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Property of a group not united by common ancestry
valid genus while acknowledging its polyphyly. In recent research, the concepts of monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly have been used in deducing key genes
Polyphyly
Taxonomic concept
ancestor, without exception Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic grouping meets 1. but not
Monophyly
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
were implanted separately into each much more recently. This probable polyphyly of the chromophyte algae, if confirmed, would make it desirable to treat
Chromista
Type of taxonomic group
the descendants of a unique common ancestor. By comparison, the term polyphyly, or polyphyletic, uses the Ancient Greek prefix πολύς (polús), meaning
Paraphyly
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
A tetrapod (/ˈtɛtrəˌpɒd/; from Ancient Greek τετρα (tetra) 'four' and πούς (poús) 'foot') is any vertebrate animal of the clade Tetrapoda (/tɛˈtræpədə/)
Tetrapod
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
evolutionary relationships of this class were unclear. Proponents of polyphyly argued the following: that the similarities between these groups are the
Arthropod
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
four major clades with suggestive evidence for paraphyly or possibly polyphyly. The Blastocladiomycota were previously considered a taxonomic clade within
Fungus
Feature inherited from common ancestor
Derived Apomorphy Synapomorphy Autapomorphy Group types Monophyly Paraphyly Polyphyly Nomenclature Phylogenetic nomenclature Crown group Sister group Basal
Primitive_(phylogenetics)
Family of centipedes
and molecular data found this family to be polyphyletic. To avoid this polyphyly, authorities dismissed the families Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae,
Geophilidae
Subphylum of chordates
ISBN 978-0-8053-1940-8. Farris, James S. (1974). "Formal definitions of paraphyly and polyphyly". Systematic Zoology. 23 (4): 548–554. Bibcode:1974SysZ...23..548F. doi:10
Vertebrate
Species of bird
genus Daptrius. As the genetic divergence was relatively shallow, the polyphyly was resolved by expanding the genus Daptrius to include the species formerly
White-throated_caracara
Genus of fishes
a century, it was revived as a distinct genus in 2025 to resolve the polyphyly of the former genus. Most species in this genus were previously placed
Sinosturio
Genus of mammals
species' habitat in wet rainforests. Bärmann, Eva V. & Schikora Tim. The polyphyly of Neotragus – Results from genetic and morphometric analyses. MammalianBiology
Nesotragus
Species of mammal
2022-02-13. Ropiquet, A. & Hassanin, A. 2005. "Molecular Evidence for the Polyphyly of the Genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Tahr
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
having any formal information content – they are merely parts of clades. Polyphyly A polyphyletic assemblage is one which is neither monophyletic nor paraphyletic
Cladistics
Genus of bacteria
long been recognized by the scientific community as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria previously used
Niallia
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly within its members due to the vague criteria used to assign species to
Priestia
Suborder of rodents
research, however, confirms the monophyly of rodents. Support for rodent polyphyly appears to be a product of long branch attraction. Hystricomorph rodents
Hystricomorpha
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Borealea_sanamyanae
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
Paraphyly Phylogenetic network Phylogenetic nomenclature Phylogenetics Polyphyly A semantic case has been made in 2008 that the name should be "holophyletic"
Clade
Genus of plants
Frodin & Jun Wen (2005). "Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Schefflera
Genus of gastropods
; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Corrigenda: Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Borealea
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Paraflabellina
Family of birds
Spellman, G.M. (February 2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Thrush_(bird)
British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
chlorophyll a/c plastids stramenopiles, cryptomonads and haptophytes. The polyphyly of the chromists has been re-asserted in subsequent studies. Cavalier-Smith's
Thomas_Cavalier-Smith
Genus of birds
Cercomela (Muscicapidae) and its relation to Oenanthe reveals extensive polyphyly among chats distributed in Africa, India and the Palearctic". Molecular
Wheatear
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Samla_takashigei
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Weizmannia
Subfamily of birds
G.; Spellman, G.M. (2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Chat_(bird)
Subspecies of rainbow trout
outgroup to root phylogenetic trees for Onchorhynchus. The potential polyphyly of O. m. stonei was recognized by Behnke (1979, pg. 134) from anatomical
McCloud_River_redband_trout
Phylum of marine, flatworm-like animals
organisms not closely related to platyhelminthes, therefore involving the polyphyly of flatworms. Acoelomorpha appeared to constitute a separate, deep-branching
Acoelomorpha
Family of beetles
(2021-11-17). "Out of Xanthopygus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): escape from polyphyly". ZooKeys (1071): 83–107. Bibcode:2021ZooK.1071...83C. doi:10.3897/zookeys
Rove_beetle
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Edmundsella
Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae
Schwarzbach AE, Jork KB (1997). "The phylogeny of Papaver s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly?" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 204 (1–2): 75–98
Papaver
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Coryphella_monicae
Subphylum of arthropods
subclasses to classes. Since then phylogenetic studies have confirmed the polyphyly of Maxillopoda and the paraphyletic nature of Crustacea with respect to
Crustacean
Tribe of flowering plants
Relationships Within Tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) Reveal Complex Patterns of Polyphyly in Hibiscus and Pavonia," Systematic Botany 49(1), 77-116, (6 May 2024)
Hibisceae
Genus of bacteria
criteria used to assign novel bacteria into the genus. The extensive polyphyly of the genus has been recognized as an issue by the scientific community
Gottfriedia
Species of mammal
(2011). "Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals polyphyly in the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) although gene introgression
Goitered_gazelle
Species of gastropod
Neiber, M.T.; Hausdorf, B. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Caucasotachea_vindobonensis
Family of plants
was described by Urs Eggli and Reto Nyffeler in their analysis of the polyphyly in the suborder Portulacineae (order Caryophyllales). Genetic research
Anacampserotaceae
Genus of mammals
Ropiquet, Anne; Hassanin, Alexandre (2005). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Hemitragus
Genus of birds
relationships for aberrant genera of Australo-Papuan core Corvoidea and polyphyly of the Pachycephalidae and Psophodidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular
Shrikethrush
Genus of bacteria
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Peribacillus
Genus of gastropods
Lundin, Kennet; Schrödl, Michael; Picton, Bernard (30 November 2017). "Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Gulenia
Family of sea snails
has been no serious generic revision of the genera worldwide, generic polyphyly can be expected to be rampant throughout the family. However, the family
Pyramidellidae
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Apata_(gastropod)
Class of crustaceans
12160. Wakayama, N. (December 2007). "Embryonic development clarifies polyphyly in ostracod crustaceans". Journal of Zoology. 273 (4): 406–413. Bibcode:2007JZoo
Ostracod
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity due to the vague criteria (such as the
Siminovitchia
Overview of and topical guide to zoology
Natural selection Breed Cross breed Pure breed Hybrid clade monophyly polyphyly speciation isolating mechanisms species phenetic species biological species
Outline_of_zoology
Genus of flowering plants
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids? Systematic Botany, Volume 39, Number 1, March 2014, pp
Haworthia
Species of flowering plant
monophyletic. The paraphyly of the genus Dracophyllum, as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea, they argued, suggested that a major
Dracophyllum_longifolium
Order of fishes
sister lineage to gobioidei (Teleostei: Gobiiformes) and confirms the polyphyly of Trachinoidei.". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 172–179
Gobioidei
Family of amphibians
Zachariah, Anil; Brown, Rafe M.; Abraham, Robin Kurian (2016-01-20). "Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae)
True_toad
Species of bacterium
Alkalihalobacillus in 2020 after a phylogenomic study to resolve the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus. A draft genome of A. alcalophilus strain AV1934
Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus
Alkalihalobacillus_alcalophilus
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Gulenia_orjani
Species of even-toed ungulate
184–191. Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics
Himalayan_tahr
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Orienthella
Genus of birds
Cercomela (Muscicapidae) and its relation to Oenanthe reveals extensive polyphyly among chats distributed in Africa, India and the Palearctic". Molecular
Emarginata
Genus of gastropods
Lundin, Kennet; Schrödl, Michael; Picton, Bernard (30 November 2017). "Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Fjordia
Genus of cacti
Susanne S. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Echinopsis (Cactaceae): Polyphyly at all levels and convergent evolution of pollination modes and growth
Echinopsis
Genus of gastropods
Lundin, Kennet; Schrödl, Michael; Picton, Bernard (30 November 2017). "Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Microchlamylla
Species of bird
2014, it was moved to its own monotypic genus, Spizelloides, based on polyphyly in Spizella and multilocus molecular evidence suggesting the species was
American_tree_sparrow
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Polaria_(gastropod)
Species of mammal
(2010-11-27). "Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals polyphyly in the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa)". Conservation Genetics
Arabian_sand_gazelle
Species of plant
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1600/036364414X678044
Dracaena_aethiopica
Genus of flowering plants
"Molecular phylogeny of Philippine Amorphophallus (Araceae): evidence of polyphyly and multiple colonization events". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 159 (2):
Amorphophallus
Genus of flowering plants
Relationships Within Tribe Hibisceae (Malvaceae) Reveal Complex Patterns of Polyphyly in Hibiscus and Pavonia," Systematic Botany 49(1), 77-116, (6 May 2024)
Astrohibiscus
Species of tick
phylogenetic structure within the genus Haemaphysalis and further elucidates the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma with respect to Amblyomma sphenodonti and Amblyomma
Archaeocroton
Genus of succulent flowering plants
Asphodelaceae Subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids?". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 55–74. Bibcode:2014SysBo
Aloe
Family of plants commonly known as the Mahogany family
Hauenschild, F., Mabberley, D.J. and Muellner-Riehl, A.N. (2021), Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae),
Meliaceae
Species with co-existing daughter species
7751/telopea19963037. Funk, D. J.; Omland, K. E. (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial
Paraspecies
Subfamily of flowering plants
E.; Jork, K.B. (1997). "The phylogeny of Papaver s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly?". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 204 (1–2): 75–98. Bibcode:1997PSyEv
Papaveroideae
Genus of birds
Jordan; Lanyon, Scott M. (2002). "A robust phylogeny of the oropendolas: Polyphyly revealed by mitochondrial sequence data". Auk. 119 (2): 335–348. doi:10
Oropendola
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
Zoologie. 10 (in French). VII: 1–84. Gugger MF, Hoffmann L (March 2004). "Polyphyly of true branching cyanobacteria (Stigonematales)". International Journal
Cyanobacteria
Superfamily of insects
αϕ 'aph'). Żyła, Dagmara; Homan, Agnieszka; Wegierek, Piotr (2017). "Polyphyly of the extinct family Oviparosiphidae and its implications for inferring
Aphid
Genus of gastropods
for many Indo-Pacific species. A profound study is still lacking and polyphyly probably occurs, as shown by the radulae of the few species examined.
Eucithara
Genus of bacteria
to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and phylogenetic heterogeneity within its members. Multiple studies have
Robertmurraya
Species of tree
Ze-Long; Johnson, Gabriel; Liang, Zong-Suo; Chang, Zhao-Yang (May 1, 2013). "Polyphyly of the Padus group of Prunus (Rosaceae) and the evolution of biogeographic
Prunus_serotina
Species of bird
genus Daptrius. As the genetic divergence was relatively shallow, the polyphyly was resolved by expanding the genus Daptrius to include the two other
Yellow-headed_caracara
Genus of corals
Scleractinia incertae sedis based on phylogenetic results demonstrating the polyphyly of Faviidae. Assigned to family Leptastreidae by Rowlett (2020). The World
Leptastrea
Species of bacterium
"A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species
Alkalihalobacillus_clausii
Genus of trees and shrubs
Johnson, Gabriel; Liang, Zong-Suo; Chang, Zhao-Yang (14 December 2012). "Polyphyly of the Padus group of Prunus (Rosaceae) and the evolution of biogeographic
Prunus
Species of gastropod
land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. doi:10
Xeroplexa_scabiosula
Species of gastropod
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Fjordia_chriskaugei
Family of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Apataidae
Species of succulent
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A Final Resolution of the Prickly Issue of Polyphyly in the Alooids? Systematic Botany, Volume 39, Number 1, March 2014, pp
Haworthiopsis_glauca
Subclass of protists
Cavalier-Smith has proposed a significant revision of this taxon assuming the polyphyly of eugregarines. He has separated gregarines into three classes. The first
Gregarinasina
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Ziminella
Family of birds
ympev.2014.07.021. PMID 25109651. Slager, David L.; Klicka, John (2014). "Polyphyly of Hylophilus and a new genus for the Tawny-crowned Greenlet (Aves: Passeriformes:
Vireo
Family of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Samlidae
Extinct genus of fishes
members of it. It contains two to three species, although given the likely polyphyly of this genus, C. trabeculatus may be the only true member: †C. trabeculatus
Congorhynchus
Family of birds
G.; Spellman, G.M. (2004). "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
Old_World_flycatcher
Order of fungi
Baral, Hans-Otto; Tamm, Heidi; Poldmaa, Kadri (2016). "Evidence for the polyphyly of Encoelia and Encoelioideae with reconsideration of respective families
Helotiales
Genus of grasses
Omar Zuloaga, One more step into the resolution of Panicum (Poaceae) polyphyly: Drakkaria, a new segregate genus from neotropical Seasonally Dry Tropical
Panicum
Genus of flowering plants
E.W.; Quinn, C.J.; Wagstaff, S.J. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of Olearia (Astereae: Asteraceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 235
Olearia
Monotypic genus of flowering perennial plant from southern Africa
Asphodelaceae subfamily Alooideae: A final resolution of the prickly issue of polyphyly in the Alooids?" Systematic Botany 39(1):55-74. Molteno S. 2022. "Phyllotaxis
Aristaloe
Genus of birds
Nguembock, B.; Fjeldså, J.; Couloux, A.; Cruaud, C.; Pasquet, E. (2008). "Polyphyly of the genus Apalis and a new generic name for the species pulchra and
Oreolais
Genus of gastropods
Mudianta, W.; Saito, H.; Lundin, K.; Schrödl, M.; Picton, B. (2017). Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia:
Luisella
Species of gastropod
land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357–368. Bibcode:2018MolPE
Xeroplexa_setubalensis
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
Girl/Female
Indian
Woman
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Who has Friends; No Enemies
Girl/Female
German
Noble; Kind
Boy/Male
British, English
One who Grinds Grain
Male
Chinese
Korean.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Vishnu
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada, Tamil
King
Boy/Male
Tamil
Part of universe
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic
Servant of the Giver
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY
POLYPHYLY