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Phonetic differences that make meaning distinct in a given language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Phonemic contrast refers to a minimal phonetic difference, that is, small differences
Phonemic_contrast
Basic unit of phonology
chroneme has been used to indicate contrastive length or duration of phonemes. In languages in which tones are phonemic, the tone phonemes may be called
Phoneme
Visual representation of speech sounds
orthography and pronunciation. In contrast, a few languages may claim to have a fully phonemic spelling system (a phonemic orthography). For most languages
Phonetic_transcription
Phenomenon in phonology
an example of phonemic split.) Sound changes generally operate for a limited period of time, and once established, new phonemic contrasts rarely remain
Phonological_change
Duration of a vowel sound
orthography § Vowels for more information Vowel length contrasts with more than two phonemic levels are rare, and several hypothesized cases of three-level
Vowel_length
Romance language
maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate allophonically (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between
Spanish_language
Phonetic feature
in Russian, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic, among others. Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or velarized articulation. In many of
Palatalization_(phonetics)
Indigenous language of Mexico
less open than the [æ] of English 'cat'. [a] is low central. Length is phonemic for vowels. A long vowel is marked by a pair of identical vowel letters
Huichol_language
Sound system of Spanish
prevalent on radio and television, have a phonemic contrast between /s/ and /θ/. Speakers with this contrast (which is called distinción) use /s/ in words
Spanish_phonology
Phonemically contrasting consonant sounds
1159/000261800, PMID 3505356, S2CID 19489369 Swadesh, Morris (1947), "The phonemic structure of Proto-Zapotec", International Journal of American Linguistics
Fortis_and_lenis
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨β⟩ in IPA
a phonemic contrast between a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its
Voiced_bilabial_fricative
Sound in spoken language, articulated with an open vocal tract
Arabic and Latin have a two-way phonemic contrast between short and long vowels. The Mixe language has a three-way contrast among short, half-long, and long
Vowel
Phonological system of the Japanese language
neutralization of the contrast between the nasal consonants /m/, /n/ in syllable-final position). It has been suggested that the underlying phonemic representation
Japanese_phonology
Medical condition
pronounce speech sounds, which includes speech articulation disorders and phonemic disorders, the latter referring to some sounds (phonemes) not being produced
Speech_sound_disorder
Language family of North America
S2CID 197656511. Some Siouan languages have however developed a phonemic contrast between the non-nasal sonorants w- and r- and the corresponding nasals
Siouan_languages
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
consonantal contrasts and suggested similar mechanisms for Chinese. It is now widely held that Old Chinese did not have phonemically contrastive tone. The
Tone_(linguistics)
Pronunciation of a sound with greater muscular effort than normal
widening (perhaps even lowering). Contrasts between two vowels on the basis of tenseness, and even phonemic contrasts, are common in many languages, including
Tenseness
Phonology of the Dutch language
to [aɪ, aʏ, aʊ], a phenomenon called Polder Dutch. Therefore, the phonemic contrast between /eː, øː, oː/ and /ɛi, œy, ɔu/ is still strongly maintained
Dutch_phonology
Austronesian language
other varieties. Nauruan has 16–17 consonant phonemes. Nauruan makes phonemic contrasts between velarized and palatalized labial consonants. Velarization
Nauruan_language
Variety or dialect of American English
including: a high /ɔ/ vowel, which helps to maintain a contrast between words like cot and caught; and a phonemic split of the short a vowel, /æ/, causing gas and
Philadelphia_English
Nilotic dialect cluster spoken by the Dinka people of South Sudan
consonant phonemes: Dinka has a rich vowel system, with thirteen phonemically contrastive short vowels. There are seven vowel qualities plus a two-way distinction
Dinka_language
Sound system of the French language
with either /ø/ or /œ/. In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ]
French_phonology
American linguist (1909–1992)
approach, and, indeed, making it possible, is Harris's recognition that phonemic contrast cannot be derived from distributional analysis of phonetic notations
Zellig_Harris
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
glottal stop (ʔ) usually exists as a phoneme, and there tends to be no phonemic contrast between [p] and [f] or [b] and [v]. In Cushitic, the Ethiopian Semitic
Afroasiatic_languages
Phonology of the English language
[sʌŋ], producing a three-way phonemic contrast sum – sun – sung /sʌm sʌn sʌŋ/ and supporting the analysis of the phonemic status of /ŋ/. In support of
English_phonology
Official language of Mongolia
syllable's position in the word. In word-initial syllables, there is a phonemic contrast in vowel length. A long vowel has about 208% the length of a short
Mongolian_language
Type of speech sound
approximants, many languages have a phonemic contrast between at least two general rhotic consonants; a well-known example is a contrast between a tap /ɾ/ and a trill
Approximant
Sounds and pronunciation of Portuguese
in some dialects, possibly to enhance phonemic contrast. In some cases, Portuguese uses vowel height to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables:
Portuguese_phonology
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan
Saraiki by Wagha (1997, p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives
Saraiki_language
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
is a long /zz/, ss's is a long /ss/, and t't is a long /tt/. The phonemic contrast between geminate and single consonants is widespread in Italian, and
Romance_languages
Arabic language spoken in the Persian Gulf
point to a lack of phonemic contrast between [i] and [u], and Shockley (2020) argues that backness is not phonemically contrastive in short vowels. The
Gulf_Arabic
Concept in historical linguistics
of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature X evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes
Transphonologization
Sounds and pronunciation of the Russian language
suggests that the velarized gesture is only used with laterals giving a phonemic contrast between /lʲ/ and /ɫ/ (...)." Padgett 2003b, p. 319. Because of the
Russian_phonology
Dialect of English spoken in California
preceding /ŋ/ are historically short, this does not lead to a loss of phonemic contrast. Before /n/ or /m/ (as in ran or ram), /æ/ is raised and diphthongized
California_English
American and Canadian English phonological phenomenon
accents for reference as, respectively, phonemic and non-phonemic accents: In a North American short-a phonemic split system (or, simply, a short-a split)
/æ/_raising
Austroasiatic language spoken in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and China
Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast, as seen in other Austroasiatic languages, of "lax" breathy register
Khmu_language
Pronunciation of a vowel through the nose as well as the mouth
there is no phonemic distinction between nasal and oral vowels, and all vowels are considered phonemically oral. Some languages contrast oral vowels and
Nasal_vowel
Kra–Dai language
consonants in Lao have a labialized and plain form, thus creating a phonemic contrast. The complete inventory of Lao consonants is as shown in the table
Lao_language
Variety of Spanish language
the neighboring countries. Throughout Bolivia the preservation of phonemic contrast between /ʝ/ and the lateral /ʎ/ (i.e. the absence of yeísmo) is the
Bolivian_Spanish
Concept in dialectology analyzing phonemes across dialects of a language
and transcription. While phonemic systems describe the speech of a single variety, diaphonemic systems can reflect the contrasts that are not made by all
Diaphoneme
Tibeto-Burman language
tonal language, which means phonemic contrasts can be made on the basis of the tone of a vowel. In Burmese, these contrasts involve not only pitch, but
Burmese_language
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɨ⟩ in IPA
phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living
Close_central_unrounded_vowel
Kra–Dai language of Myanmar
distinction between long and short vowels characteristic of Thai. Shan has phonemic contrasts among the tones of syllables. There are five to six tonemes in Shan
Shan_language
Islands, the Philippines and much of Andalusia. The maintenance of phonemic contrast is called distinción in Spanish. In areas that do not distinguish
Spanish dialects and varieties
Spanish_dialects_and_varieties
have broad /aː/. Daniel Jones noted for RP that some speakers had a phonemic contrast between a long and a short /æ/, which he wrote as /æː/ and /æ/, respectively
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨a⟩
Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages
It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed
Labialization
Script used to write the Punjabi language
Sanskrit sounds /ʂə/ and /kʰə/ merged into /kʰə/ in Punjabi. Any phonemic contrast was lost, with no distinct character for [ṣa] remaining. Similarly
Gurmukhi
Type of secondary articulation in speech
and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions. Albanian phonemically contrasts light l and dark ll Catalan dialect and allophonic variance Portuguese
Velarization
Indigenous language of South America
articulation. Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. there is no phonemic contrast between [p] and [b]), but each stop occurs in three laryngeal settings:
Aymara_language
Salishan language of British Columbia
Miyako. The linguist Hank Nater has postulated the existence of a phonemic contrast between syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants: /m̩, n̩, l̩/, spelled
Nuxalk_language
System of sounds of the Finnish language
For example, Savo Finnish has the phonemic contrast of /ɑ/ vs. /uɑ̯/ vs. /ɑɑ/ instead of standard language contrast of /ɑ/ vs. /ɑɑ/ vs. /ɑu̯/. Finnish
Finnish_phonology
Words pronounced the same but differing in meaning or spelling
and morphemes from Chinese are widely used in Japanese, but many phonemic contrasts, such as the original words' tones, are lost. An extreme example is
Homophone
Celtic language
historically voiced stops [b d̪ ɡ] have lost their voicing, so the phonemic contrast today is between unaspirated [p t̪ k] and aspirated [pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ]. In
Scottish_Gaelic
Permissible word or form that does not exist
term "phonological gap" is also used to refer to the absence of a phonemic contrast in part of the phonological system. For example, Thai has several
Accidental_gap
Uto-Aztecan language of Arizona, US
it has a backed articulation: ⟨kö⟩ is [ḵø]. Before /a/, there is a phonemic contrast with fronted velar with following palatal glide and the backed velar
Hopi_language
Latin-based alphabet created to write the Dinka language
equivalents, and the diaeresis indicates breathy voice phonation, which phonemically contrasts with modal voice. Note that ɛ̈ (open e with trema/umlaut) and ɔ̈
Dinka_alphabet
Ethnic group of Southeast Asia
Western Khmu dialects have fewer consonant phonemes and instead use phonemic register contrast of "lax" breathy register and "tense" modal register. In at least
Khmu_people
Type of phonation
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and authors such as Peter Ladefoged equate phonemically contrastive murmur with breathy voice in which the vocal folds are held with
Breathy_voice
Linguistic emphasis on syllables or words
to be accented or tonic; the latter term does not imply that it carries phonemic tone. Other syllables or words are said to be unaccented or atonic. Syllables
Stress_(linguistics)
English based Creole spoken in Honduras
/ə/ and variably with [β] in all other environments. However, the phonemic contrast in Bay Island English is generally neutralized in all environments
Bay_Islands_English
exist for all speakers. Labial consonants /m p b f v/ do not make a phonemic contrast between broad and slender, though before or after back vowels, historic
Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography
System of phonetic notation
are two different, though similar, sounds. Slashes are used to signal phonemic transcription; therefore, /t/ is more abstract than either [t̺ʰ] or [t̻]
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Process of hearing and understanding language
important factor that causes variation is differing speech rate. Many phonemic contrasts are constituted by temporal characteristics (short vs. long vowels
Speech_perception
Low Franconian dialect group
transitional area The first four groups are characterized by the phonemic contrast between /s/ and /ʃ/ as a result of the sound shift *sk- > /ʃ/ (e.g
South_Low_Franconian
Latin-based alphabet for the Berber languages
partly phonemic contrasts found in some Berber language varieties (notably the Kabyle language and Riffian Berber) between stops and fricatives. Phonemic labiovelarization
Berber_Latin_alphabet
Structured system of communication
F.; Townsend, Simon W. (29 June 2015). "Experimental Evidence for Phonemic Contrasts in a Nonhuman Vocal System". PLOS Biology. 13 (6) e1002171. doi:10
Language
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
by Peter T. Daniels. Other terms for the same concept include partial phonemic script, segmentally linear defective phonographic script, consonantary
Abjad
Romanization scheme for Mandarin Chinese
not originally carry the medial [w]. Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between o and -uo/wo (except in interjections when used alone) and
Wade–Giles
Uralic language spoken in Russia
Alphabet). /f/ and /x/ are loan phonemes from Russian. There is a phonemic contrast between /n/ and /ŋ/, despite that they share the standard spelling
Erzya_language
while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels. Of
Standard_Arabic_phonology
Aesop's fable
Alphabet. It is recommended by the IPA for the purpose of eliciting all phonemic contrasts that occur in English when conducting tests by foreign users or of
The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun
Form of Tamil used from 300 BCE to 700 CE
were distinguished, however there is little evidence to suggest a phonemic contrast. Unlike modern Tamil, consonants could occur word finally. There was
Old_Tamil
Type of contact language
largely the same as Hall's. They state that [s] and [ʃ] were not phonemically contrastive for Cantonese speakers. Words ending in [f] in English often had
Chinese_Pidgin_English
Phonological process
phonological final-obstruent devoicing of the type that neutralizes phonemic contrasts; thus pairs like bad and bat are distinct in all major accents of
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
('thee'), both written as th, are relatively rare in other languages. Phonemic contrast of /i/ with /ɪ/ (beat vs bit vowels), of /u/ with /ʊ/ (fool vs full
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Set of letters used to write a given language
signs for words, in contrast to cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Linear B. The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script, and it contained
Alphabet
Dialect of Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong
native variants. This structural synchronization prevents the loss of phonemic contrasts during language contact, allowing bilingual communities to maintain
Hong_Kong_Cantonese
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
Paicî, Drubea, Numèè, and Kwenyii languages are tonal. Other than phonemically contrastive tone, typological features in New Caledonian languages that are
New_Caledonian_languages
Irish language dialect
[vˠ] is found instead of or in addition to [w]. No dialect makes a phonemic contrast between the approximant and the fricative, however. There is a three-way
Ulster_Irish
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
have existed in an allophonic form; that is, they were not yet phonemically contrastive. McManus describes the following sound shifts from Proto-Celtic
Primitive_Irish
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
and rarely contrasts with it, e.g. אֱדוֹם /ʔɛ̆ˈðom/ ('Edom') versus אֲדֹמִי /ʔăðoˈmi/ ('Edomite'). Blau (2010:117–118) /ɔ̆/ is clearly phonemic but bears
Biblical_Hebrew
Form of Japanese spoken from the 12th century through the 16th century
lenited to [ɸ]. Late Middle Japanese reintroduced [p], which had a phonemic contrast with [ɸ] and was treated as a distinct phoneme. In Early Modern Japanese
Late_Middle_Japanese
Chapacuran language of Bolivia
position. /w/ is heard as [β] when after /ɛ/. /t/ and /s/ lose their phonemic contrast in the coda position, being neutralized to [t̚]. Wariʼ language, the
Itene_language
Branch of the Mandarin Chinese language family
to create a phonemic contrast, and in several cities and counties the tense vowels are followed by a glottal stop to emphasize the contrast. Meanwhile
Sichuanese_dialects
Phonetic process
Yaneshaʼ has three vowel qualities (/a/, /e/ and /o/) that have phonemic contrasts between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the
Glottalization
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʙ⟩ in IPA
or doubled pr2 [ʙ\ʙ] depending on the word Dongo bbo̍ [ʙō] 'two' Phonemic. Contrasts with /ʙ̥/. Kilmeri ppipe [ʙipɛ] 'blossom' Komi-Permyak [ʙuɲɡaɡ] 'dung
Voiced_bilabial_trill
Pronunciation and sounds of Old English
and voiceless fricatives contrasted in this context. Some scholars have argued that the contrast had already become phonemic (if marginally so) in Old
Old_English_phonology
Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in India
most nasalized vowel in all accounts, and there is a tendency that phonemic contrast between nasalized and oral vowels is likely to be the strongest in
Khortha_language
Orthographic system for Cameroonian languages
were central to this effort. Uncommon consonants that do not make a phonemic contrast within a language with similar but more common consonants are not
General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages
General_Alphabet_of_Cameroon_Languages
Pai language spoken in Arizona, US
Long and short vowels are contrastive in the language. The following is a minimal pair illustrating of the phonemic contrast of Havasupai-Hualapai vowel
Havasupai–Hualapai_language
Creole language spoken in Malaysia and Singapore
various phonemic contrasts in the Kristang consonant system. Stops and affricates contrast in the initial and medial positions. Fricatives contrast in the
Kristang_language
Phonemic distinction between /θ/ and /s/ historically and today
distinguishing various dialect regions. The main three realizations are the phonemic distinction between /θ/ and /s/ (distinción), the presence of only alveolar
Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives
Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives
Dialect of Sichuanese Chinese
syllables in Middle Chinese have developed into tense vowels to create a phonemic contrast, and in several cities and counties the tense vowels retain a following
Minjiang_dialect
Consonants produced with a single muscle contraction
a phonemic nasal retroflex lateral flap. As mentioned above, many Indo-Aryan languages also possess a phonemic retroflex nasal flap that contrasts with
Tap_and_flap_consonants
Eastern South Slavic language
the large number of phonetic contrasts, phonemic palatalization is more circumscribed than in R. For one thing, phonemic palatalization in B is clearly
Bulgarian_language
Type of occlusive consonant
n, ŋ/). The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea has a phonemic uvular nasal, /ɴ/, which contrasts with a velar nasal. It is extremely rare for a language
Nasal_consonant
Writing system of a Uto-Aztecan language
of Nahuatl as follows. The four vowels are written a, e, i, o. The phonemic contrast between short and long vowels is left unmarked. The stops /p/ and
Nahuatl_orthography
Algonquian language spoken in Canada
loanwords and influence from Moose Cree. Loanwords Voicing does not cause phonemic contrast in Swampy Cree. According to Ellis, however, stops often undergo voicing
Swampy_Cree_language
Phonetic feature
as well as between languages; however, no language is known to phonemically contrast fricatives based purely on the presence or absence of tongue grooving
Sulcalization
Two words that differ in only one element of their pronunciation
differences between phones if the difference is not a phonemic one. One of the objectives of contrastive analysis of languages' sound systems was to identify
Minimal_pair
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