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Series of proposed emergency spacecraft for the Apollo Program
Lunar escape systems (LESS) were a series of emergency vehicles designed for never-flown long-duration Apollo missions. Because these missions were more
Lunar_escape_systems
American human spaceflight program
NASA also studied Lunar Escape Systems as a means of returning two astronauts from the lunar surface to an orbiting CSM if the Lunar Module ascent-stage
Apollo_Applications_Program
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
lunar polar orbiter, Luna 26, in 2028. List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K-L1 First on the Moon (disambiguation) "Manned
Moon_landing
Saturn V-launched payload that took men to the Moon
electronic guidance systems, reaction control system, radar and communications antennas, ascent rocket engine and propellant to return to lunar orbit and rendezvous
Apollo_(spacecraft)
NASA crewed Moon landing spacecraft (1969–1972)
engine throttle, while the Lunar Module pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the commander informed about systems status and navigational information
Apollo_Lunar_Module
Topics referred to by the same term
framework that extends Scrum -less, a privative suffix in English Lunar Escape Systems, a series of proposed emergency spacecraft for the Apollo Program
Less
Sculpture by Paul Van Hoeydonck placed on the Moon
commercial exploitation of the US government space program. Before his Apollo 15 lunar mission, astronaut David Scott met Belgian painter and printmaker Paul Van
Fallen_Astronaut
Commemorative plaques attached to the United States Apollo Lunar Modules
United States Apollo Lunar Modules flown on lunar landing missions Apollo 11 through Apollo 17, to be left permanently on the lunar surface. The plaques
Lunar_plaque
Portable TV camera suitable for space operations
stowed in the LM, and it used the LM's communications systems to evaluate their performance before lunar operations began. This meant that the CM did not carry
Apollo_TV_camera
1935–1960 American aircraft manufacturer
Wheatfield was demolished in March 2025. Bell Pogo Lunar Escape Systems Ascent propulsion system AAM-N-5 Meteor ASM-A-1 Tarzon GAM-63 RASCAL Nord CT
Bell_Aircraft
kilometers (1,900 mi) of the lunar north pole at closest approach and as far away as 70,000 kilometers (43,000 mi) over the lunar south pole. Distant retrograde
List_of_orbits
Personal Space Ejection Mechanism
– Inflatable ball-shaped space suit Lunar Escape Systems – Proposed system to rescue Apollo astronauts from lunar surface MOOSE means Manned Orbital Operations
MOOSE
Statements left on the Moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts
reminded about the package by Neil Armstrong while ascending the ladder of the Lunar Module Eagle to finish their EVA. He then dropped it to the surface. Later
Apollo_11_goodwill_messages
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes an orbit (lunar month) in relation to Earth and the Sun (synodically) every 29.5 days. The
Moon
Chinese super-heavy carrier rocket
development by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology for crewed lunar missions, flights to the Tiangong space station, and commercial launches
Long_March_10
The Moon's circuit around Earth
is, while stable and known, highly complex, and as such still studied by lunar theory. Most models describe the Moon's orbit geocentrically since the Moon
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
A trans-lunar injection (TLI) is a propulsive maneuver used to send a spacecraft toward the Moon. Typical lunar transfer trajectories approximate Hohmann
Trans-lunar_injection
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
LEO, 4.1 and 3.8 for LEO to lunar orbit (or L5) and GEO resp., 0.7 for L5 to lunar orbit, and 2.2 for lunar orbit to lunar surface. Figures come from Chapter
Delta-v_budget
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
staging area for future lunar missions. In contrast with low lunar orbit which NASA characterizes as being deep in the lunar gravity well, NRHO is described
Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit
Concept in celestial mechanics
In celestial mechanics, escape velocity or escape speed is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from contact with or orbit of a primary body
Escape_velocity
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command
Apollo_program
1972–1976 lunar science experiment
The Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment (LEAM) was a lunar science experiment that flew to the Moon on board Apollo 17 in 1972. It collected information
Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_Experiment
NASA-led lunar exploration program
program elements include the Commercial Lunar Payload Services, Exploration Ground Systems, Artemis Base Camp, the Lunar Terrain Vehicle, and spacesuit development
Artemis_program
Table of positions of astronomical objects at given times
on the island of Jamaica, Christopher Columbus successfully predicted a lunar eclipse for the natives, using the ephemeris of the German astronomer Regiomontanus
Ephemeris
Very scant presence of gases around the Moon
as a result of the Moon's gravity; escape the Moon entirely if the particle is moving at or above the lunar escape velocity of 2.38 km/s (1.48 mi/s),
Atmosphere_of_the_Moon
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
940 million km (584 million mi). Ignoring the influence of other Solar System bodies, Earth's orbit, also called Earth's revolution, is an ellipse with
Earth's_orbit
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
problem Jacobi integral Lunar theory Natural units Numerical model of the Solar System Stability of the Solar System Few-body systems N-body simulation, a
N-body_problem
Mathematical equation describing the motion of a rocket
the rocket motor's design, the desired delta-v (e.g., orbital speed or escape velocity), and a given dry mass m f {\displaystyle m_{f}} , the equation
Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
geostationary satellites have to be located on this ring. A combination of lunar gravity, solar gravity, and the flattening of the Earth at its poles causes
Geostationary_orbit
Lunar orbiter by NASA
Lunar Flashlight was a low-cost CubeSat lunar orbiter mission to explore, locate, and estimate size and composition of water ice deposits on the Moon
Lunar_Flashlight
Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory
least when chemical propulsion is used. For low thrust systems, typically electrical propulsion systems, this approximation is less accurate. But even for
Delta-v
Missions and flights of NASA's Apollo Program
Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecraft into space, and the Little Joe II rocket to test a launch escape system which was expected to carry
List_of_Apollo_missions
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
orbit dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons
Orbital_mechanics
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
orbit to Lunar orbit by way of Earth–Moon L1 and L2 Lissajous orbits. In June 2018, Queqiao, the relay satellite for China's Chang'e 4 lunar lander mission
Lissajous_orbit
Second crewed mission to orbit the Moon
known as CSM-106), Lunar Module 4 (LM-4), a spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA), numbered as SLA-13A, and a launch escape system. The SLA was a mating
Apollo_10
Type of spacecraft orbit
Two system requirements for the NASA Lunar Gateway, as published in the Baseline DSG-RQMT-001 published in June 2019, mention the use of lunar DROs.
Distant_retrograde_orbit
Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
allowed for the effects of gravitational perturbations (primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the solar
Graveyard_orbit
Part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP)
Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) was a lunar science experiment, first deployed by astronauts on the lunar surface in 1969 as part of Apollo 12, and
Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
Suprathermal_Ion_Detector_Experiment
Type of geocentric orbit
790 km). Sun-synchronous frozen orbits have also been used around other Solar System bodies, including asteroids. It is possible to design a Sun-synchronous
Sun-synchronous_orbit
1959. The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 in January 1959, which became the first probe to escape Earth's gravity and perform a flyby
List_of_missions_to_the_Moon
Parameters that define a specific orbit
orbit. In celestial mechanics these elements are considered in two-body systems using a Kepler orbit. There are many different ways to mathematically describe
Orbital_elements
Concept in celestial mechanics
M. Folkner; J. G. Williams; D. H. Boggs (2021). "The JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE440 and DE441". Astronomical Journal. 161 (105). doi:10.3847/1538-3881
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
First South Korean lunar orbiter
The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially Danuri, is South Korea's first lunar mission. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control
Danuri
Type of spacecraft maneuver
Richardson (25 July 2010). Using the Two-Burn Escape Maneuver for Fast Transfers in the Solar System and Beyond (PDF) (Report). NASA. Archived (PDF)
Oberth_effect
Renewed 21st-century competition in space exploration
International Space Station; crewed lunar hardware was consolidated under the Artemis program in 2017, centered on the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft; long-term
New_Space_Race
Aborted Moon landing mission in the Apollo program
disabling its electrical and life-support system. The crew, supported by backup systems on the Apollo Lunar Module, instead looped around the Moon in
Apollo_13
Second crewed Moon landing
and Service Modules 108, or CSM–108), Lunar Module 6 (LM–6), a Launch Escape System (LES), and Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter 15 (SLA–15). The LES contained
Apollo_12
Fuel-efficient orbital maneuver
traditional transfers. These routes work in the Earth–Moon system and also in other systems, such as between the moons of Jupiter. The drawback of such
Low-energy_transfer
1994 video game
Lunar: Eternal Blue is a 1994 role-playing video game developed by Game Arts in association with Studio Alex for the Sega CD as the sequel to Lunar: The
Lunar:_Eternal_Blue
Series of United States uncrewed lunar and planetary space probes (1958-60; 1965-92)
NASA. Pioneer 3 – Lunar flyby, missed Moon due to launcher failure December 6, 1958 Pioneer 4 – Lunar flyby, achieved Earth escape velocity, launched
Pioneer_program
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
of the Solar System, which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun. Comets which traverse the inner Solar System shift between
Heliocentric_orbit
Orbital data format
cards. This format was eventually replaced by text files as punch card systems became obsolete, with each set of elements written to two 69-column ASCII
Two-line_element_set
Discussion of human needs and organization on the Moon
Lunar habitation is any human habitation on the Moon. Lunar habitation is provided by surface habitats, possibly as part of a moonbase. Lunar habitats
Lunar_habitation
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
requirement for alignment gives rise to the concept of launch windows. The term lunar transfer orbit (LTO) is used for the Moon. It is possible to apply the formula
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
June 2018). "How China's lunar relay satellite arrived in its final orbit". The Planetary Society. This is the first-ever lunar relay satellite at this
Halo_orbit
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
(August 24, 2011). "2.2.1.2 Tundra Orbits". Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-96509-1
Geosynchronous_orbit
Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle (1965–1972)
carried a modified L1 Zond spacecraft and live escape tower. Boris Chertok claimed that a mass model lunar module was also carried; however, most sources
N1_(rocket)
Rendezvous Trans-lunar injection Transposition, docking, and extraction Orbital mechanics Astronomical coordinate systems Characteristic energy Escape velocity
Longitude_of_periapsis
Moment in time used as a reference point in astronomy
coordinate systems possible. Thus the coordinate systems most used in astronomy need their own date-reference because the coordinate systems of that type
Epoch_(astronomy)
Satellite orbit with high inclination
formation. This happens due to a resonance with a protoplanetary disk in a system with an additional outer planet. In April 2025 astronomers using ESO's UVES
Polar_orbit
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
classical mechanics List of objects at Lagrange points Lunar space elevator – Proposed transportation system Oberth effect – Type of spacecraft maneuver Actually
Lagrange_point
Defining the orbit of an object in space
definitions exist for satellites around other planets (see planetary coordinate systems). For heliocentric orbits, the ecliptic as the reference plane, and the
Longitude of the ascending node
Longitude_of_the_ascending_node
Highly elliptical and highly inclined synchronous orbit
Michel (2011-08-24). "2.2.1.2 Tundra Orbits". Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119965091.
Tundra_orbit
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
(4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-102133-0. Apogee - Perigee Lunar photographic comparison Aphelion - Perihelion Solar photographic comparison
Elliptic_orbit
Time period during which a rocket must launch to reach its target
prior to launch. The launch vehicle will have a target, and the guidance system will alter the steering commands to attempt to get to the final end state
Launch_window
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
predictable orbit is used by the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation. Other navigation satellite systems use similar medium Earth orbits including GLONASS
Medium_Earth_orbit
Spaceflight not by a government
began designing—and by the 2010s, deploying—space systems competitive to the governmental systems of the early decades of the space age. These new offerings
Private_spaceflight
Orbit around the planet Mars
Rendezvous Trans-lunar injection Transposition, docking, and extraction Orbital mechanics Astronomical coordinate systems Characteristic energy Escape velocity
Areocentric_orbit
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
Electric Propulsion. USPTO. Koppel, Christophe R. (1997). Method and a system for putting a space vehicle into orbit, using thrusters of high specific
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Maintenance of a particular orbit
the orbital plane must be executed to compensate for the effect of the lunar/solar gravitation that perturbs the orbit pole with typically 0.85 degrees
Orbital_station-keeping
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
human spaceflights beyond LEO were the lunar missions of the Apollo program from 1968 to 1972 and the Artemis II lunar flyby in 2026. All space stations as
Low_Earth_orbit
Hypothesis of the formation of the Moon
probably would escape the Solar System, whereas silicates would tend to coalesce. Eighteen months prior to an October 1984 conference on lunar origins, Bill
Giant-impact_hypothesis
American aerospace company
Launch Alliance's Vulcan Centaur. It is also working on the Blue Moon human lunar lander for NASA's Artemis program, the Blue Ring spacecraft platform, and
Blue_Origin
Deity that represents the Moon
A lunar deity or moon deity is a deity who represents the Moon, or an aspect of it. These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending
Lunar_deity
Gary; Garn, Paul (9 January 1989). "Conceptual design of a communications system for Mars exploration missions". 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. AIAA 89-0516
Areosynchronous_orbit
Rendezvous Trans-lunar injection Transposition, docking, and extraction Orbital mechanics Astronomical coordinate systems Characteristic energy Escape velocity
True_longitude
Programs by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon
The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon, in competition with the United States
Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs
Complex type of orbit
velocity (not slow enough to spiral into the hole and not fast enough to escape) enters a complex orbit pattern, bounded by a near and far distance to the
Rosetta_orbit
Measure in astrodynamics
measure of the excess specific energy over that required to just barely escape from a massive body. The units are length2 time−2, i.e. velocity squared
Characteristic_energy
wheels, solar panels, electric propulsion systems, software-defined radios, composite structures, separation systems, and electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR)
History_of_spaceflight
Path on the surface of the Earth or another body directly below an aircraft or satellite
and an inclination of zero in the Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed coordinate system (meaning the orbital plane is not tilted relative to the Earth's equator)
Satellite_ground_track
Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breathe in a hostile environment
pressure systems, and include: Helicopter escape set Mine escape set Submarine escape set Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus Smoke hood Early escape sets were
Breathing_apparatus
Type of spacecraft
in life support systems, spacecraft reentry, and other critical areas. Gemini's emergency launch escape system did not use an escape tower powered by
Space_capsule
Kind of planetary orbit
reschedule of their maneuvering plan. Most natural satellites in the Solar System are in supersynchronous orbits. The Moon is in a supersynchronous orbit
Supersynchronous_orbit
Laws describing planetary orbits
Keplerian approximation is the basis for perturbation calculations (see Lunar theory). Kepler used his two first laws to compute the position of a planet
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Movement around a celestial body that remains below its Karman line
the International Space Station in LEO. Astrobotic Technology's Peregrine lunar lander was moved to a transatmospheric orbit following a fuel leak to avoid
Transatmospheric_orbit
Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
communication and navigation systems. The Moon's Hill sphere is entered at a distance to the Moon of 60,000 km (37,000 mi), lunar orbits until a distance of
High_Earth_orbit
Spaceflight maneuver
"Hohmann Spiral Transfer With Inclination Change Performed By Low-Thrust System" (PDF). Advances in the Astronautical Sciences. 148: 719. Retrieved 3 April
Orbital_inclination_change
Structure and composition of the Moon
called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to "lunar science") is the structure and composition of the Moon, which is quite different
Geology_of_the_Moon
Parameter of Keplerian orbits
2021-05-15. Retrieved 2020-08-29. Murray, C. D. & Dermott, S. F., 1999, Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-57597-4 Plummer
True_anomaly
Sixth and most recent crewed Moon landing
Module 114 (SM-114)); Lunar Module 12 (LM-12); a Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) numbered SLA-21; and a Launch Escape System (LES). The LES contained
Apollo_17
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
Solar System. The Solar System has unique planetesimal systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include
Orbital_eccentricity
Angle defining a position in an orbit
p. 141. Tsui, James Bao-yen (2000). Fundamentals of Global Positioning System receivers: A software approach (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 0-471-38154-3
Eccentric_anomaly
Third crewed Moon landing
would use to orient the craft for its lunar landing. Also considered part of the spacecraft were a Launch Escape System and a Spacecraft/Launch Vehicle Adapter
Apollo_14
Space navigation technique
the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. In December 1973, Pioneer 10 spacecraft was the first
Gravity_assist
Region in which an astronomical body dominates the attraction of satellites
less massive body (of this restricted three-body system), which means the third object cannot escape; at higher energy, there will be one or more gaps
Hill_sphere
Fourth crewed Moon landing
the Air Force. Also part of the spacecraft were a Launch Escape System and a Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter, numbered SLA-19. Technicians at the Kennedy
Apollo_15
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
This would be easier to adjust to than lunar gravity (0.16g), and presents advantages regarding lower escape velocity from Mercury than from Earth. Mercury's
Space_colonization
Vector quantity in celestial mechanics
The coordinate system is inertial. Each object can be treated as a spherically symmetrical point mass. No other forces act on the system other than the
Specific_angular_momentum
Orbit of an object around the Moon
In astronomy and spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits
Lunar_orbit
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