottom up via sulfuric acid released from oil reservoirs
Outline_of_caves
Means by which some organisms create energy
abundant reduced sulfur species and low concentrations of oxygen. These include marine sediments, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, sulfidic caves, oxygen minimum
Microbial_oxidation_of_sulfur
Lake in Turkmenistan
rich in sulfur. The water is transparent with a shade of bluish green. Bats, rodents, birds, and about 50 invertebrate species inhabit the cave. Bathing
Kow_Ata
Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more weathering-resistant
Karst
Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
(spḗlaion) 'cave' and θέμα (théma) 'deposit') is a geological formation made by mineral deposits that accumulate over time in natural caves. They can take
Speleothem
Type of molten-salt battery
A sodium–sulfur (NaS) battery is a type of molten-salt battery that uses liquid sodium and liquid sulfur electrodes. This type of battery has a similar
Sodium–sulfur_battery
Cave near Ramla, Israel
bacterium which feeds on sulfur which serves as the only organic matter available for the next higher level of organisms to feed on. The cave has offered an ecological
Ayalon_Cave
Biological process
that include conspicuous or biogeochemically important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, the Campylobacterota, the Aquificota, the
Chemosynthesis
Group of phototrophic bacteria
Schwabe S (August 2005). "Characterization of purple sulfur bacteria from the South Andros Black Hole cave system: highlights taxonomic problems for ecological
Purple_bacteria
Soft calcium sulfate mineral
publicized gypsum's use as a fertilizer. Gypsum may act as a source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost
Gypsum
Genus of bacteria
Beggiatoa are chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizers, using reduced sulfur species as an energy source. They live in sulfur-rich environments such as soil
Beggiatoa
Underwater cave formation
similar formations exist in other caves. In a certain depth range, such structures cover the entire surface of the cave including submerged tree trunks
Hells_Bells_(cave_formations)
Type of organism
inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, elemental sulfur, ammonium and ferrous oxide as reducing agents and hydrogen sources for
Chemolithoautotroph
Acetylene-burning lamps
used in mining in the early twentieth century. They are still employed by cavers, hunters, and cataphiles. In 1892, Thomas Willson discovered an economically
Carbide_lamp
Sulfate mineral
epsomite, melanterite, gypsum and native sulfur. Occurrences include Mount Vesuvius, Italy and Alum Cave, Sevier County, Tennessee. Warr, L.N. (2021)
Alum-(K)
South African legendary creature
to descend into the cave until he reached a ledge. There, he saw tunnels leading further in and smelled a strong scent of sulfur, but dropped his electric
Grootslang
2026 film by Christopher Nolan
materials more expensive to obtain, such as blackened bronze, silver, and sulfur. The Cyclops was achieved via a combination of animatronics, puppetry, and
The_Odyssey_(2026_film)
Mineraloid and minor gemstone
to changes in temperature. Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen, with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. Other elements are found at
Jet_(gemstone)
Mercury mine in California
Bay. Beginning in 1856, the mine was first worked for borax. Mining for sulfur began in 1865, and produced 2,000,000 pounds (909,090 kg) in four years
Sulphur_Bank_Mine
Comune in Sicily, Italy
Montedoro has been inhabited by Sicani and then by Siculi. There are stone cave tombs ("tombe a forno") in the districts of Monte Ottavio, Mulinello, Palombaro
Montedoro
American earth scientist
Philip C. Bennett (2004). "Microbial contributions to cave formation: New insights into sulfuric acid speleogenesis". Geology. 32 (5): 369. Bibcode:2004Geo
Annette_Summers_Engel
Transparent variety of gypsum
salt flats, salt springs, and caves. It is frequently found in conjunction with other minerals such as, copper ores, sulfur and sulfides, silver, iron ores
Selenite_(gypsum)
Sulfate mineral
and halite. On occasion in some localities, it may also be found with sulfur inclusions. The mineral is found worldwide, usually in small quantities
Celestine_(mineral)
Deep blue pigment
carbonate, and sulfur. The product is at first white, but soon turns green "green ultramarine" when it is mixed with sulfur and heated. The sulfur burns, and
Ultramarine
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for carbon fixation instead of water and produces sulfur as a byproduct instead of oxygen. This is known as a Canfield ocean, and
Boring_Billion
Peninsula in North America
may have been expelled from her group and was killed in the cave, or was left in the cave to die there".[citation needed] The newly discovered skeleton
Yucatán_Peninsula
Ötzi by Yazigi et al. (2026). Stewart, Diamond & Allman (2026) identify sulfur emissions from contact metamorphism during emplacement of large igneous
2026_in_paleontology
Process of extracting copper from the ground
refined copper. Precious metals and sulfuric acid are often valuable by-products of copper refining. On the contrary, sulfuric acid is also needed consumable
Copper_extraction
Unincorporated community in Alabama, United States
Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, and more from 1820 to the 1930s. The sulfur springs were renowned for their curative properties. More than the health
Blount_Springs,_Alabama
Black and white variety of agate
and opal, and misleadingly to materials with contorted banding, such as "cave onyx" and "Mexican onyx". Onyx comes through Latin (of the same spelling)
Onyx
Chemical compound of calcium
production: Solid sprays or slurries of calcium oxide can be used to remove sulfur dioxide from exhaust streams in a process called flue-gas desulfurization
Calcium_oxide
Asphalt pit or asphalt lake
weight is 80.2% carbon, 7.5% hydrogen, 7.6% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 3.0% sulfur. The La Brea Tar Pits is located in Los Angeles. The petroleum that is seen
Tar_pit
American creationist (1933–1999)
believed that the Ark of the Covenant had been secreted away safely in a cave, and would reappear shortly before Jesus's second coming. Wyatt retained
Ron_Wyatt
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
types. Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. This application was first
Manganese
Marine cavern or sinkhole, open to the surface, in carbonate bedrock
below sea level for most of their depth and may provide access to submerged cave passages. Well-known examples are the Blue Hole of Dahab in the Red Sea,
Blue_hole
Sulfate mineral
silicates. It also occurs in volcanic sublimates, in native sulfur deposits and rarely in caves. It occurs in association with basaluminite, gibbsite, epsomite
Aluminite
Volcano in Batangas, Philippines
low-level unrest of the volcano with the increase of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission. Abnormal spike of sulfur in the atmosphere was measured up to 12,125 tons
Taal_Volcano
Tribe of birds in the swift family
echolocation to navigate in total darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they roost at night and breed. The nests of some species are built
Swiftlet
Lake in Hévíz, Zala County, Hungary
lake, with its waters originating from two springs in a 38 m (125 ft) deep cave. The flow of water is very strong and the water in the lake is completely
Lake_Hévíz
in Monterey Square, which is falling victim to the ravages of acid rain, sulfur, and bacteria. At the house, we meet up with homeowner Mills Fleming, who
List of This Old House episodes (seasons 11–20)
List_of_This_Old_House_episodes_(seasons_11–20)
Ongoing armed conflict in the Middle East
volatile organic compounds, and 1% of emissions from ammonia, anitrogen and sulfur oxides. The is 5 times more than the average area burned annually over the
Gaza_war
Underground thermal lake in southeastern Albania
The cave’s formation is unusual, as the lake’s mineral-rich water contains hydrogen sulfide, which oxidizes upon contact with air, producing sulfuric acid
Lake_Neuron
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty
Geography_of_Slovakia
Historical science of gases
dates as early as 1806 Other historical names: hepatic air, hydrogenated sulfur supersulphuretted hydrogene Vitriolic acid gas marsh gas / marsh air Other
Factitious_airs
Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface
otherwise ill-suited to a warmer local climate. Sulfur springs contain a high level of dissolved sulfur or hydrogen sulfide in the water. Historically
Spring_(hydrology)
S.; Zhu, L.; Bottrell, S. H.; Hesselbo, S. P. (2026). "Pulsed volcanic sulfur emissions linked to the end-Triassic terrestrial crisis". Science Advances
2026_in_paleobotany
Magazine. Retrieved January 16, 2026. DFlux, Anabel (September 26, 2025). "Ov Sulfur announce new album Endless, debut latest single "Evermore" and video". Lambgoat
List_of_2026_albums
Process of separating gold from silver
largely obsolete process of removing silver from gold using concentrated sulfuric acid. Cupellation removes gold and silver from mixtures containing lead
Gold_parting
Genus of bacteria
Thiothrix is a genus of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, related to the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. They are usually Gram-negative (but can be
Thiothrix
Volcanic eruption on Martinique
with boiling water were heard from deep underground. The strong smell of sulfur was all over the city, 6.4 km (4.0 mi) away from the volcano, causing discomfort
1902_eruption_of_Mount_Pelée
Experimental device
Guericke generated static electricity with a device that used a sphere of sulfur. Francis Hauksbee developed a more advanced electrostatic generator around
Franklin's electrostatic machine
Franklin's_electrostatic_machine
Materials used to make red colors in painting
Vermilion was created in the 9th century with a compound of mercury and sulfur. At present the great majority of red pigments are made artificially, rather
Red_pigments
Ignitable, reactive, corrosive and/or toxic unwanted or unusable materials
compounds. Reactions in the furnace can also form hydrochloric acid gas and sulfur dioxide. To avoid releasing hazardous gases and solid waste suspended in
Hazardous_waste
Volcanic eruption in the Philippines
eruptions. Volcanic activity increased throughout May. Measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions showed a rapid increase from 500 t (550 short tons) per
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo
Habitability of the celestial bodies of the Solar System
attributed the spectroscopic signal that was interpreted as phosphine to sulfur dioxide, or found that in fact there was no absorption line. Earth is the
Planetary habitability in the Solar System
Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System
Type of waterproof boot
in 1852 Hiram Hutchinson met Charles Goodyear, who had just invented the sulfur vulcanisation process for natural rubber. Hutchinson bought the patent to
Wellington_boot
Legendary creature
bearing twin goatlike horns. He is said to have breathed fire and smelled of sulfur. It was believed that eclipses were caused by Gorynych temporarily swallowing
Dragon
Volcanic supereruption 74,000 years ago in Indonesia
Petrological constraints on sulfur emission yielded a wide range from 1×1013 to 1×1015 g, depending on the existence of separate sulfur gas in the Toba magma
Youngest_Toba_eruption
Genus of bacteria
This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus
Acidithiobacillus
Comune in Sicily, Italy
Historically, the town has had a considerable agricultural trade, and there are sulfur and other mines in the neighborhood. It is regionally famous for the "Easter
Favara,_Sicily
State in eastern India
spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulfur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin
Jharkhand
Volcano in Washington, U.S.
area of 230 square miles (600 km2). More than 1.5 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide were released into the atmosphere. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index
Mount_St._Helens
Local set of atmospheric conditions that differ significantly from the surrounding area
characterization of a karstic cave human impact on microenvironmental parameters of a prehistoric rock art cave (Candamo Cave, northern Spain). Environmental
Microclimate
Sedimentary carbonate rock containing a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
by sulfuric acid. Calcium carbonate speleothems (secondary deposits) in the forms of stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone etc., can also form in caves within
Dolomite_(rock)
List of episodes from the 1970s television show, "Emergency!"
Donnelly Preston Wood September 20, 1975 (1975-09-20) During a drill using sulfur trioxide, a firefighter is injured and Roy is exposed to the toxic, corrosive
List_of_Emergency!_episodes
Fourth planet from the Sun
with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur, are much more common on Mars than on Earth; these elements were probably
Mars
Species of plant with edible seeds
fertilizer input conditions, although phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur may be used for nutrient-poor soils. Below is a list of the most common
Lentil
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Dalarna County, Sweden
After the ore had been transported out of the mine it was roasted to reduce sulfur content in open hearths. The thick, poisonous smoke produced would be a
Falun_Mine
"Psychosocial" Slipknot 2008 Nu-Metal Slipknot 01 Dec 8, 2009 No None "Sulfur" Slipknot 2008 Nu-Metal Slipknot 01 Dec 8, 2009 No None "I Am a Rock" Simon
List of downloadable songs for the Rock Band series
List_of_downloadable_songs_for_the_Rock_Band_series
Fictional deity in the Cthulhu Mythos
and to him I prayed. Notes Price: "The name already carried a whiff of sulfur: Sheol was the name for the Netherworld mentioned in the Bible and the Gilgamesh
Shub-Niggurath
Southern Washington stratovolcano
the more well known caves include the Cheese Cave, Ice Cave, and Deadhorse Caves. Cheese Cave has the largest bore of the caves near Adams with a diameter
Mount_Adams_(Washington)
Small to medium-sized cavity inside rock
basaltic vug Nestled in its matrix vug are five golden-yellow crystals of sulfur In an open pocket in a matrix of limonite there is a cluster of deep robin's-egg
Vug
American poet and translator (1935–2021)
noted in particular for his translations of César Vallejo and his studies of cave painting and the Paleolithic imagination. Eshleman's work has been awarded
Clayton_Eshleman
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex
Potassium
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