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Preferential entailment is a non-monotonic logic based on selecting only models that are considered the most plausible. The plausibility of models is
Preferential_entailment
Software able to infer logical consequences
defeasible subsumption. It implements a Preferential entailment style of reasoning that reduces to "classical entailment" i.e., without the need to modify the
Semantic_reasoner
Form of trust in English common law
possibility, commonly called 'entailment to heirs male', is used in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice; the estate of Longbourn is entailed to a distant male cousin
Fee_tail
Family of logics for natural-language and counterfactual conditionals
defaults of the form "normally, if A then B". Their system P of preferential entailment, and the stronger rational system R, correspond to the "flat" fragments
Conditional_logic
Topic in ethics
known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Unlike value monist forms of utilitarianism, preferentialism values actions
Preference_utilitarianism
Non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy
Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid Preferential entailment McCarthy, J. (February 1986). "Applications of circumscription
Circumscription_(logic)
Policies aiming to increase inclusion of people from marginalized groups
executive order originally meant selection without regard to race but preferential treatment was widely used in college admissions, as upheld in the 2003
Affirmative_action
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election
Instant-runoff_voting
To like one thing more than another
preference refers to a proclivity to engage in behaviours or activities that entail greater variance returns, regardless of whether they be gains or losses
Preference
later legislative change. There are two exceptions to this rule; namely, preferential rates and short-term variations due to contingent protection. The former
History of tariffs in Australia
History_of_tariffs_in_Australia
Place which charges very low taxes on profits
Correspondent, "How the Netherlands became a Tax Haven", 31 May 2017. Preferential tax rulings (PTR) can be used by a jurisdiction for benign reasons, for
Tax_haven
Spanish Jesuit priest and 28th Superior General of the Society of Jesus
Vatican Council, especially with regard to faith that does justice and preferential option for the poor. Born in 1907 in Bilbao, Arrupe joined the Jesuits
Pedro_Arrupe
Microeconomic pricing strategy to maximise firm profits
discrimination is also referred to as differential pricing, equity pricing, preferential pricing, segmented pricing, dual pricing, and tiered pricing. "Price
Price_discrimination
Deacons and priests who are not members of religious orders
parish assignments. Priests of powerful religious orders were given preferential treatment in these assignments and were usually Spaniards who trained
Secular_clergy
Political party in the Philippines
and the state as a natural institution; the principle of subsidiarity; preferential option for the poor and marginalized; work as a right and duty of human
Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas
Partido_Demokratiko_Sosyalista_ng_Pilipinas
Underground fungal networks that connect individual plants together
symbiotic partners at once, and both plants and fungi are capable of preferentially allocating resources to one partner over another. Mycorrhizal associations
Mycorrhizal_network
Discursive buffers
feel bad and inferior due to preferential treatment, even though they themselves may be the recipients of preferential treatment. Diminutives may be
Rhetorical_shield
between the Caledonian Railway Company and the Holders of guaranteed and preferential Interests in the Company, and to enable the Company to raise a further
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1851
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1851
South-eastern Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money, and to create Preferential Stock, for the Purpose of paying off their Mortgage Debt. Dursley and
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1855
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1855
American academic and Nobel Laureate (1916–2001)
earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions. Herbert Alexander
Herbert_A._Simon
Notion of excessive free trade agreements limiting trade
regulations. Thus, FTAs would entail high administrative fixed costs for firms, precluding smaller firms to fully enjoy preferential tariffs, and depleting member-countries’
Spaghetti_bowl_effect
First constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia, promulgated by Frederick William IV in 1848
required the consent of the three legislative bodies (Art. 102 / 103). "Preferential treatment" in taxation was not permitted (Art. 100 / 101). The Chief
Constitution of Prussia (1848)
Constitution_of_Prussia_(1848)
Chemical compound (BrCN)
source of electrophilic cyanogen and nucleophilic bromide; carbocations preferentially attack the nitrogen atom. In the presence of a Lewis acid, it cyanidates
Cyanogen_bromide
Free-Trade Port in Hainan, People's Republic of China
Finance and the State Taxation Administration issued the "Notice on Preferential Corporate Income Tax Policies for Hainan Free Trade Port" and the "Notice
Hainan_Free_Trade_Port
Law that regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006
been held legitimate to cancel preferential shares before others, particularly if those shares are entitled to preferential payment as a way of considering
British_company_law
Filter material with homogeneously sized pores in the nanometer range
molecular sieve effect, in which molecules larger than the pores are preferentially sieved, allowing for the selective adsorption of specific compounds
Molecular_sieve
Policies in the U.S. aimed at redressing systemic discrimination
proposition mandates that "the state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color
Affirmative action in the United States
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
contingent vote is the same as other ranked-vote methods. Contingent voting entails a maximum of two rounds of counting. In the first round only first preferences
Contingent_vote
Danish national identification number
in Denmark. The sequence numbers used to be chosen (and still are, preferentially) so that the last digit of the sequence number functions as a check
Personal identification number (Denmark)
Personal_identification_number_(Denmark)
books were ordered to be burned. The Almohads abolished the practice of preferential treatment for "people of the book", ending the practice of jizya, which
Freedom of religion in Morocco
Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco
International airport serving London, England
performance and departure track-keeping (TK) performance relative to the Noise Preferential Routes (NPRs). QC per seat is a calculated value, whereas CDA and track-keeping
Gatwick_Airport
Valuable natural resource
not enjoy the same connections. The British Forest Department also preferentially awarded contracts to European traders and companies. This meant that
Teak_in_Myanmar
Chemical reaction
PMID 11722188. Ohkuma, T.; Ooka, H.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. (1995), "Preferential hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones", Journal of the American Chemical
Asymmetric_hydrogenation
Belief in the superiority of white people
particularly as white Africans of European ancestry fought to protect their preferential social and political status. Racial segregation in South Africa began
White_supremacy
industries. Ukraine would be eligible for EU membership and have short-term preferential access to the European market before joining. Ukraine would hold elections
Peace negotiations in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Act 1956, the Copyright Act 1956, the Defence Contracts Act 1958, the Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy Act (Northern Ireland) 1933, the Motor Vehicles
Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1974
Statute_Law_(Repeals)_Act_1974
Leader of China since 2012
on the mainland and in February 2018 the PRC government announced 31 preferential policies for Taiwan people on matters of industry, finance, taxation
Xi_Jinping
Species of bird
habitats, the populations were not randomly distributed, with the taxa preferentially nesting with their own morph, and colonies being in large part of one
Clark's_grebe
Judgments about a person based on their accent
will treat and judge other members of their group (in-group members) preferentially compared to those who are not in their group (out-group members). This
Accent_perception
Most populous city in the United States
without farmland inside the municipality. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at: (a)
New_York_City
1998–1999 armed conflict in the Balkans
were allowed to enter the University of Pristina and therefore received preferential treatment, and Albanians were fired from their posts or lost their homes
Kosovo_War
Genetic segments that can enhance their own transmission at the expense of other genes
chromosomes". Botaniska Notiser. 2: 157–163. Rhoades MM (July 1942). "Preferential Segregation in Maize". Genetics. 27 (4): 395–407. doi:10.1093/genetics/27
Selfish_genetic_element
Football stadium in Manchester, England
ticketing offices and stadium guides, in addition to the club itself, now preferentially label and refer to this section of the ground as the Family Stand when
Etihad_Stadium
French property inheritance arrangement
could institute and inherit one, although in most cases succession was preferentially by male primogeniture. In some families many morgadios were accumulated
Majorat
Standard example in game theory
circumstances,[specify] Pavlov beats all other strategies by giving preferential treatment to co-players using a similar strategy. Although tit-for-tat
Prisoner's_dilemma
Species of moth
of female moths. Surprisingly, female moths of this species tend to preferentially select for damaged host plants for oviposition. This finding is rather
Cabbage_moth
Pseudoscientific needling treatment
in China due to changes in the country's political leadership and the preferential use of rationalism or scientific evidence-based medicine. Acupuncture
Acupuncture
Political and socioeconomic ideology
the failure of the system – poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners
Communism
European Commission tool against tax avoidance
States to take against blacklisted jurisdictions. These defensive-measures entail: denying deduction of costs and payments that otherwise would be deductible
European Union tax haven blacklist
European_Union_tax_haven_blacklist
1917 decree of the Soviet Union
of the members who leave the commune shall revert to the land fund; preferential right to such land shall be given to the near relatives of the members
Decree_on_Land
new low after Ecuador lashed out at threats from the U.S. to revoke a preferential trade agreement offering duty-free access to the U.S. market in regards
Foreign policy of the Rafael Correa administration
Foreign_policy_of_the_Rafael_Correa_administration
threatens Cleveland, and when Winfred-Louder employees with families are preferentially allowed to leave early, Drew tries to start a single employees union
List of The Drew Carey Show episodes
List_of_The_Drew_Carey_Show_episodes
Signal processing technique for sensor arrays
sensors is combined in a way where the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. For example, in sonar, to send a sharp pulse of underwater
Beamforming
Chemical reaction
that could be done in a single process step. If one coupling partner preferentially enolizes, then the general problem is that the addition generates an
Aldol_reaction
Species of bird
New World monkeys, which they do not hunt necessarily seem to hunt preferentially. However, they are unlikely to ignore an opportunity to prey upon primates
Ornate_hawk-eagle
1923 coup d'état of Primo de Rivera in Spain
the services of organization, vigilance and public order will be the preferential attention of the military in all its grades and classes, and any instruction
1923_Spanish_coup_d'état
firms. Suspicion of corruption emerged as said officials facilitated preferential treatment and regulatory leniency. Japan Highway Public Corporation (2000s):
Corruption_in_Japan
Marriage between those with common grandparents or other recent ancestors
marriage would decline during the late 20th century in areas where it is preferential appear to have been largely incorrect. One reason for this is that in
Cousin_marriage
Genus of parasitic flagellate protist
Ben-David, M; Zilka, A; Orr, I; Barash, D; Shapira, M (February 2010). "Preferential translation of Hsp83 in Leishmania requires a thermosensitive polypyrimidine-rich
Leishmania
French politician (born 1945)
would be "a present to Madame Le Pen". In 1977, he proposed granting preferential status for jobs to French citizens. In 1990, he judged that immigration
Alain_Juppé
Simplest dicarboxylic acid. (COOH)2
of anaerobic energy metabolism through glycolysis. As cancer cells preferentially use anaerobic metabolism (see Warburg effect) inhibition of LDH has
Oxalic_acid
Biochemical test for age
(April 2010). "Human aging-associated DNA hypermethylation occurs preferentially at bivalent chromatin domains". Genome Research. 20 (4): 434–439. doi:10
Epigenetic_clock
Grouping by physical or social qualities
stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of
Race_(human_categorization)
Drug whose use induces sleep
from nonbenzodiazepines. Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first-line long-term treatment of insomnia. However, the UK National
Hypnotic
Fiction genre depicting male same-sex relationships
for Japanese-influenced comics with male–male relationships, and was preferentially used by American manga publishers for works of this kind due to the
Boys'_love
loyal to God. Clergy and aristocracy had special privileges, including preferential treatment in law courts, and were exempt from taxes; this last privilege
History_of_citizenship
Electoral system used in some cities and states
consider secondary rankings as pertinent alongside first preferences. The preferential voting system used in the primary elections of Wisconsin and Minnesota
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
Intercontinental economic ties
provides infrastructure funding and workforce in exchange for immediate preferential relations including lower resource prices or shares of African resources
Africa–China economic relations
Africa–China_economic_relations
President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013
which Venezuela would supply Cuba with 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates, in return receiving 20,000 trained Cuban medics and educators
Hugo_Chávez
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
the way through the process were 'residual', and were of wavelengths preferentially reflected by crystals of suitably specific materials. Once Planck had
Planck's_law
Spanish tennis player (born 1986)
25-second serve clock to the limit, stating that he was being given preferential treatment because of his status in the game. Nadal's first and most important
Rafael_Nadal
An Act to authorise the Ross and Monmouth Railway Company to attach a preferential dividend to a portion of their share capital. Muswell Hill Estate and
List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1871
List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1871
markers are used to deduce their distribution and significance. C3 plants preferentially use the lighter of two isotopes of carbon in the atmosphere, 12C, which
Evolutionary history of plants
Evolutionary_history_of_plants
Intergovernmental trade organization
exist, such as when states participate in a free trade agreement or for preferential treatment given to developing countries. National treatment means that
World_Trade_Organization
Labor dispute between Hormel and the United Food and Commercial Workers
to the opening of the new plant. Former strikers were also put on a preferential hiring list, but a clause in the contract barred any employees at the
1985–1986_Hormel_strike
Taking financial risks in the hope of profit
Second, entrepreneurship requires differences between people, such as preferential access to certain individuals or the ability to recognize information
Entrepreneurship
Spread of Serbian culture, people, or politics
settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia to resettle in Kosovo through preferential treatment of financial and land incentives to strengthen the Slavic element
Serbianisation
Mathematical model combining space and time
two daughter particles. In the lab frame, the daughter particles are preferentially emitted in a direction oriented along the original particle's trajectory
Spacetime
Law firm based in India
Expertise in issuing equity and equity-linked instruments, including IPOs, preferential issues, private placements, QIPs, FCCBs, and overseas listings of GDRs
Trilegal
Type of hydrothermal mineral deposit
ferroan dolomite, siderite and calcite. The tendency of gold to be preferentially transported as a sulfide complex also explain the near absence of base
Orogenic_gold_deposit
Phoenician city-state
DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of former estimates can be read at Evolutionary World Politics
Ancient_Carthage
17th-century Swedish warship
conform with this interpretation of the chainwales – that Vasa was preferentially using topsails over courses. Vasa also has the main topsail halyard
Vasa_(ship)
inward investment from large corporations. They offer new investors: preferential tax concessions not available to the ordinary citizen or local business
State-corporate_crime
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
and interacts with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). By preferentially modifying hemimethylated DNA, DNMT1 transfers patterns of methylation
Epigenetics
Type of charitable organization in the United States
indirectly carry out the goals of the foundation. Operating foundations have preferential tax treatment in a few areas, including allowing individual donors to
Foundation (United States law)
Foundation_(United_States_law)
Treaty of 1985
negotiate with a purely economic purpose, which led to the signing of a Preferential Agreement initialed on June 29, 1970, which implied a reduction in tariffs
Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community
Accession_Treaty_of_Spain_to_the_European_Economic_Community
Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship class
Slovenes, Croats and Serbs without a shot being fired. This was considered preferential to handing the fleet to the Allies, as the new state had declared its
Tegetthoff-class_battleship
Device that transmits and receives radio waves
in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction (directional, or high-gain, or "beam" antennas)
Antenna_(radio)
Attempts to bring Kosovo under control of Serbia and Montenegro
settlers from other parts of Yugoslavia to resettle in Kosovo through preferential treatment of land and financial incentives such as tax exemptions to
Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo
Yugoslav_colonization_of_Kosovo
Free-living species of nematode
by the sperm). The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will preferentially use male sperm (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca).
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Stages in the development of children
voice, compared to an increased sucking rate around novel stimuli. The preferential-looking technique was a breakthrough made by Robert L. Fantz in 1961
Child_development
needed] California: "The State shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color
Timeline of women's legal rights in the United States (other than voting)
Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_in_the_United_States_(other_than_voting)
Chinese military modernization program
of thirty five. The conscription law also made provisions for limited preferential treatment of service personnel and their families. However, military
Modernization of the People's Liberation Army
Modernization_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army
Colombia's current Constitution
claim legal protection before the judge, at any time or place, through a preferential and summary proceeding, for himself/herself or by whoever acts in his/her
Colombian Constitution of 1991
Colombian_Constitution_of_1991
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
(the mineral). If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed 'compatible', and if it preferentially partitions into the melt phase
Rare-earth_element
1910–1945 colony of the Empire of Japan
outbreak against Queen Min and her allies. Motivated by resentment of the preferential treatment given to newly trained troops, the Daewongun's forces, or "old
Korea_under_Japanese_rule
French-Belgian comic series
thus far, whereas France and other countries have given the two titles preferential treatment by reissuing them as separate "deluxe" anthologies on several
Blueberry_(comics)
Criminal proceedings in Italian football
referee class ... , significant of a relationship of a friendly [and] preferential type, [with] heights that are not properly commendable." The sentence
Calciopoli_trials
Act 1986 also requires that outstanding pension contributions are a preferential over creditors, except those with fixed security. However, defined benefit
United_Kingdom_labour_law
exist. 15% tax rate is a concession rate for high-tech companies. Other preferential tax policies may apply for small, low-profit enterprises, enterprises
Taxation_in_China
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