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Notation for conserved quantities in physics and chemistry
system, the quantum number is said to be "good", and acts as a constant of motion in the quantum dynamics. In the era of the old quantum theory, starting
Quantum_number
Quantum number denoting orbital angular momentum
In quantum mechanics, the azimuthal quantum number ℓ is a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes
Azimuthal_quantum_number
Quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum
In chemistry and quantum mechanics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number (designated s) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular
Spin_quantum_number
Number assigned to each electron shell in an atom
In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (n) of an electron in an atom indicates which electron shell or energy level it is in. Its values are
Principal_quantum_number
Number describing angular momentum along an axis
In atomic physics, a magnetic quantum number is a quantum number used to distinguish quantum states of an electron or other particle according to its angular
Magnetic_quantum_number
Physical quantities with discrete values
In physics, a topological quantum number (also called topological charge) is any quantity, in a physical theory, that takes on only one of a discrete set
Topological_quantum_number
In quantum mechanics, the eigenvalue q {\displaystyle q} of an observable O {\displaystyle O} is said to be a good quantum number if the observable O {\displaystyle
Good_quantum_number
Flavour quantum number
Charm (symbol C) is a flavour quantum number representing the difference between the number of charm quarks (c) and charm antiquarks (c) that are present
Charm_(quantum_number)
Quantum number related to rotational symmetry
In quantum mechanics, the total angular momentum quantum number parametrises the total angular momentum of a given particle, by combining its orbital angular
Total angular momentum quantum number
Total_angular_momentum_quantum_number
Area of physical and philosophical debate
interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Quantum mechanics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Species of elementary particle
Due to their quantum description, flavour states may also undergo quantum superposition. In atomic physics the principal quantum number of an electron
Flavour_(particle_physics)
Mathematical entity to describe the probability of each possible measurement on a system
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that represents a physical system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction, evolution
Quantum_state
of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics. The major chapters of this history begin with the emergence of quantum ideas
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
A quantum computer is a computer that represents and processes information using quantum states. Quantum computations exploit phenomena such as superposition
Quantum_computing
Quantum mechanics principle
four of their quantum numbers, which are: n, the principal quantum number; ℓ, the azimuthal quantum number; mℓ, the magnetic quantum number; and ms, the
Pauli_exclusion_principle
Type of quantum number
In quantum field theory, multiplicative quantum numbers are conserved quantum numbers of a special kind. A given quantum number q is said to be additive
Multiplicative_quantum_number
Physics phenomenon
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon in which the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others
Quantum_entanglement
Periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule
quantum number that can take values of 0, 1, 2, ... In molecular spectroscopy where several types of molecular energy are studied and several quantum
Molecular_vibration
Principle of quantum mechanics
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are
Quantum_superposition
Interdisciplinary research area
Quantum machine learning (QML) is the study of quantum algorithms for machine learning. It often refers to quantum algorithms for machine learning tasks
Quantum_machine_learning
Fact that observing a situation changes it
effect occurs in quantum mechanics, as demonstrated by the double-slit experiment. Physicists have found that observation of quantum phenomena by a detector
Observer_effect_(physics)
Predecessor to modern quantum mechanics (1900–1925)
The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925, which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent
Old_quantum_theory
Quantum mechanical model
The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. Because an arbitrary smooth potential can usually
Quantum_harmonic_oscillator
Non-mathematical introduction
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and matter's interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
Function describing an electron in an atom
projected along a chosen axis (magnetic quantum number). The orbitals with a well-defined magnetic quantum number are generally complex-valued. Real-valued
Atomic_orbital
Loss of quantum coherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. It involves generally a loss of information of a system to its environment. Quantum decoherence
Quantum_decoherence
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics, information theory, and computer science
Quantum_information_science
Minimum amount of a physical entity involved in an interaction
In physics, a quantum (pl.: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion
Quantum
Different states of quantum systems
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels
Energy_level
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
particle a spin quantum number. The SI units of spin are the same as classical angular momentum (i.e., N·m·s, J·s, or kg·m2·s−1). In quantum mechanics, angular
Spin_(physics)
Difference between number of leptons and antileptons
physics, lepton number (historically also called lepton charge) is a conserved quantum number representing the difference between the number of leptons and
Lepton_number
Mathematical description of quantum state
In quantum mechanics, a wave function (or wavefunction) is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system. The most common
Wave_function
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
disciplines, including quantum chemistry, quantum biology, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe
Quantum_mechanics
Theory of the strong nuclear interactions
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental
Quantum_chromodynamics
Networks connecting quantum processors
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information
Quantum_network
Basic circuit in quantum computing
In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit
Quantum_logic_gate
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the
Quantum_algorithm
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
Shor's algorithm is a quantum algorithm for finding the prime factors of an integer. It was developed in 1994 by the American mathematician Peter Shor
Shor's_algorithm
Quantum number relating the quantity of quarks and antiquarks in a system
In particle physics, the baryon number (B) is an additive quantum number of a system. It is defined as B = 1 3 ( n q − n q ¯ ) , {\displaystyle B={\frac
Baryon_number
Cryptographic device
chip-to-chip variability. Quantum random number generation technology is well established with 8 commercial quantum random number generator (QRNG) products
Hardware random number generator
Hardware_random_number_generator
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
axis and a quantum number. Thus, for linear molecules the energy levels are described by a single moment of inertia and a single quantum number, J {\displaystyle
Rotational_spectroscopy
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
configuration Aufbau principle Quantum numbers Azimuthal quantum number Principal quantum number Magnetic quantum number Spin quantum number "Ionic bond". IUPAC
Ionic_bonding
Physics property associated with symmetries
quantum field theory belongs to a symmetry, then it transforms according to a particular representation of that symmetry; the charge quantum number is
Charge_(physics)
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions inspired by the structure of quantum theory. The formal
Quantum_logic
Semi-empirical rules for quantum chemistry
in order of increasing principal quantum number n, and for equal n in order of increasing azimuthal quantum number l, except that s- and p- orbitals
Slater's_rules
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that asserts that the universal wave function is objectively real, and
Many-worlds_interpretation
Quantum number related to the strong force
that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and
Color_charge
Theoretical problem in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of definite outcomes: quantum systems have superpositions but quantum measurements only give
Measurement_problem
Computational benchmark
In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that
Quantum_supremacy
Branch of physics seeking to explain chaotic dynamical systems in terms of quantum theory
Quantum chaos is a branch of physics focused on how chaotic classical dynamical systems can be described in terms of quantum theory. The primary question
Quantum_chaos
Study of quantum mechanics through low-dimensional topology
Quantum topology is a branch of mathematics that connects quantum mechanics with low-dimensional topology. Dirac notation provides a viewpoint of quantum
Quantum_topology
summarizes equations in the theory of quantum mechanics. A fundamental physical constant occurring in quantum mechanics is the Planck constant, h. A
List of equations in quantum mechanics
List_of_equations_in_quantum_mechanics
Atom of the element hydrogen
permittivity, and n {\displaystyle n} is the quantum number (now known as the principal quantum number). Bohr's predictions matched experiments measuring
Hydrogen_atom
Excited atomic quantum state with high principal quantum number (n)
principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus, on average. Rydberg atoms have a number of peculiar
Rydberg_atom
Calculation rule in quantum mechanics
The Born rule is a postulate of quantum mechanics that gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In one commonly
Born_rule
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or
Quantum_tunnelling
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's
Spin–orbit_interaction
Abelian charge found in electroweak theory
electroweak interactions of particle physics, the weak hypercharge is a quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin
Weak_hypercharge
Quantum number; the difference between the baryon and lepton numbers
ell") is a quantum number which is the difference between the baryon number (B) and the lepton number (L) of a quantum system. This quantum number is the
B_−_L
Elementary particle
strangeness quantum number different from zero. Strange particles are members of a large family of elementary particles carrying the quantum number of strangeness
Strange_particle
Subatomic particle; made of equal numbers of quarks and antiquarks
defined as particles composed of pairs of quarks and antiquarks. Spin (quantum number S) is a vector quantity that represents the "intrinsic" angular momentum
Meson
Process by which a quantum system takes on a definitive state
In various interpretations of quantum mechanics, wave function collapse, also called reduction of the state vector, occurs when a wave function—initially
Wave_function_collapse
Interaction of a quantum system with a classical observer
example, a quantum particle like an electron can be described by a quantum state that associates to each point in space a complex number called a probability
Measurement in quantum mechanics
Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics
Topics referred to by the same term
particle spin, a fundamental property of elementary particles Spin quantum number, a number which defines the value of a particle's spin Spinning (textiles)
Spin
Quantum mechanical operator related to rotational symmetry
In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum operator is one of several related operators analogous to classical angular momentum. The angular momentum
Angular_momentum_operator
Simulators of quantum mechanical systems
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to
Quantum_simulator
Type of particle charge found in the Standard Model
hypercharge (a portmanteau of hyperonic and charge) Y of a particle is a quantum number conserved under the strong interaction. The concept of hypercharge provides
Hypercharge
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max
Copenhagen_interpretation
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
unnatural and often confusing nomenclature. The strangeness flavour quantum number S (not to be confused with spin) was noticed to go up and down along
Baryon
Atoms with a single valence electron, so they behave like hydrogen
by the values of the principal quantum number n, the angular momentum quantum number ℓ, and the magnetic quantum number m. The energy eigenvalues do not
Hydrogen-like_atom
Set of adjacent groups
the spectroscopic notation for the value of an electron's azimuthal quantum number: sharp (0), principal (1), diffuse (2), and fundamental (3). Succeeding
Block_(periodic_table)
Property of elementary particles
strangeness (symbol S) is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions
Strangeness
German theoretical physicist (1868–1951)
Sommerfeld introduced the second quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, and the third quantum number, magnetic quantum number. He also introduced the fine-structure
Arnold_Sommerfeld
Quantum mechanical spectroscopic effect
a magnetic field, the levels with different values of magnetic spin quantum number (MS = 0, ±1) are separated, and the Zeeman splitting dictates their
Zero-field_splitting
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}} ) is called the magnetic quantum number or the equatorial quantum number, which can take on any of 2j + 1 values: − j , −
Magnetic_moment
Number of times a curve wraps around a point in the plane
classified by the winding number or topological charge (topological invariant and/or topological quantum number). A point's winding number with respect to a polygon
Winding_number
Concept in topology
space to some order parameter set) is one example of a topological quantum number. The simplest and most important case is the degree of a continuous
Degree of a continuous mapping
Degree_of_a_continuous_mapping
Theory to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world
Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection
Quantum_Darwinism
Quantum number related to the weak interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin ( I ) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known
Isospin
Deviations from local realism
theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality refers to the phenomenon by which the measurement statistics of a multipartite quantum system do not allow an
Quantum_nonlocality
Macroscopic processes showing quantum behavior
Macroscopic quantum phenomena are processes showing quantum behaviour at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are
Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena
Hypothesis in Quantum Physics
is sufficiently small so that transitions that change the motional quantum number by more than one are strongly suppressed. This condition is quantitively
Lamb_Dicke_regime
Format for notating atoms and molecules
by letters. These letters were later associated with the azimuthal quantum number, ℓ. The letters, "s", "p", "d", and "f", for the first four values of
Spectroscopic_notation
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Quantum mechanics thought experiment
Quantum suicide is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics and the philosophy of physics. Purportedly, it can falsify any interpretation of quantum
Quantum suicide and immortality
Quantum_suicide_and_immortality
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
In quantum computing, a quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical version of ordinary computer memory. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as binary
Quantum_memory
Function in Chemistry
{\mathbf {J} ^{2}}{2I}}={\frac {J(J+1)\hbar ^{2}}{2I}}=J(J+1)B.} J is the quantum number for total rotational angular momentum and takes all integer values starting
Rotational_partition_function
Apparent lack of definite state before measurement of quantum systems
Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one of the characteristics of
Quantum_indeterminacy
Hydrogen spectral series
transitioning from n ≥ 3 to n = 2, where n refers to the radial quantum number or principal quantum number of the electron. The transitions are named sequentially
Balmer_series
Typographical symbol
quantum number during a transition. For example, J′ denotes the upper state of the quantum number J while J″ denotes the lower state of the quantum number
Prime_(symbol)
Mathematical function, used to describe magnetization
considers quantum physics. The Langevin function could then be seen as a special case of the more general Brillouin function if the quantum number J {\displaystyle
Brillouin and Langevin functions
Brillouin_and_Langevin_functions
Concept in quantum mechanics
A quantum well is a potential well wherein the energy spectrum of charge carriers is discrete. As opposed to a bulk region, wherein the carriers are free
Quantum_well
Description of gravity using discrete values
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals
Quantum_gravity
Quantum particle
and denoted K, is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound
Kaon
For a particle, quotient of its electric charge and the elementary charge
Charge number (denoted z {\displaystyle z} ) is a quantized and dimensionless quantity derived from electric charge, with the quantum of electric charge
Charge_number
Term used in physics to refer to the number of bottom quarks
for baryon number) or beauty is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks (nb) and the number of bottom
Bottomness
Laboratory technique
nuclear spin quantum number of zero (I = 0), and therefore are not NMR-active. NMR-active nuclei, particularly those with a spin quantum number of 1/2, are
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy
Important atomic emission spectra
transitions of the electron from an outer orbit of quantum number n > 1 to the 1st orbit of quantum number n' = 1. The series is named after its discoverer
Hydrogen_spectral_series
Details in the emission spectrum of an atom
atom, the gross structure energy levels only depend on the principal quantum number n. However, a more accurate model takes into account relativistic and
Fine_structure
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