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Structure of the invertebrate central nervous system
The ventral nerve cord (VNC) is a major structure of the central nervous system in invertebrates that have it. As with all nerve cords, it is the functional
Ventral_nerve_cord
Chordate neural structure
The dorsal nerve cord is an anatomical feature found in all chordates, mainly in the subphyla Vertebrata and Cephalochordata, as well as in some hemichordates
Dorsal_nerve_cord
Part of the vertebral column in animals
4 mm (1⁄4 in) in the thoracic area. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from
Spinal_cord
Index of articles associated with the same name
Dorsal nerve cord, in chordates Ventral nerve cord, in some invertebrates Some bilaterians have no nerve cords while others have more than one nerve cord; for
Nerve_cord
Nerve of the upper limb
median nerve originates from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, and has contributions from ventral roots of C6-C7 (lateral cord) and C8
Median_nerve
Main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve (CN X), plays a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating
Vagus_nerve
Cranial nerve responsible for the face's senses and motor functions
the trigeminal nerve (lit. triplet nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for
Trigeminal_nerve
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
(synapomorphies) that distinguish them from other taxa: a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. In addition
Chordate
Connection graph of the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
The fly's central nervous system consists of the brain plus the ventral nerve cord, and both are known to differ considerably between male and female. Complete
Drosophila_connectome
Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
body: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral (usually bottom) side of the body, whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal (usually
Evolution_of_nervous_systems
Organ central to the nervous system
respective body segment) of the ventral nerve cord, vertebrate brains develop axially from the midline dorsal nerve cord as a vesicular enlargement at the rostral
Brain
Network of nerves
M or W shape made by the musculocutaneous nerve, lateral cord, median nerve, medial cord, and ulnar nerve. There is a mnemonic to easily remember the
Brachial_plexus
Nerve that carries signals between the spinal cord and the body
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are
Spinal_nerve
Nerve of the human body near the armpit
nerve or the circumflex nerve is a nerve of the human body, that originates from the brachial plexus (upper trunk, posterior division, posterior cord)
Axillary_nerve
Terrestrial invertebrate, order Opisthopora
circum-pharyngeal connectives form a nerve ring around the pharynx. The ventral nerve cord (formed by nerve cells and nerve fibers) begins at the sub-pharyngeal
Earthworm
Bundle of funiculi (small bundles of axons) in the peripheral nervous system
fascicles enclosing many thousands of axons (or nerve fibers). In neuroanatomy, different tracts in the spinal cord are bundled into fasciculi such as the medial
Nerve_fascicle
Nervous systems lacking a brain
flatworms, but then always alongside longitudinal nerve(s) (nerve cord) and/or a brain. The nerve net is the simplest form of a nervous system found
Nerve_net
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
diffuse nerve net. All other animal species, with the exception of a few types of worm, have a nervous system containing a brain, a central cord (or two
Nervous_system
Feature of annelid and arthropod central nervous systems
central nervous system that lie in the segmented ventral nerve cord. The ventral nerve cord itself is a chain of metamerism ganglia, some compressed.
Segmental_ganglia
Part of the spinal cord
of spinal nerve (or posterior root of spinal nerve or sensory root)[citation needed] is one of two "roots" which emerge from the spinal cord. It emerges
Dorsal_root_of_spinal_nerve
Cable-like bundle of axons
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons). Nerves have historically been considered the basic units of the peripheral nervous
Nerve
Brain and spinal cord
plexa etc. Each spinal nerve will carry both sensory and motor signals, but the nerves synapse at different regions of the spinal cord, either from the periphery
Central_nervous_system
Class of jawless fish
evolutionary history. Organisms possessing a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, a pituitary gland/endostyle, and a post-anal tail during
Lamprey
Nerve controlling the diaphragm
vocal-cord palsy and hemidiaphragm paralysis due to combined involvement of the cervical sympathetic chain, recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve in
Phrenic_nerve
Star-shaped organisms
outgrowth of the radial nerve cord from any existing nerve cord remaining post amputation. Intriguingly, the radial nerve cord and radial water canal (the
Starfish_regeneration
Superphylum of bilateral animals
A hollow nerve cord is found in all chordates, including tunicates (in the larval stage). Some hemichordates also have a tubular nerve cord. In the early
Deuterostome
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower motor neurons. The axons from the lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry
Motor_neuron
Clade of animals
nerve cord with segmented ganglia (ga1-4) Nervous system of a remipede arthropod, showing the presence of both deutocerebrum (dc) and ventral nerve cord
Panarthropoda
Extinct genus of primitive chordates
protochordates. A reinterpretation in 2024 found evidence of the gut canal, dorsal nerve cord and myomeres, and suggested that the taxon was previously interpreted
Pikaia
Part of the nervous system excluding the brain and spinal cord
spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and
Peripheral_nervous_system
Nerve in the arm
The musculocutaneous nerve is a mixed branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus derived from cervical spinal nerves C5-C7. It arises opposite
Musculocutaneous_nerve
Nerve that supplies the latissimus dorsi
supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle. The thoracodorsal nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It is derived from their ventral
Thoracodorsal_nerve
Branch of neuroscience
tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially
Neuroanatomy
Species of lancelet
B. belcheri have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynx, buccal cavity, cirri, tail, dorsal fin, nerve cord, segmented muscle, and ocelli. They are
Branchiostoma_belcheri
Flexible rod-shaped structure in all chordates
tail) axis of the body, dorsal to the gut tube, and ventral to the dorsal nerve cord. Some chordate invertebrates, such as tunicates, develop a notochord during
Notochord
Class of arthropods
species. The insect nervous system consists of a brain and a ventral nerve cord. Insects breathe air through a system of paired openings along their sides
Insect
Nerve which runs near the ulna bone
struck". The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots (and occasionally carries C7 fibers which arise from the lateral cord), which then form
Ulnar_nerve
Cranial nerve XI, for head and shoulder movements
The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid
Accessory_nerve
Raptorial winged insects
been genetically modified with light-sensitive "steering neurons" in its nerve cord to create a cyborg-like "DragonflEye". The neurons contain genes like
Dragonfly
chondrichthyes as follows. The five synapomorphies are pharyngeal slits, a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, endostyle, and the post-anal-tail which is depicted and labeled
Shark_anatomy
Neuroscience field
Slits, and their receptors, the Robos (short for Roundabout). The ventral nerve cord looks like a ladder, with three longitudinal axon bundles (fascicles)
Axon_guidance
Phylum of marine deuterostome animals
enteropneusts consists of: the basiepidermal nerve net the dorsal nerve cord the ventral nerve cord the prebranchial nerve ring the apical ganglion Hemichordates
Hemichordate
Nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system
A sensory nerve, or afferent nerve, is a nerve that contains exclusively afferent nerve fibers. Nerves containing also motor fibers are called mixed.
Sensory_nerve
Hypothesis in developmental biology
ventral nerve cord and dorsal heart. Whereas this arrangement is retained in arthropods and other protostomes, in chordate deuterostomes, the nerve cord is
Inversion (evolutionary biology)
Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)
Superphylum of protostomes
unpaired ventral nerve cord, present in Priapulida and Nematoida, appear to be the ancestral condition, making the paired ventral nerve cord found in Panarthropoda
Ecdysozoa
Spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae
brevis extensor hallucis longus Lumbar spinal nerve 3 Lumbar spinal nerve 4 Lumbar spinal nerve 5 The spinal cord with spinal nerves The plan of the lumbosacral
Lumbar_nerves
Paralysis of all four limbs and torso
sacral nerve roots found at the lowest portion of the spinal cord. In simpler terms, "complete" is meant as a way to express that the spinal cord is injured
Tetraplegia
Nerve in the human body
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), also known as nervus recurrens, is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles
Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve
Branch of the first lumbar nerve
ilioinguinal nerve is a branch of the first lumbar nerve (L1). It separates from the first lumbar nerve along with the larger iliohypogastric nerve. It emerges
Ilioinguinal_nerve
Animals with embryonic bilateral symmetry
only weakly condensed nerve nets (similar to those in cnidarians), while others have either a ventral nerve cord, a dorsal nerve cord, both (e.g. in Hemichordate)
Bilateria
Nerve exiting the central nervous system
A motor nerve, or efferent nerve, is a nerve that contains exclusively efferent nerve fibers and transmits motor signals from the central nervous system
Motor_nerve
Bony structure found in vertebrates
extensive lateral and vertical flexion motion without stretching the nerve cord too extensively or wringing it about its long axis. In horses, the Arabian
Spinal_column
Nerve in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the upper limb
hand. This nerve was historically referred to as the musculospiral nerve. The radial nerve originates as a terminal branch of the posterior cord of the brachial
Radial_nerve
signals from the brain to neural circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates). As the sole conduits of information between
Descending_neuron
Structure in the human male reproductive system
The spermatic cord is the cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and surrounding tissue that runs from the deep inguinal
Spermatic_cord
Phylum of parasitoid animals; horsehair worms
systems. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring near the anterior end of the animal and a ventral nerve cord running along the body. Reproductively
Nematomorpha
Comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain
publicly available datasets of the adult fly ventral nerve cord (VNC). The female adult nerve cord (FANC) was collected using high-throughput ssTEM by
Connectome
Genus of roundworms
gordiids possess a single longitudinal ventral nerve cord, nectonematids possess an additional dorsal nerve cord. Nectonematids also possess a blindly-ending
Nectonema
Genus of lancelets
the gill-slits, with the slightly enlarged anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord above and in front of them. It dislikes the light. Branchiostoma grows
Branchiostoma
Study of mapping wiring diagrams
brain and ventral nerve cord of adult Drosophila melanogaster, the full central nervous system (connected brain and ventral nerve cord) of larval Drosophila
Connectomics
Injury to the main nerve bundle in the back of humans
spinal cord and exit between a pair of vertebrae, to innervate a specific part of the body. The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called
Spinal_cord_injury
Marine animals, subphylum of chordates
their mobile larval stage, tunicates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. They resemble a tadpole
Tunicate
Part of the embryonic brain
genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord. It has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the urbilaterian—the
Hindbrain
Initial segment of a nerve leaving the central nervous system
nerves leaving the central nervous system from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve formed by the union of a sensory dorsal root and a motor
Nerve_root
Primary cell of the nervous system
term neuron in 1891, based on the ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron 'sinew, cord, nerve'. The word was adopted in French with the spelling neurone. That spelling
Neuron
Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous
the spinal cord, inhibiting pain sensation transmission. Oculomotor nerve nucleus: This is the third cranial nerve nucleus. Trochlear nerve nucleus: This
Brainstem
Neural pathway which controls a reflex
involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than the spinal cord. During a somatic reflex, nerve signals travel along
Reflex_arc
et al. (2024). "Connectomic reconstruction of a female Drosophila ventral nerve cord". Nature. 631 (8020): 360–368. Bibcode:2024Natur.631..360A. bioRxiv 10
List of animals by number of neurons
List_of_animals_by_number_of_neurons
Surgical procedure
(ACDF) is a surgical procedure to treat nerve root or spinal cord compression by decompressing the spinal cord and nerve roots of the cervical spine with a
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Anterior_cervical_discectomy_and_fusion
Species of centipede
Schendel V, Kenning M, Sombke A. A comparative analysis of the ventral nerve cord of Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha): morphology, neuroanatomy, and
Lithobius_forficatus
Class of marine animals in the subphylum Tunicata
spawning. The tail of larvaceans contain a central notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and a series of striated muscle bands enveloped either by epithelial
Larvacean
Parasitic or predatory annelid worms
the cerebral ganglion; there are sensory and motor nerve cells connected to the ventral nerve cord ganglia in each segment. Leeches have between two and
Leech
Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons
afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body and from the cell body to the spinal cord along
Axon
cutaneous nerve (T1) medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (C8-T1) medial head of median nerve (C8-T1) [other part of median nerve comes from lateral cord] ulnar
Medial_cord
Axonal projections that exit a particular region
Efferent nerve fibers are axons (nerve fibers) of efferent neurons that exit a particular region. These terms have a slightly different meaning in the
Efferent_nerve_fiber
Genus of roundworms
diffusion across body wall. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring and many longitudinal nerve cord. They are dioecious and have separate reproductive systems
Ascaris
Axonal projections that arrive at a particular brain region
periphery being sent via afferent nerve fiber of the dorsal root ganglion (first order neuron) through the spinal cord to the dorsal column nuclei (second
Afferent_nerve_fiber
Subphylum of chordates
complex skeleton. In common with vertebrates, lancelets have a hollow nerve cord running along the back, pharyngeal slits and a tail that runs past the
Lancelet
Symptoms resulting from chronic, direct pressure on a peripheral nerve
Nerve compression syndrome, or compression neuropathy, or nerve entrapment syndrome, is a medical condition caused by chronic, direct pressure on a peripheral
Nerve_compression_syndrome
Nerve of upper limb
upper (superior) subscapular nerve is the first branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The upper subscapular nerve contains axons from the ventral
Upper_subscapular_nerve
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue
Spinal cord injuries alone affect an estimated 10,000 people each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration
Neuroregeneration
located below the oesophagus, inside the head. As part of the ventral nerve cord, it is connected (via pairs of connections) to the cerebral ganglion and
Gnathal_ganglion
Neuromodulation device for implantation in the spinal cord
A spinal cord stimulator (SCS) or dorsal column stimulator (DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes called a "pain pacemaker")
Spinal_cord_stimulator
Peripheral neuroanatomic structure
musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) lateral head of median nerve (C5-C7) [other part of median nerve comes from medial cord] Lateral cord Brachial plexus.Deep
Lateral_cord
Large nerve in humans and other animals
sciatic nerve is formed from the L4 to S3 segments of the sacral plexus, a collection of nerve fibres that emerge from the sacral part of the spinal cord. The
Sciatic_nerve
Type of area of skin
lines. In referred pain, sensory nerve fibers such as those from dermatomes may come together at the same spinal cord level as the general visceral afferent
Dermatome_(anatomy)
Part of the peripheral nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that links brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles under conscious control, as well as to sensory receptors
Somatic_nervous_system
Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
motor neurons is also influenced by interneurons in the spinal cord or ventral nerve cord and by descending signals from the brain. Breathing can also be
Reflex
Nerve of the human chest muscle
The lateral pectoral nerve (also known as the lateral anterior thoracic nerve) arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and through it from
Lateral_pectoral_nerve
Species of cockroach
vasectomized males caused calling to resume. Smith and Schal found that ventral nerve cord transections, either immediately following copulation or after odthecal
Brown-banded_cockroach
Description of the physical form of insects
brain and a ventral nerve cord. The head capsule is made up of six fused segments, each with a pair of ganglia, or a cluster of nerve cells outside of the
Insect_morphology
Main nerve of the perineum
the middle and lower root join to form the lower cord, and these in turn unite to form the pudendal nerve proper just proximal to the sacrospinous ligament
Pudendal_nerve
Injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves
Vocal_cord_paresis
Species of marine parasite
encountered studying its morphology: "It has no mouth, no gut, no brain and no nerve cord. It doesn't have a left or right side or a top or bottom – we can't even
Buddenbrockia_plumatellae
Anatomical structure
made of lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. In humans, the spinal cord stops growing in infancy. At birth the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the
Cauda_equina
Arthropod nervous system component
ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments
Cerebral_ganglion
Nerve of the human chest muscle
The medial pectoral nerve (also known as the medial anterior thoracic nerve) is (typically) a branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus and is
Medial_pectoral_nerve
Topics referred to by the same term
nerve may refer to: Dorsal cutaneous nerve Dorsal digital nerves Dorsal digital nerves of foot Dorsal scapular nerve Dorsal nerve cord Dorsal nerve of
Dorsal_nerve
Cranial nerve XII, for the tongue
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic
Hypoglossal_nerve
Species of fruit fly
neural circuits (connectomes) of the brain and nerve cord are available. The larval brain and nerve cord consist of 3,016 neurons and 548,000 synapses
Drosophila_melanogaster
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