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Receptor models to explain drug behavior
Receptor theory is the application of receptor models to explain drug behavior. Pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors
Receptor_theory
Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are proteins that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals
Receptor_(biochemistry)
Type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks a biological response
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than
Receptor_antagonist
Chemical which binds to and activates a biochemical receptor
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to
Agonist
British physiologist
receptor theory, and as the origin of the concept of "receptive substance". In 1901, he advanced research in neurotransmitters and chemical receptors
John_Newport_Langley
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Adrenergic_receptor
Agent in biochemistry
shown in the figure 2). Agonist Receptor antagonist Autoreceptor Kenakin T (April 2004). "Principles: receptor theory in pharmacology". Trends in Pharmacological
Inverse_agonist
Alternate scientific theory of scent perception
vibration theory is discussed in a popular but controversial book by Chandler Burr. The odor character is encoded in the ratio of activities of receptors tuned
Vibration_theory_of_olfaction
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR) is a glutamate receptor and a predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons. The NMDA receptor is
NMDA_receptor
Branch of pharmacology
PMID 20880390. Ruffolo RR (December 1982). "Review important concepts of receptor theory". Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology. 2 (4): 277–295. doi:10.1111/j
Pharmacodynamics
Chemoreceptors expressed in cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons
Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible
Olfactory_receptor
Drug class
A κ-opioid receptor agonist, or simply KOR agonist or kappa agonist, is a drug which acts as an agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), the target of
Κ-Opioid_receptor_agonist
Neuropsychological theory
Odotope theory, also known as weak shape theory, is a theory of how olfactory receptors bind to odor molecules. The theory proposes that a combination
Odotope_theory
Scientific theory about scent perception
interactions with receptors, as ligands have been shown to interact with ligands without being in their conformation of lowest energy. While this theory of odorant
Docking_theory_of_olfaction
Receptors that respond to gamma-aminobutyric acid
of GABA receptors: GABAA and GABAB. GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors); whereas GABAB receptors are G protein-coupled
GABA_receptor
Drug discovery
Ahlquist's dual receptor theory. The drugs that were the outcome of this project, from propranolol to atenolol, helped to establish the receptor theory among scientist
Discovery and development of beta-blockers
Discovery_and_development_of_beta-blockers
Science of drugs and medications and their effects
Prüll CR, Halliwell RF (August 2002). "The emergence of the drug receptor theory". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 1 (8): 637–41. doi:10.1038/nrd875
Pharmacology
Generally accepted theory published in 1900 to explain immune response in living cells
binding of the receptor to an infectious agent was like the fit between a lock and key. He published the first part of his side-chain theory in 1897, and
Side-chain_theory
nerve cells. Langley is known as one of the fathers of the chemical receptor theory, and as the origin of the concept of "receptive substance". Towards
History_of_neuroscience
Dutch pharmacologist (1918–2002)
contributions to understanding receptors function and the mathematical modeling of ligand–receptor interactions (receptor theory). Additionally, Ariëns was
Everhardus_Jacobus_Ariëns
Concept in biology, precursor to chemotherapy
concept called "side-chain theory". (Later in 1900, he revised his concept as "receptor theory".) Based on his new theory, he postulated that in order
Magic_bullet_(medicine)
Theory about pain and the nervous system
specificity theory and the peripheral pattern theory, the gate control theory is considered to be one of the most influential theories of pain. This theory provided
Gate_control_theory
German physician and scientist (1854–1915)
the following years Ehrlich expanded his side chain theory using concepts ("amboceptors", "receptors of the first, second and third order", etc.) which
Paul_Ehrlich
Basic taste
sweetness is the multipoint attachment theory, which involves multiple binding sites between a sweetness receptor and a sweet substance. Newborn human infants
Sweetness
Beta blocker drug
The Guardian. Quirke V (January 2006). "Putting theory into practice: James Black, receptor theory and the development of the beta-blockers at ICI, 1958-1978"
Propranolol
Type of pharmacology
starting at about the end of the 19th century. The development of receptor theory at the start of the 20th century and later developments led to better
Clinical_pharmacology
Law concerning the effects of pharmaca or poisons in concentrations
the early days of pharmacology. However, the concepts Hormesis and Receptor Theory eventually supplanted such "laws" as a more complete and well-defined
Arndt–Schulz_rule
Surface protein important to the immune system
In immunology, an Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells – including, among others, B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells,
Fc_receptor
Subclass of purinergic P2 receptors
be P2Y receptors when they were cloned, when in fact they are not. Receptor (biochemistry) Purinergic signalling Membrane protein Receptor theory Abbracchio
P2Y_receptor
Measure of relative response to a drug
Bindslev (2008). Stephenson RP (December 1956). "A modification of receptor theory". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 11 (4): 379–393
Intrinsic_activity
Sense that detects smells
number of competing theories regarding the mechanism of odor coding and perception. According to the shape theory, each receptor detects a feature of
Sense_of_smell
""Receptive Substances": John Newport Langley (1852–1925) and his Path to a Receptor Theory of Drug Action". Medical History. 48 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1017/s0025727300000090
Classification of peripheral nerves
Classification_of_peripheral_nerves
Medicine preventing a biological response
carried out by four major mechanisms, namely chemical, pharmacokinetic, receptor and physiological antagonism. The four mechanisms are widely used in reducing
Drug_antagonism
Italian-Argentinian Bioelectronics and fragrance scientist
results found with the musk receptor OR5AN1. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that the proposed vibration theory of olfaction does not apply
Luca_Turin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1
Substance that binds to a receptor to change its response to stimuli
allosteric modulators are a group of substances that bind to a receptor to change that receptor's response to stimuli. Some of them, like benzodiazepines or
Allosteric_modulator
Regulation of enzyme activity
allosteric modulator) is a substance that binds to a site on an enzyme or receptor distinct from the active site, resulting in a conformational change that
Allosteric_regulation
Model of the immune system response to infection
The clonal selection theory can be summarised with the following four tenets: Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity
Clonal_selection
Radioactive biochemical substance used for diagnosis or for study of receptor systems
J. (1997, July 31). THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RECEPTOR CHARACTERIZATION AND DRUG ANALYSIS [Review of THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RECEPTOR CHARACTERIZATION AND
Radioligand
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate
Dopamine_receptor
Psychological ethological theory
Attachment theory posits that infants need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival and to develop healthy
Attachment_theory
Group of receptors to cannabinoid compounds
Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system of vertebrates– a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled
Cannabinoid_receptor
American pharmacist and pharmacologist (1914–1983)
S2CID 33152970. Quirke V (January 2006). "Putting theory into practice: James Black, receptor theory and the development of the beta-blockers at ICI, 1958-1978"
Raymond_P._Ahlquist
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine
The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is encoded by the
Κ-opioid_receptor
Ability of biomolecules to bind specific ligands
Bibcode:2004JASMS..15..233P. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2003.10.009. PMID 14766290. "drug_receptor_theory [TUSOM | Pharmwiki]". tmedweb.tulane.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-11. Maity
Chemical_specificity
Class of antidepressant medication
5-HT7 receptor antagonism, could, in theory, have the potential to prove more effective than pure SRIs. Alternatively, antagonism of 5-HT3 – a receptor that
Serotonin modulator and stimulator
Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulator
Krause found a receptor that responds to gentle vibration in 1860. Moritz Schiff was first to definitively formulate the specificity theory of pain when
Pain_theories
Chemical that binds permanently to a receptor
association of an agonist to a receptor is reversible, whereas the binding of an irreversible agonist to a receptor is, at least in theory, irreversible. Oxymorphazone
Irreversible_agonist
Possessing of three independent channels for conveying color information
types of color receptors (called cone cells in vertebrates) with different absorption spectra. In actuality, the number of such receptor types may be greater
Trichromacy
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
Voltage- gated Ca++ channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite A neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
Diminished responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure
decreased dopamine receptor response. On a cellular level, dopamine receptor desensitization involves G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases and phosphorylation
Desensitization_(psychology)
Category of drug
A GABA receptor agonist is a drug that is an agonist for one or more of the GABA receptors, producing typically sedative effects, and may also cause other
GABA_receptor_agonist
Cascade of intracellular and molecular events for transmission/amplification of signals
generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise
Signal_transduction
Clusters of receptor proteins
Paired receptors are pairs or clusters of receptor proteins that bind to extracellular ligands but have opposing activating and inhibitory signaling effects
Paired_receptors
Drug class
5-HT2A receptor agonist, or simply 5-HT2A agonist, is a drug which acts as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. The serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is one
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist
Serotonin_5-HT2A_receptor_agonist
British physiologist (1886–1977)
supervision of John Newport Langley, is a landmark in the history of receptor theory, because the context for the derivation was the binding of nicotine
Archibald_Hill
Chemical compound
Naphthylaminopropane Quirke V (January 2006). "Putting theory into practice: James Black, receptor theory and the development of the beta-blockers at ICI, 1958-1978"
Pronethalol
French neuroscientist (born 1936)
the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection and the global neuronal workspace theory for conscious processing are
Jean-Pierre_Changeux
Substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule
the function of the receptor that triggers a physiological response is called a receptor agonist. Ligands that bind to a receptor but fail to activate
Ligand_(biochemistry)
Proposed theory on the origins of COVID-19
Many scenarios proposed for a lab leak are characteristic of conspiracy theories. Central to many is a misplaced suspicion based on the proximity of the
COVID-19_lab_leak_theory
Compounds found in cannabis
suggests additional receptors may exist. The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. The endocannabinoid
Cannabinoid
Drug whose use induces sleep
histamine H1 receptor antagonism, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonism, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism, and/or dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. While
Hypnotic
Distortion of the perception of smell
olfactory receptor neurons. The central theory refers to integrative centers in the brain forming a distorted odor. In phantosmia, the peripheral theory refers
Dysosmia
German physiologist (1834–1918)
the zone theory that synthesizes both descriptions as one, where the Young-Helmholtz theory describes the interaction of light with receptors and Hering
Ewald_Hering
Change in the heritable traits of populations
biodiversity at every level of biological organisation. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by two British
Evolution
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
wavelengths of light and explained colour vision in terms of three-coloured receptors in the eye. In 1816 André-Marie Ampère gave Augustin-Jean Fresnel an idea
Light
The history of electrovibration goes back to 1954. It was first discovered by accident and E. Mallinckrodt, A. L. Hughes and W. Sleator Jr. reported “that
Electrovibration
How drugs induce reversible suppression of consciousness
believed to be GABAA receptor, with particular β subunits playing a crucial role. The concept of specific interactions between receptors and drugs first introduced
Theories of general anaesthetic action
Theories_of_general_anaesthetic_action
Physiological capacity
information to and from the brain and body), the different types of sensory receptor cells (such as mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors)
Sense
Scottish doctor and pharmacologist (1924–2010)
outstanding contributions, based on fundamental considerations of receptor theory, to the development of new drugs of clinical importance. Introduced
James_Black_(pharmacologist)
Class of neurotransmitter modulators
In pharmacology, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, also known as GABAkines or GABAA receptor potentiators, are positive allosteric modulator
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator
serotonergic psychedelics or classical hallucinogens, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and include the following: Tryptamines such as psilocybin, psilocin
List_of_hallucinogens
Hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drug
to and activating a receptor in the brain called the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, and hence are a type of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist. By activating
Psychedelic_drug
Type of organic compounds
ubiquitous and widespread. Binding to the Mas-related G protein–coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in cutaneous mast cell is the only proven mechanism of direct
Histamine_liberators
Cell membrane engulfing a large particle
cell or plasma origin. Non-opsonic receptors include lectin-type receptors, Dectin receptor, or scavenger receptors. Some phagocytic pathways require a
Phagocytosis
Interpretation of sensory information
perceiver. Although people have traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the
Perception
Aspect of learning procedure
gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia recruits both NMDA receptor-dependent enhancement and NMDA receptor-dependent depression of the reflex". The Journal of
Classical_conditioning
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
emerging from the interaction of patterns with receptor systems (e.g.: in molecular or neural receptors capable of interacting with specific patterns,
Information
Scientific model
observation that a large number of antipsychotics have dopamine-receptor antagonistic effects. The theory, however, does not posit dopamine overabundance as a complete
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia
Proteins that mediate programmed cell death
PMID 15044679. Mehlen, Patrick (December 2010). "Dependence Receptors: The Trophic Theory Revisited". Science Signaling. 3 (151) pe47. doi:10.1126/scisignal
Dependence_receptor
Class of psychoactive drugs that produce empathic experiences
such as induction of dopamine and norepinephrine and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonism, which contributes to their effects as well. It is thought that
Entactogen
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
artificial receptor binding barbiturates by six complementary hydrogen bonds was published. Since this first article, different kind of receptors were designed
Barbiturate
Sense of chemicals on the tongue
stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste
Taste
Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet
that defines IgM type Antibodies In pharmacology: An important opiate receptor In orbital mechanics: Standard gravitational parameter of a celestial body
Mu_(letter)
Topics referred to by the same term
Axiom of extensionality Extensible cardinal Extension (model theory) Extension (proof theory) Extension (predicate logic), the set of tuples of values that
Extension
Compressed form of cannabis resin
Pharmacology Cannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid receptor 1 Cannabinoid receptor 2 Endocannabinoids (activate cannabinoid receptors) 2-AG Anandamide NADA Virodhamine
Hashish
Psychedelic drug
to several serotonin receptors, especially the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, and to a lesser extent dopamine and adrenergic receptors. Neuroimaging studies
LSD
Eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet
the absolute mean value. In biology, the sigma receptor (σ–receptors) is a type of cell surface receptor. In biochemistry, the σ factor (or specificity
Sigma
Protein found in humans
Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), also called the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) is a protein that in humans is
Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor
Insulin-like_growth_factor_2_receptor
Organic chemical and neurotransmitter
muscarinic receptors in an inhibitory fashion in the brain (especially the M1 receptor) can cause delirium, hallucinations, and amnesia through receptor antagonism
Acetylcholine
Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
vasopressin V1A receptor agonism rather than by oxytocin receptor agonism. Conversely, other studies have implicated oxytocin receptor agonism in these
Oxytocin
Dissociative anesthetic and anti-depressant
Ketamine is a cyclohexanone-derived general anesthetic and NMDA receptor antagonist with analgesic and hallucinogenic properties, used medically for anesthesia
Ketamine
The de novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation is a hypothesis about the formation of the physical correlates of memory in the brain. It is widely
De novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation
De_novo_protein_synthesis_theory_of_memory_formation
Postulated existence of three photoreceptor types in the eye
Young–Helmholtz theory (based on the work of Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the 19th century), also known as the trichromatic theory, is a theory of trichromatic
Young–Helmholtz_theory
Chemical compound found in some species of mushrooms
non-selective agonist of the serotonin receptors. Activation of one serotonin receptor, the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, is specifically responsible for the
Psilocybin
Medication
on theory and animal studies. In addition to the opioid receptors, naltrexone binds to and acts as an antagonist of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFR)
Naltrexone
Model of aging as a trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA maintenance
In biogerontology, the disposable soma theory of aging states that organisms age due to an evolutionary trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA
Disposable soma theory of aging
Disposable_soma_theory_of_aging
Variable region of an antibody or a T-cell receptor
is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore
Idiotype
Conscious subjective experience
theories symbolic interactionist theories dramaturgical theories ritual theories power and status theories stratification theories exchange theories This
Emotion
modern theory, for which he and Jacob shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with André Lwoff). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor Index
Enzyme induction and inhibition
Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition
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RECEPTOR THEORY