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Statistical interpretation with many tests
requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons. The problem of multiple comparisons received increased attention in the 1950s with the
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Misinterpretation of statistical significance
and multiple comparisons to be directly compared. These techniques generally require a higher significance threshold for individual comparisons, so as
Misuse_of_p-values
Statistical technique used to correct for multiple comparisons
Bonferroni correction is a method to counteract the multiple comparisons problem in statistics. It is named after the mathematician Carlo Emilio Bonferroni
Bonferroni_correction
Statistical procedure
treatments with a single control. Multiple comparisons to a control are also referred to as many-to-one comparisons. Dunnett's test was developed in 1955;
Dunnett's_test
Fallacy in statistical hypothesis testing
decision-tree while analyzing data was at one point grouped with the multiple comparisons problem as an example of poor statistical method. However Gelman and
Forking_paths_problem
Statistical fallacy
points. It is the philosophical or rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem (also known as data dredging or p-hacking in statistics) and
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
Misuse of data analysis
on uncovering such problems in social sciences research. Data dredging is an example of disregarding the multiple comparisons problem. One form is when
Data_dredging
Statistical error, form of sampling bias
method that summarizes and/or integrates data from multiple sources Multiple comparisons problem – Statistical interpretation with many tests Myth of
Survivorship_bias
American mathematician (1915–2000)
ISBN 978-0-534-05104-4. OCLC 165366083. Braun, Henry I., ed. (1994). Volume VIII: Multiple comparisons, 1949–1983. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-412-05121-0. OCLC 165099761
John_Tukey
Post-hoc statistical test for pairwise comparisons
Data: A Model Comparison Perspective (3rd ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315642956. ISBN 9781315642956. Multiple comparisons problem Newman–Keuls method
Fisher's least significant difference
Fisher's_least_significant_difference
Statistical hypothesis testing measure
hypotheses tends to yield many false positives: the so-called multiple comparisons problem. For example, assume that one were to test 1,000 null hypotheses
Q-value_(statistics)
Chinese and American biostatistician
metagenomics and associated problems in high-dimensional inference and data analysis including the multiple comparisons problem. Originally from China, she
Xinping_Cui
Statistical method for multiple testing
p-value (HMP) is a statistical technique for addressing the multiple comparisons problem that controls the strong-sense family-wise error rate (this claim
Harmonic_mean_p-value
Function of the observed sample results
Generalized p-value Harmonic mean p-value Holm–Bonferroni method Multiple comparisons problem p-rep p-value fallacy Italicisation, capitalisation and hyphenation
P-value
Support-cells in the nervous system
claim that Einstein's brain is different is not scientific (cf. multiple comparisons problem). Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through
Glia
Collection of statistical models
the follow-up tests incorporate a method of adjusting for the multiple comparisons problem. Follow-up tests to identify which specific groups, variables
Analysis_of_variance
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
{\displaystyle 1-(1-0.05)^{20}=0.64} . Another possibility is the multiple comparisons problem. In 2009, it was twice noted that fMRI studies had a suspicious
Replication_crisis
Statistical analysis phenomenon
mathematical techniques. More generally known in statistics as the problem of multiple comparisons, the term gained some media attention in 2011, in the context
Look-elsewhere_effect
Refutation of a logical fallacy
analysis Look-elsewhere effect – Statistical analysis phenomenon Multiple comparisons problem – Statistical interpretation with many tests Post hoc analysis –
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Concept in inferential statistics
combining independent tests of significance Look-elsewhere effect Multiple comparisons problem Sample size Texas sharpshooter fallacy (gives examples of tests
Statistical_significance
Filters used in signal processing that are optimal in some sense
processing Whittle likelihood Profile likelihood Detection theory Multiple comparisons problem Channel capacity Noisy-channel coding theorem Spectral density
Matched_filter
Outcome measures referring to occurrence of abnormalities in clinical research trials
Health (CROWN) Initiative is one effort to standardize outcomes. Multiple comparisons problem "median overall survival". NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms. National
Clinical_endpoint
Statistical post-hoc test for multiple comparisons
performing multiple comparisons. Without such control, the probability of making at least one Type I error increases with the number of comparisons made. The
Tukey's_B_method
Dietary supplement containing vitamins
editorial argued that the study did not properly address the multiple comparisons problem, in that the authors neglected to fully analyze all 28 possible
Multivitamin
Measure of spacial autocorrelation
performed (one per sampling area) this approach suffers from the multiple comparisons problem. As noted by Anselin, this means the analysis of the local Geary
Geary's_C
Probability of making type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests
family of comparisons. Controlling the FWER (for example, with Bonferroni or Holm corrections) is a way to address the problem created with multiple testing
Family-wise_error_rate
Security analysis methodology
timing Mathematical finance Multimedia information retrieval Multiple comparisons problem Overfitting Price action trading Texas sharpshooter fallacy William
Technical_analysis
Examination of two or more entities to deduce their similarities and differences
consumers and others invest excessive thought into making comparisons, this can result in the problem of analysis paralysis. Humans also tend to compare themselves
Comparison
Extremely large or complex datasets
On the other hand, big data may also introduce new problems, such as the multiple comparisons problem: simultaneously testing a large set of hypotheses
Big_data
Algorithm that arranges lists in order
n ) {\displaystyle n\log {n}-1.4427n+O(\log {n})} comparisons. Algorithms not based on comparisons, such as counting sort, can have better performance
Sorting_algorithm
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
given the large number of voxels in a typical fMRI scan and the multiple comparisons problem. Before the controversies were publicized in 2010, between 25
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Statistics of spatial association
available based on the hypergeometric distribution but due to the multiple comparisons problem a permutation based approach is again preferred in practice.
Join_count_statistic
Problem of circular reasoning in statistics
Cross-validation Methods of compensation for multiple comparisons Simulation studies including adequate representation of the multiple-testing actually involved Henry
Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data
Mental illness with multiple personality states
psychiatric problems patients present with. This method of treatment is reportedly successful: What surprises many people is that multiple personalities
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Logical error of focusing on incidents on failure
Cherry picking Econometrics Fooled by Randomness Meta-analysis Multiple comparisons problem Selection principle Texas sharpshooter fallacy Abrahamyan, Arman;
Failure_bias
Cancer of plasma cells
the jaw, tooth mobility, and radiolucency. Multiple myeloma in the mouth can mimic common tooth problems such as periapical abscess or periodontal abscess
Multiple_myeloma
Financial market is predictability seems to be inconsistent with theories of asset prices
data mining, and data dredging, and is closely related to the multiple comparisons problem. Concerns about selection bias in anomalies goes back at least
Market_anomaly
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
often modelled as variants of the travelling salesman problem, where a picker must visit multiple storage locations and return to a start or drop-off point
Travelling_salesman_problem
Visualization technique for multivariate data
Compared to what? Small multiple designs, multivariate and data bountiful, answer directly by visually enforcing comparisons of changes, of the differences
Small_multiple
Probability of shared birthdays
this result is made more intuitive by considering that the birthday comparisons will be made between every possible pair of individuals. With 23 individuals
Birthday_problem
Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen
test, conducting multiple post hoc comparisons introduces a family-wise error rate problem, which is a type of multiple testing problem. This increases
Post_hoc_analysis
Israeli statistician (born 1949)
involves complex problems with massive data. The methodological work is on selective and simultaneous inference (multiple comparisons), as well as on general
Yoav_Benjamini
Multiple comparison procedure
different p-mean comparisons according to the problem discussed. The example discussed by Duncan in his 1955 paper is of a comparison of many means (i
Duncan's new multiple range test
Duncan's_new_multiple_range_test
Generalized Pairwise Comparisons (GPC) statistical methodology
classical pairwise comparison procedures, including the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Mann–Whitney U test, allowing comparisons to incorporate outcomes
Generalized pairwise comparisons
Generalized_pairwise_comparisons
Disease that damages the myelin sheaths around nerves
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks myelin, the insulating cover of nerve cells in the human body, causing
Multiple_sclerosis
nature of these comparisons, and particularly whether they constitute antisemitism, is a matter of fervent controversy. Comparisons between Zionism and
Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany
Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany
American researcher (1927–2017)
adequately control for confounding variables and was subject to the multiple comparisons problem. In 1983, when the EPA was reviewing its air-quality standards
Herbert_Needleman
Multiple comparisons correction
Dunn–Šidák correction, is a method used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is a simple method to control the family-wise error rate
Šidák_correction
Conflict of interest when one person acts on another's behalf
The agency problem can be intensified when an agent acts on behalf of multiple principals (see multiple principal problem). When multiple principals have
Principal–agent_problem
Design of experiments in statistics
argued that the problem of multiple treatments can be incorporated in multilevel models, which addresses the multiple comparisons problems while yielding
Multiple_treatments
Statistical hypothesis test
variable. "a priori comparisons"/ "planned comparisons"- a particular set of comparisons "pairwise comparisons"-all possible comparisons i.e. Fisher's least
F-test
Problem in combinatorial optimization
The knapsack problem is the following problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine which items
Knapsack_problem
Computer bugs related to the year 2000
The Year 2000 problem (Y2K) was the potential for computer errors on the Gregorian calendar related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for
Year_2000_problem
Notable software packages that are nominal IDE
Go to this page: Source code editors for Erlang Go to this page: Comparison of IDE choices for Haxe programmers Java has strong IDE support, due not only
Comparison of integrated development environments
Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments
In software, to have several parent classes
diamond problem risk, because interface default methods were not available. All Java versions up to the current latest version 26 don't support multiple inheritance
Multiple_inheritance
Test where answers are chosen from lists
be assessed by multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests are best adapted for testing well-defined or lower-order skills. Problem-solving and higher-order
Multiple_choice
Statistical method
method or Bonferroni–Holm method, is used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is intended to control the family-wise error rate (FWER)
Holm–Bonferroni_method
Electric pickup truck
body panels, drawing comparisons to low-polygon computer models. While scheduled for production in late 2021, the vehicle had multiple delays before entering
Tesla_Cybertruck
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
an example of simple problem solving (SPS) addressing one issue, whereas the latter is complex problem solving (CPS) with multiple interrelated obstacles
Problem_solving
Educational model of human intelligence
solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture." This definition is unique for several reasons, including its emphasis on multiple forms
Theory of multiple intelligences
Theory_of_multiple_intelligences
Thought experiment in ethics
The trolley problem is a thought experiment in moral philosophy and moral psychology with many variations, involving hypothetical ethical dilemmas about
Trolley_problem
Culmination of a multiple pregnancy where two or more offspring are born
A multiple birth is the culmination of a multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term most applicable to vertebrate
Multiple_birth
American psychologist, statistician & academic
she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics, where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater
Juliet_Popper_Shaffer
Operations research that evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision making
decision problem into a hierarchy of subproblems. Then the decision-maker evaluates the relative importance of its various elements by pairwise comparisons. The
Multiple-criteria decision analysis
Multiple-criteria_decision_analysis
Type of sorting algorithm that works by comparing pairs of elements
outcomes. For comparison-based sorts, the decision to execute basic operations other than comparisons is based on the outcome of comparisons. Hence in a
Comparison_sort
Method for finding kth smallest value
most 2.942 n {\displaystyle 2.942n} comparisons. For other values of k {\displaystyle k} , the number of comparisons is smaller. Parallel algorithms for
Selection_algorithm
Amount of resources to perform an algorithm
O(n^{2})} comparisons would have to do a trillion of comparisons, which would need around three hours at the speed of 10 million of comparisons per second
Computational_complexity
compares several notable file archiver utilities. Unless otherwise noted, comparisons are for full release versions (not prerelease) and for installations
Comparison_of_file_archivers
Welch's t-test), the problem continues to attract attention as one of the classic problems in statistics. Multiple comparisons: There are various ways
List of unsolved problems in statistics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_statistics
Convention for reporting statistical results
035. ISSN 0167-9473. Greenwood, Mark; Banner, Katharine. "Multiple (pair-wise) comparisons using Tukey's HSD and the compact letter display - Mark Greenwood
Compact_letter_display
Short story by Arthur Conan Doyle featuring Sherlock Holmes
"The Final Problem" is a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring his detective character Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in The Strand
The_Final_Problem
Type of software that helps make decisions
The extent to which the decision problem is broken into a hierarchy of sub-problems; Whether or not pairwise comparisons of alternatives and/or criteria
Decision-making_software
compares notable text editors. It may not be up-to-date or all-inclusive. Comparisons are between stable versions (not upcoming or beta releases) and are exclusive
Comparison_of_text_editors
Algorithmic problem on pairs of sequences
sequence, only two additional comparisons are performed. Most of the time taken by the naive algorithm is spent performing comparisons between items in the sequences
Longest_common_subsequence
Computational problem of graph theory
In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights
Shortest_path_problem
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. Measurements
Flatness_problem
Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science
In philosophy of science and epistemology, the demarcation problem is the question of how to distinguish between science and non-science. It also examines
Demarcation_problem
Decision problem in computer science
in practice. SSP is a special case of the knapsack problem and of the multiple subset sum problem. The time complexity of SSP depends on two parameters:
Subset_sum_problem
Psychological theory regarding individuals on the autism spectrum
The double empathy problem is a psychological and sociological theory first coined in 2012 by Damian Milton, an autistic autism researcher. This theory
Double_empathy_problem
scale (e.g. 1 to 9). These two sets of pairwise comparisons are used as input for an optimization problem, the optimal results of which are the weights
Best_worst_method
Differential calculus on function spaces
Euler–Lagrange equation of the calculus of variations. A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there
Calculus_of_variations
Research method developed by Richard Solomon
[citation needed] The effectiveness of the treatment can be evaluated by comparisons between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 4.[citation needed].
Solomon_four-group_design
Rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to its combinatorial properties
a combinatorial explosion is the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to the way its combinatorics depends on input, constraints and bounds
Combinatorial_explosion
Research methodology that makes comparisons across different countries or cultures
or comparative studies that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures. A major problem in comparative research is that the data
Comparative_research
To find the minimal surface with a given boundary
In mathematics, Plateau's problem is to show the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary. The problem is considered part of the calculus of
Plateau's_problem
Mathematical and computational problem
a network prefix into multiple subnets, and technology mapping in FPGA semiconductor chip design. Computationally, the problem is NP-hard, and the corresponding
Bin_packing_problem
Feature of some programming languages
datatype). Efficient implementation of multiple-dispatch remains an ongoing research problem. To estimate how often multiple dispatch is used in practice, Muschevici
Multiple_dispatch
Dinosaur mass and length estimates
ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842649. PMID 19846460. Media related to Dinosauria size comparisons at Wikimedia Commons The Biggest Carnivore: Dinosaur History Rewritten
Dinosaur_size
Statistical test for multiple comparisons
"Reminder sheets for Multiple comparisons. Unpublished manuscript". Brown, 1984. Tukey, J. W. (1953). "The problem of multiple comparisons. Unpublished manuscript"
Newman–Keuls_method
Critique of planned economies
The economic calculation problem (ECP) is a criticism of using central economic planning (rather than market-based mechanisms) for the allocation of the
Economic_calculation_problem
Special case of the Euler-Lagrange equations
example of an application of the Beltrami identity is the brachistochrone problem, which involves finding the curve y = y ( x ) {\displaystyle y=y(x)} that
Beltrami_identity
Controversial medical diagnosis
physiological problem and should consider the value of consultation with allergists and other specialists. Interagency Workgroup on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Multiple_chemical_sensitivity
support.gmx.com. Chen, Brian X. (June 17, 2020). "Tackling the Unsolvable Problem: The Bottomless Email Inbox". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved
Comparison of webmail providers
Comparison_of_webmail_providers
Path-finding using high-weight graph edges
path problem can be transformed into an algorithm for the minimax path problem, or vice versa, by reversing the sense of all the weight comparisons performed
Widest_path_problem
Topics referred to by the same term
identities Statistical multiplicity, also known as the problem of multiple comparisons Multiplicity (Christianity) Multiplicity (philosophy), a philosophical
Multiplicity
Divergent sum of positive unit fractions
infinitely many prime numbers, the analysis of the coupon collector's problem on how many random trials are needed to provide a complete range of responses
Harmonic_series_(mathematics)
Structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions
utilized to estimate the relative magnitudes of factors through pair-wise comparisons. Each of the respondents compares the relative importance of each pair
Analytic_hierarchy_process
Pedagogy emphasizing problem-solving mastery
method used to solve word problems in arithmetic. These bar models can come in multiple forms such as a whole-part or a comparison model. With the whole-part
Singapore_math
Machine learning calibration technique
John (1999). "Probabilistic outputs for support vector machines and comparisons to regularized likelihood methods". Advances in Large Margin Classifiers
Platt_scaling
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
cost of comparison. In situations like this, tens to hundreds of loci may be extracted from each genome and used together. As with comparisons with fewer
Species
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