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Animals with embryonic bilateral symmetry
Bilateria (/ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə/) is a large clade of animals characterised by bilateral symmetry during embryonic development. This means their body plans
Bilateria
Biological kingdom
Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria. Most living animal species belong to the clade Bilateria, a highly proliferative clade whose members
Animal
Clade of animals whose mouth develops before the anus
Together with the Deuterostomia and Xenacoelomorpha, these form the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis and three germ
Protostome
Clade of all animals except sponges and comb jellies
ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria. The relationship of Parahoxozoa to the two other
ParaHoxozoa
List of animals
Diploblasts: Ctenophora, ParaHoxozoa ParaHoxozoa: Placozoa, Cnidaria, Bilateria/Triploblast Bilateria: Xenacoelomorpha, Nephrozoa Nephrozoa: Protostomes, Deuterostomes
Lists_of_animals
Possible simple urbilateran candidate
of protostomes, deuterostomes and acoelomorphs. The first evidence of bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in sediments towards the
Urbilaterian
Clade of animals
is a clade which includes the Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates)
Planulozoa
Aquatic animal phylum having cnidocytes
that Cnidaria and Bilateria are more closely related to each other than either is to Ctenophora. This grouping of Cnidaria and Bilateria has been labelled
Cnidaria
Enzyme
expressed in bilateria, a biological group of animals. The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene. This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which
Diamine_oxidase
Taxonomic class of animals
Jan & Hypša, Václav (2003): Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position of "Endocnidozoa" in light of the rediscovery
Hydrozoa
Brain and spinal cord
midbrain and hindbrain. Development of the neural tube Various lineages of Bilateria have independently compacted their ancestral nerve nets into a number
Central_nervous_system
Phylum of animals
suggested that the phylum Xenacoelomorpha is a sister group to all the other bilateria. In this model, Xenacoelomorpha are neither protostomes nor deuterostomes
Xenacoelomorpha
Basal animal clade as a sister group of the Porifera
classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria – all animals except the sponges. It has been suggested that one type
Eumetazoa
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other. All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appear
Nervous_system
Subphylum of aquatic parasites
and the HOX genes of two species, were more similar to those of the Bilateria. The discovery that Buddenbrockia plumatellae, a worm-like parasite of
Myxozoa
Organ system within humans and other animals
mouth and anus) is thought to have evolved within the nephrozoan clade of Bilateria, after their ancestral ventral orifice (single, as in cnidarians and acoels;
Gastrointestinal_tract
Phylum of aquatic animals
Ctenophora, once in the Cnidaria and once in the Bilateria. If they branched off before the Cnidaria and Bilateria split, the neurons and muscles would have
Placozoa
Anatomical plane, bisects the body vertically through the midline marked by the navel
Whether in reference to the anatomy of the human or other members of the Bilateria, the median plane, also called the midsagittal plane and related terms
Median_plane
Subphylum of chordates
pancreas, and stomach. Vertebrates (and other chordates) belong to the Bilateria, a group of animals with mirror symmetrical bodies. They move, typically
Vertebrate
Proposed clade of animals
this hypothesis, Xenacoelomorpha forms the earliest diverging branch of Bilateria, with all other bilaterians placed in Nephrozoa. It contrasts with the
Nephrozoa
Clade of animals
(2019) notes that whether Cnidaria is considered sister to Placozoa or Bilateria varies among recent phylogenetic analyses. Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock
Benthozoa
Superphylum of bilateral animals
Together with the Xenacoelomorpha, these constitute the large clade Bilateria, i.e. animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. Initially
Deuterostome
Geometric symmetry in living beings
of Georges Cuvier's classification of the animal kingdom. Meanwhile, Bilateria is a taxonomic grouping still used today to represent organisms with embryonic
Symmetry_in_biology
Class of marine invertebrates
bilateral (mirror) symmetry; The latter indicates that they belong to the Bilateria, along with chordates, arthropods, annelids and molluscs. Sea urchins
Sea_urchin
Soft-bodied, aquatic invertebrates
Ctenophora (comb jellies) ??? Cnidaria (includes jellyfish and other jellies) Bilateria Protostomia Deuterostomia Ambulacraria Chordata Tunicata (includes salps)
Jellyfish
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12) eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10
Chordate
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Panarthropoda
Arthropod
Evolutionary trend
closely related: in fact, they represent widely separated branches of the Bilateria, as shown on the phylogenetic tree; their lineages split hundreds of millions
Cephalization
Phylum of parasitoid animals; horsehair worms
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Nematoida
Nematomorpha
Phylum of gelatinous marine animals
been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Bilateria, and sister to all other animals. Walter Garstang
Ctenophora
Clade of marine invertebrates
Animalia Ctenophora Cnidaria Anthozoa stem‑group Medusozoa crown‑group Medusozoa Staurozoa Hydrozoa Cubozoa Scyphozoa Bilateria
Medusozoa
Historical taxonomic rank
exhibit unmistakable bilateral symmetry as larvae, and are now in the Bilateria. Ctenophores exhibit biradial or rotational symmetry, defined by tentacular
Radiata
Bilateria is an extremely diverse group of animals containing a vast majority of its species, largely due to the enormous amount of arthropods. This article
List_of_bilaterian_orders
Physiological damage to an organism
is a signal that promotes healing of wounds to the epithelium in both bilateria (such as vertebrates) and in non-bilaterians such as cnidaria. The signal
Injury
Superphylum of protostomes
Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". In Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (eds.).
Ecdysozoa
Extinct animal genus
rejected by many authors. Their affinities to any animal group beyond Bilateria were long considered uncertain, until a 2025 study, which interpreted
Nectocaris
Extinct genus of soft-bodied sea animals
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Phylum: incertae sedis Genus: †Tullimonstrum Richardson, 1966 Type species
Tullimonstrum
Subphylum of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Hexapoda
Clade of protostomes with spiral cleavage during early development
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia sensu Edgecombe et
Spiralia
Phylum of worms
(in German). Vol. III. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Gustav Fischer. "Bilateria". Tree of Life (tolweb.org). Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Retrieved
Nematode
Species of parasite
are related to Bilateria or Cnidaria, with Cnidaria being closer morphologically because both groups have extrusive filaments. Bilateria were somewhat
Myxobolus_cerebralis
Class of crustaceans
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Copepod
Subphylum of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Crustacean
Phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates
parasitize fish and turtles. The relationships of Platyhelminthes to other Bilateria are shown in the phylogenetic tree: The internal relationships of Platyhelminthes
Flatworm
Clade comprising all crustaceans and hexapods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Pancrustacea
Organ central to the nervous system
anterior-posterior patterning as well as axial patterning of the brain across the Bilateria, as indicated by comparison of gene expression patterns during development
Brain
Phylum of invertebrate animals
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Mollusca
Important characteristic for separating animals into protostomes and deuterostomes
Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Protostomia Deuterostomia
Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
Embryological_origins_of_the_mouth_and_anus
Cambrian animal genus
member of the family Siphusauctidae, and suggested to have affinities with Bilateria, due to the suggestion that it possessed a digestive tract and anus, characteristic
Siphusauctum
Species of possible Ediacaran Vetulicolian
"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv
Alienum
Extinct genus of possible megacheiran
v t e Megacheira Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Panarthropoda Phylum: Arthropoda Megacheira Tanglangia Jianfengiidae
Dytikosicula
Species of marine parasites
Zrzavý J. & Hypša V. (2003). "Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position of "Endocnidozoa" in light of the rediscovery
Polypodium_hydriforme
Class of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Arachnid
Phylum of microscopic animals
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Panarthropoda
Tardigrade
Membrane inside the body cavity of an animal
In zoology, a mesentery is a membrane inside the body cavity of an animal. The term identifies different structures in different phyla: in vertebrates
Mesentery_(zoology)
Structure of the invertebrate central nervous system
programs without brain input. Nerve cords have evolved several times among bilateria. The chordates (which includes the vertebrates) ended up with a dorsal
Ventral_nerve_cord
Extinct species of cnidarian
Animalia Ctenophora Cnidaria Anthozoa Medusozoa Auroralumina other stem-group Medusozoa (e.g. Conulariida) crown-group Medusozoa Bilateria
Auroralumina
Class of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Insect
Clade containing animals and some protists
Placozoa Grell 1971 Ctenophora Eschscholtz 1829 Cnidaria Hatschek 1888 Bilateria Hatschek 1888 The term "Choanozoa" has been used since 1991 by Cavalier-Smith
Holozoa
Taxonomic rank
Protostome Nephrozoa Bilateria Deuterostome Basal/disputed Vendobionta Others
Phylum
Animal clade containing xenoturbellids, acoelomorphs, echinoderms and hemichordates
assumes a paraphyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria. The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria
Xenambulacraria
Resilient and smooth elastic tissue present in animals
"The genetic program for cartilage development has deep homology within Bilateria". Nature. 533 (7601): 86–9. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...86T. doi:10.1038/nature17398
Cartilage
Phylum of segmented worms
ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1. Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S. & Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Introduction to Bilateria". Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 196–224. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1
Annelid
2016 book by Peter Godfrey-Smith
Origins of intelligence Animals Sponges Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals) Bilateria Vertebrates (humans, fish) Arthropods (ants, lobsters) Molluscs (snails
Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness
Other_Minds:_The_Octopus,_the_Sea,_and_the_Deep_Origins_of_Consciousness
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Neuralia (animal), the clade containing Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Bilateria This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Neuralia
Neuralia
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
Placozoa Subkingdom Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) Ctenophora Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Orthonectida Rhombozoa Acoelomorpha Chaetognatha Superphylum
Outline_of_life_forms
Basic unit of life forms
known as triploblastic. Triploblastic animals make up the large clade of Bilateria. Differentiation results in structural or functional changes to stem cells
Cell_(biology)
Order of flatworm-like bilaterian animals
xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis) The Acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis)]
Acoela
Cephalic part of an animal
evolution of a head is associated with the cephalization that occurred in Bilateria some 555 million years ago. In some arthropods, especially trilobites
Head
Clade of deuterostomes containing echinoderms and hemichordates
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Superphylum: Deuterostomia Clade: Ambulacraria Metchnikoff
Ambulacraria
Animals of the phylum Porifera
1998). "Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence". Proceedings of the National
Sponge
Subphylum of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Chelicerata
Organisational structure in early vertebrate embryogenesis
only among tetrapods, but more broadly among Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Bilateria – all major groups of animals except sponges. The classic demonstration
Primitive_node
Genus of cnidarians
resulted from FoxO downregulation. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms (Bilateria), the transcription factor FoxO affects stress response, lifespan, and
Hydra_(genus)
Solza margarita Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia (unranked): Bilateria Genus: †Solza Ivantsov, 2004 Type species †Solza margarita Ivantsov, 2004
Solza_margarita
Subclass of sessile marine crustaceans
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Barnacle
Extinct genus of Megacheiran Arthropod
v t e Megacheira Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Panarthropoda Phylum: Arthropoda Megacheira Tanglangia Jianfengiidae
Lomankus
Phylum of marine worms
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Clade: Gnathifera
Chaetognatha
Topics referred to by the same term
Bilateral may refer to any concept including two sides, in particular: Bilateria, bilateral animals Bilateralism, the political and cultural relations
Bilateral
Clade of animals
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Clade: Panarthropoda
Panarthropoda
nutrient run-offs which may have triggered algal bloom anoxic events. Bilateria, animals having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each
History_of_life
Animals without organs
it. Even if Mesozoa were valid their position is unequivocally inside Bilateria and not as separate subkingdom. Placozoa is now also considered an Eumetazoan
Agnotozoa
Phylum of tiny parasites of cephalopods
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Clade: Platytrochozoa
Dicyemida
Family of sea squirts
v t e Tunicate genera Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Phylum: Chordata Clade: Olfactores Tunicata Appendicularia (Larvacea) Kowalevskia Fritillariidae
Ritterellidae
Class of echinoderms, marine animal
Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Nephrozoa Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia 610 mya Deuterostomia Chordata Echinodermata Crinoidea Eleutherozoa Asterozoa Asteroidea
Starfish
Family of ticks
full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Chelicerata; Arachnida;
Ixodidae
Taxonomic rank
Subkingdom Eumetazoa Branch Radiata Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Ctenophora Branch Bilateria Grade Acoelomata Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nemertea or Rhynchocoela
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Subphylum of arthropods
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Myriapoda
Genus of flatworms
1951. The Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela the acoelomate Bilateria, McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 550 p. Choate, P.M., and Dunn, R.A., 1988
Bipalium
Group of animals with a lophophore
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Lophophorata
Biological classification system
Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, and Ctenophora), Myxozoa, Mesozoa, and Bilateria (all other animal phyla). He created five new animal phyla: Acanthognatha
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
Cavalier-Smith's_system_of_classification
Genus of microscopic organism that are commensal with lobsters
classification Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Symbion
Many-legged arthropods with elongated bodies
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Centipede
Organisms that live in salt water
doi:10.1126/science.1142024. PMID 17615357. S2CID 5170702. The earliest Bilateria may have had only a single opening, and no coelom. Cavicchioli R, Ripple
Marine_life
Ancestral subkingdom of animals
Animalia Porifera Eumetazoa Ctenophora ParaHoxozoa Placozoa Cnidaria Bilateria
Parazoa
Proposed Lophotrochozoa clade
Polyzoa Barentsia ramosa Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa Clade: Protostomia Clade: Spiralia Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Polyzoa
Species of marine parasite
strong support to the theory that the enigmatic group belongs among the Bilateria. Five years later, this was refuted by a study of fifty genes from this
Buddenbrockia_plumatellae
Early bilaterian organism fossil species
Artist's restoration Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Genus: †Ikaria Evans et al., 2020 Type species †Ikaria wariootia Evans
Ikaria_(genus)
Extinct genus of primitive chordates
Pikaia gracilens is an extinct, primitive chordate marine animal known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Described in 1911 by
Pikaia
Largest class of crustaceans
Arthropoda classes by subphylum Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Clade Bilateria Clade Protostomia Superphylum Ecdysozoa Chelicerata Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Malacostraca
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