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Optical component
null corrector reports as the right prescription, it is critical that the null corrector be itself correct. An error in building the null corrector led
Null_corrector
Cartographical (only) marker at 0°N, 0°E
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Null Island. Null Island is the location at zero degrees latitude and zero degrees longitude (0°N 0°E / 0°N 0°E
Null_Island
NASA/ESA space telescope launched in 1990
refractive null correctors. However, for the final manufacturing step (figuring), they switched to the custom-built reflective null corrector, designed
Hubble_Space_Telescope
Astronomical telescope in Chile
wrong shape due to a mis-calibrated null corrector. However, the active optics system of the NTT was able to correct that error without refiguring the mirror
New_Technology_Telescope
Value indicating that a referenced dataset is invalid or doesn't exist
In computing, a null pointer (sometimes shortened to nullptr or null) or null reference is a value indicating that the pointer or reference does not refer
Null_pointer
Control character with value 0
The null character is a control character with the value zero. Many character sets include a code point for a null character – including Unicode (Universal
Null_character
Optical arrangement with parallel rays
of a part of it. Large-aperture optics, however, are tested with a null corrector avoiding the production of a large plane mirror. One special application
Autocollimation
Type of lens
testing is done for flat and spherical optical elements. The use of a null corrector in the test can remove the aspheric component of the surface and allow
Aspheric_lens
Specialized Cassegrain telescope
minimal additional equipment, typically a small optical device called a null corrector that makes the hyperbolic primary look spherical for the interferometric
Ritchey–Chrétien_telescope
Optical test for curved mirrors
principle#Single slit diffraction Fabrication and testing of optical components Null corrector Strehl ratio Texereau 1984 pp.68-70 section 2.25 Harbour 2008 p 39 Texereau
Foucault_knife-edge_test
Position that there is no relationship between two phenomena
The null hypothesis (often denoted H 0 {\textstyle H_{0}} ) is the claim in scientific research that the effect being studied does not exist. The null hypothesis
Null_hypothesis
Measurement method using interference of waves
spherical reference with the aid of a null corrector. Computer-generated holograms supplement null correctors in test setups for complex aspheric surfaces
Interferometry
American corporation focused on life science research
schedule, producing significant friction with NASA. Due to a miscalibrated null corrector, the primary mirror was also found to have a significant spherical aberration
PerkinElmer
Marker used in SQL databases to indicate a value does not exist
In the SQL database query language, null or NULL is a special marker used to indicate that a data value does not exist in the database. Introduced by the
Null_(SQL)
Method of statistical inference
certain to be correct. There are two possible classes of error: A type I error, in which the null hypothesis is rejected despite the null hypothesis being
Statistical_hypothesis_test
Computer fault caused by access to restricted memory
error in programs written in languages that support pointers that can be null, or that can be set to an arbitrary value, or that support arrays, and in
Segmentation_fault
Function of the observed sample results
that the null hypothesis is correct. A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis
P-value
Catadioptric reflector for search lights
save on mass since aberration can be corrected by the mirror, itself. Mangin mirrors are also used in null correctors, which are used to fabricate large
Mangin_mirror
Optical component testing facility in California
of the individual components. Unfortunately, due to a mis-assembled null corrector, one of the tests was wrong, and a mis-figured mirror was not discovered
Large Optical Test and Integration Site
Large_Optical_Test_and_Integration_Site
Concepts from statistical hypothesis testing
of a true null hypothesis in statistical hypothesis testing. A type II error, or a false negative, is the incorrect acceptance of a false null hypothesis
Type_I_and_type_II_errors
Statistical hypothesis test
Pearson proposed that, under the circumstance of the null hypothesis being correct, as n → ∞ the limiting distribution of the quantity given below
Chi-squared_test
Statistical technique used to correct for multiple comparisons
testing is based on rejecting the null hypothesis when the likelihood of the observed data would be low if the null hypothesis were true. When multiple
Bonferroni_correction
Vectors mapped to 0 by a linear map
In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part of the domain which is mapped to the zero vector of
Kernel_(linear_algebra)
General-purpose programming language
Library. Type inference allows for more concise syntax than Java, while null-safety features reduce a common class of runtime errors. Kotlin mainly targets
Kotlin
Topics referred to by the same term
definition Undefined citizenship, a post-Soviet form of statelessness in Estonia Null (disambiguation) Void (disambiguation) Invalid (disambiguation) Definition
Undefined
Class of language where a sentence subject is not required
In linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is
Null-subject_language
Statistical method for handling multiple comparisons
discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons. FDR-controlling
False_discovery_rate
Statistical test comparing two probability distributions
distribution functions of two samples. The null distribution of this statistic is calculated under the null hypothesis that the sample is drawn from the
Kolmogorov–Smirnov_test
Nucleosynthesis Nuclide Nuclotron Nuker Team Null corrector Null dust solution Null surface Nuller Nulling interferometry Number density Numerical model
Index_of_physics_articles_(N)
Study of collection and analysis of data
statistical power of a test is the probability that it correctly rejects the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Referring to statistical significance
Statistics
Part of a network quietly losing traffic
Path MTU discovery to work correctly. This causes TCP connections from/to/through hosts with a lower MTU to hang. A null route or black hole route is
Black_hole_(networking)
Machine instruction that indicates to a computer to do nothing
NOP or null statement if it has no effect. Null statements may be required by the syntax of some languages in certain contexts. In Ada, the null statement
NOP_(code)
Types of error in data reporting
result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis, and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis. The terms are often used
False positives and false negatives
False_positives_and_false_negatives
Flat-sided three-dimensional shape
Associahedron, a convex polytope in which each vertex corresponds to a way of correctly inserting opening and closing parentheses Dihedron, a polyhedron with
Polyhedron
Concept in inferential statistics
\alpha } , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis is true; and the p-value of a result, p {\displaystyle
Statistical_significance
Foucault knife-edge test, Ronchi test, Caustic test) Auxiliary optics (null correctors, computer-generated holograms, etc.) Interferometric testing The Fizeau
Optical manufacturing and testing
Optical_manufacturing_and_testing
Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted
"pronoun-dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora. The connection between pro-drop languages and null anaphora relates to the fact that a dropped
Pro-drop_language
German Television Game show
Null gewinnt (literally, "Zero wins") is the German adaptation of the BBC game show Pointless. Hosted by Dieter Nuhr and Ralph Caspers, it aired on Das
Null_gewinnt
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
hypotheses, the power of the test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis ( H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} ) when the alternative
Power_(statistics)
Famous randomized experiment
(1935). The experiment is the original exposition of Fisher's notion of a null hypothesis, which is "never proved or established, but is possibly disproved
Lady_tasting_tea
Obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for their position
with the null hypothesis, then the null hypothesis is not rejected. In neither case is the null hypothesis or its alternative proven; the null hypothesis
Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis is 5% (i.e. Type I error) and the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is 80% (i.e. Power)
Replication_crisis
Statistical test
statistical test for which the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal distribution. Z-test tests the
Z-test
Family of protocols for solving consensus
| | Prepare(1) |<---------------X--X--X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null,null,null}) x--------------->| | | | | | | Accept!(1,V1) | | | | X------------------>|->|
Paxos_(computer_science)
Vector spaces associated to a matrix
left null space (the null space of AT) is the orthogonal complement to the column space of A. For a matrix A, the column space, row space, null space
Row_and_column_spaces
Statistical method
it increases the p-value and thus reduces the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. While widely taught in introductory statistics
Yates's correction for continuity
Yates's_correction_for_continuity
Sorting algorithm
(list == NULL || list->next == NULL) { return list; } // head is the first element of resulting sorted list struct LinkedList* head = NULL; while (list
Insertion_sort
Exact statistical hypothesis test
counterfactual) null hypothesis is that all samples come from the same distribution H 0 : F = G {\displaystyle H_{0}:F=G} . Under the null hypothesis, the
Permutation_test
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
working from left to right, or NULL if all the operands equal NULL. COALESCE(x1,x2) is equivalent to: CASE WHEN x1 IS NOT NULL THEN x1 ELSE x2 END The NULLIF
SQL_syntax
Data-interchange format
555-4567" } ], "children": [ "Catherine", "Thomas", "Trevor" ], "spouse": null } Although Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of
JSON
Statistical test for normality of data
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. It is used to test the null hypothesis that data come from a normally distributed population, when the null hypothesis does not specify which
Lilliefors_test
Statistical methods for comparing samples
= p 1 = p 2 {\displaystyle p_{0}=p_{1}=p_{2}} is when assuming the null is correct. The MDE depends on the sample sizes, baseline proportions ( p 1 ,
Two-proportion_Z-test
Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens
Hasekura H, Boettcher B (1970). "Family study of the original Australian Rh-null". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. 46 (7): 733–737 – via J-STAGE. Bailey
Rh_blood_group_system
Version of the C# programming language
following code illustrates the corrected flaw: int? i = null; object o = i; if (o == null) System.Console.WriteLine("Correct behaviour - runtime version
C_Sharp_2.0
Nonparametric test of the null hypothesis
or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is a nonparametric statistical test of the null hypothesis that randomly selected values X and Y from two populations have
Mann–Whitney_U_test
Linked list data structure
sets both firstNode and lastNode to null, and so it handles removing the last node from a one-element list correctly. Notice that we also don't need separate
Doubly_linked_list
giving Segway tours. Although she received the job, Todd considers the bet null because she used a motorized cart instead of a Segway. 82 15 "Boys to Men"
List of Chrisley Knows Best episodes
List_of_Chrisley_Knows_Best_episodes
Statistic used in statistical hypothesis testing
would distinguish the null from the alternative hypothesis, where such an alternative is prescribed, or that would characterize the null hypothesis if there
Test_statistic
Mathematical model combining space and time
moving at the speed of light is zero. Such an interval is termed lightlike or null. A photon arriving in our eye from a distant star will not have aged, despite
Spacetime
Evaluates how likely it is that any difference between data sets arose by chance
O_{6})} , the number of times that the die has fallen on each number. The null hypothesis is M u l t i n o m i a l ( N ; 1 / 6 , . . . , 1 / 6 ) {\displaystyle
Pearson's_chi-squared_test
Pointer that does not point to a valid object
system is able to detect run-time references to null pointers, a solution to the above is to assign 0 (null) to dp immediately before the inner block is
Dangling_pointer
1935 book by R.A. Fisher
replication, blocking, and contains Fisher’s influential discussion of the null hypothesis, illustrated in the context of the Lady tasting tea experiment
The_Design_of_Experiments
Digital circuit without clock cycles
work Logically determined design in 2005 which used four-valued logic with null and intermediate being the additional values. This architecture is important
Asynchronous_circuit
Test of normality in frequentist statistics
Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk. The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample x1, ..., xn came from a normally distributed population
Shapiro–Wilk_test
Concurrent data structure
oldHead; Node<E> newHead; do { oldHead = top.get(); if (oldHead == null) return null; newHead = oldHead.next; } while (!top.compareAndSet(oldHead, newHead));
Treiber_stack
JavaScript syntax extension
createElement("div", null, React.createElement("p", null, "Header"), React.createElement("p", null, "Content"), React.createElement("p", null, "Footer")); };
JavaScript_XML
Statistical hypothesis testing measure
rejecting the null hypothesis for any result with an equal or smaller p-value, the q-value gives the expected pFDR obtained by rejecting the null hypothesis
Q-value_(statistics)
ASCII-compatible variable-width encoding of Unicode
the null character U+0000 uses the two-byte overlong encoding 0xC0 0x80 instead of just 0x00. Modified UTF-8 strings never contain any actual null bytes
UTF-8
would implement a listener interface: String key = null; String value = null; List<String> params = null; int column = 0; public void addToken(token) { //
Loop-switch_sequence
British computer scientist (1934–2026)
Hoare apologised for inventing the null reference: I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time
Tony_Hoare
Computer program variable of undefined value
typically not the correct value. Initialized does not mean correct if the value is a default one. (However, default initialization to NULL (or nullptr since
Uninitialized_variable
Probability of making type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests
multiple null hypotheses. Suppose we have a number m of null hypotheses, denoted by: H1, H2, ..., Hm. Using a statistical test, we reject the null hypothesis
Family-wise_error_rate
1989 video game
Amiga versions, with another player using two computers connected via a null modem cable, each with their own TV or monitor. Such direct head-to-head
Stunt_Car_Racer
Data structure with nodes pointing to the next node
temp->next = NULL; // initialize invalid links to nil. if (!head) { head = temp; // If the linked list is empty (i.e., the head node pointer is a null pointer)
Linked_list
Continuous probability distribution
is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance
F-distribution
Coordinates to capture characteristics of rotating frames of reference
will pretend that the world line of our laser pulse is a null curve (but certainly not a null geodesic!). In the Born line element, let us put d s = d
Born_coordinates
Typographical mark (`) (Freestanding grave accent)
produce the ` character itself. For example, the nullable boolean of .NET is specified in PowerShell as [Nullable``1[System.Boolean]]. Python: Prior to version
Backtick
Software design pattern
example: // Correct but possibly expensive multithreaded version public class Foo { private Bar bar; public synchronized Bar bar() { if (bar == null) { bar
Double-checked_locking
Object which stores memory addresses in a computer program
possible for code to attempt to dereference a null reference (null pointer), however, which throws a java.lang.NullPointerException. The space occupied by unreferenced
Pointer (computer programming)
Pointer_(computer_programming)
List of paper leaks in Indian public examinations
Bengal teacher recruitment scam: Calcutta HC declares 2016 SSC recruitment null and void, orders fresh appointments". DD News. Retrieved 26 July 2026. "Bihar
List_of_paper_leaks_in_India
Statistical interpretation with many tests
multiple null hypotheses. Suppose we have a number m of null hypotheses, denoted by: H1, H2, ..., Hm. Using a statistical test, we reject the null hypothesis
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs for the Rust programming language
analogous to the null pointer. Option implements a "null pointer optimization", avoiding any spatial overhead for types that cannot have a null value (references
Rust_syntax
Handling of strings in the C programming language
character strings, the standard library uses the convention that strings are null-terminated: a string of n characters is represented as an array of n + 1
C_string_handling
Pattern-recognition performance metrics
elements). Adopting a hypothesis-testing approach, where in this case, the null hypothesis is that a given item is irrelevant (not a dog), absence of type
Precision_and_recall
Lacking or omission of a "to be" verb, common in some languages and stylistic in others
Zero copula, also known as null copula, is a linguistic phenomenon whereby the subject is joined to the predicate without overt marking of this relationship
Zero_copula
In computing, a condition where an expression does not have a correct value
unpredictable value, or merely a program failure on attempt of its evaluation. Nullable types offer an intermediate approach; see below. The value of a partial
Undefined_value
schema-less) binary compression standard for XML. All basic Ion types have a null variant, as its 0xXf tag. Any tag beginning with 0x0X other than 0x0f defines
Comparison of data-serialization formats
Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
"rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true". Type II error: "failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false". Type III error: "correctly rejecting
Type_III_error
Structure in data warehousing
second row is equal to the End date/time (or next) of the previous row. The null End_Date in row two indicates the current tuple version. A standardized surrogate
Slowly_changing_dimension
Open standard for programming heterogenous computing systems, such as CPUs or GPUs
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU, NULL, NULL, NULL); // create a command queue clGetDeviceIDs(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_DEFAULT, 1, devices, NULL); cl_command_queue
OpenCL
Statistical hypothesis test
in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow
Student's_t-test
Voltmeter
voltage can be calculated from the position of the sliding contact. This null-balance measuring method is still important in electrical metrology and standards
Potentiometer (measuring instrument)
Potentiometer_(measuring_instrument)
Pioneering five-bit character encodings
to the positions where they have stayed ever since: the NULL or BLANK and the DEL code. NULL/BLANK was used as an idle code for when no messages were
Baudot_code
Void between celestial bodies
the speed of light depending on the direction of the planet's motion. The null result indicated something was wrong with the concept. The idea of the luminiferous
Outer_space
General-purpose programming language
integer values. C lacks a dedicated string type but provides syntax for null-terminated strings, with associated handling in its standard library. The
C_(programming_language)
Geospatial vector data format
shape type, which must be either the shape type given in the file header or Null. The following are the possible shape types: The index contains positional
Shapefile
Digital video format used for storage network transmission
some additional packets. The PID 0x1FFF is reserved for this purpose. The null packets have a payload that is filled with 0xFF, and the receiver is expected
MPEG_transport_stream
about her Yugoslavia promise to Fujigo, but Yawara considers the promise null as Fujiko is not competing there now. Jody leaves a message that she is completely
List_of_Yawara!_episodes
Scripting language created in 1994
true and zero as false, as in Perl and C++. The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type
PHP
Tool used to draw statistical inferences from observed data
used to draw statistical inferences from observed data. In these tests, the null hypothesis is defined as an effect large enough to be deemed interesting
Equivalence_test
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