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Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less
Low_Earth_orbit
Topics referred to by the same term
Earth orbit may refer to: Earth's orbit, the orbit of the Earth around the Sun Geocentric orbit, an orbit around the Earth Geostationary orbit Geosynchronous
Earth_orbit
The Moon's circuit around Earth
geocentrically since the Moon is mainly bound to Earth, but it also orbits together with Earth, as the Earth-Moon system, around their shared barycenter.
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km
Geostationary_orbit
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Event causing release of space debris
An in-orbit fragmentation (also known as an on-orbit fragmentation) is an event in which an orbiting human-made object releases one or more fragments (space
In-orbit_fragmentation
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Claims that Earth may have other natural satellites
the existence of other moons of Earth—that is, of one or more natural satellites with relatively stable orbits of Earth, other than the Moon—have existed
Claimed_moons_of_Earth
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or of artificial satellites. Selenocentric orbit (named after Selene): An orbit around
List_of_orbits
Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
high Earth orbit is a geocentric orbit with an apogee farther than that of the geosynchronous orbit, which is 35,786 km (22,236 mi) away from Earth. In
High_Earth_orbit
Void between celestial bodies
space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in Earth orbit. The concept that the space between the Earth and the Moon must be a vacuum was first proposed
Outer_space
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five different Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon
Lagrange_point
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around
Orbital_speed
Orbit around Earth
A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. In 1997, NASA estimated
Geocentric_orbit
Angle between the rotational axis and orbital axis of a body
and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane
Axial_tilt
Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
value of 0 is a circular orbit, values between 0 and 1 form an elliptic orbit, 1 is a parabolic (escape orbit or capture orbit), and greater than 1 is
Orbital_eccentricity
Type of geocentric orbit
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
to raise a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case, the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Satellite orbit with high inclination
polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body being orbited (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly
Polar_orbit
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They have a variety of uses, including communication
Satellite
SpaceX satellite Internet constellation
discussion regarding its effects on astronomy and orbital congestion. Constellations of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites were first conceptualized in the
Starlink
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
1978. It describes a situation in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) becomes so high due to space pollution that collisions between
Kessler_syndrome
Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects
cosmic debris) are defunct human-made objects in space – principally in Earth orbit – which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft
Space_debris
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
track the satellite. However, most form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where ground antennas must track the satellites and switch between them
Communications_satellite
Topics referred to by the same term
Near-Earth orbit or Near Earth orbit may refer to: Low Earth orbit, orbits around Earth that are near it Near-Earth space, space of the main geocentric
Near-Earth_orbit
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO)
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
going beyond Earth orbit. The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view. If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing
Moon_landing
Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth
several orbital subgroups Apollos: 21,132 (56.5%) Amors: 13,137 (35.1%) Atens: 2,952 (7.90%) Comets: 123 (0.33%) Atiras: 34 (0.09%) A near-Earth object
Near-Earth_object
Type of exoplanet larger than Earth
common term. In general, super-Earths are defined by their masses. The term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or
Super-Earth
Ancient planet that collided with the Earth
the Earth's orbit, although some hypotheses debatably suggested it may have formed in the outer Solar System and later migrated into the Earth's orbit, and
Theia_(hypothetical_planet)
Global climate cycles
cycles are dominant. The Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical (its eccentricity varies). When the orbit is more elongated, there
Milankovitch_cycles
2026 crewed flyby of the Moon
flyby of the Moon. It is currently the only crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. It was the first crewed flight of the NASA-led
Artemis_II
in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was attempting
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
Movement around a celestial body that remains below its Karman line
orbit (TAO) is an orbit around a celestial body in which a portion of the orbit intersects with the defined atmosphere. Transatmospheric Earth orbits
Transatmospheric_orbit
Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
energy or velocity to make a full Earth orbit. For orbital spaceflights, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies
Spacecraft
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at
Orbital_spaceflight
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.
Apollo_program
Curved path of an object around a point
mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object under the influence of an attracting force. Alternatively, it is known as an orbital revolution
Orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Halo orbit A halo orbit is a periodic, non-planar orbit associated with one of the L1, L2 or L3 Lagrange points in the three-body problem of orbital mechanics
Halo_orbit
Aten asteroid co-orbital with Earth
asteroid in orbit around the Sun in 1:1 orbital resonance with Earth, making it a co-orbital object. It is an asteroid that, relative to Earth, orbits the Sun
3753_Cruithne
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
Orbital decay is a gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies at their closest approach (the periapsis) over many orbital periods. These
Orbital_decay
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
horseshoe orbit of (419624) 2010 SO16 around the Earth-Sun system over 900 years In celestial mechanics, a horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion
Horseshoe_orbit
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object. In astronomy
Orbital_period
First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon
spacecraft to leave Earth's gravitational sphere of influence, and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without
Apollo_8
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is
International_Space_Station
NASA-led lunar exploration program
spacecraft to lunar orbit in 2022. Artemis II sent four astronauts on a lunar flyby in 2026, becoming the only crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit not part of
Artemis_program
Chinese modular space station (since 2021)
kōngjiānzhàn), is China's first permanently crewed space station, in low Earth orbit since 2021. Operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), it is China's
Tiangong_space_station
Upcoming crewed mission of the Artemis program
Planned for 2027, the mission is designed as a demonstration flight in low Earth orbit rather than a lunar landing. Four astronauts will launch aboard the Orion
Artemis_III
Flight into or through outer space
spacecraft such as satellites in orbit around Earth, but also includes space probes for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either
Spaceflight
Third planet from the Sun
minutes). Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by one
Earth
Angle between a reference plane and the plane of an orbit
between a reference plane and the orbital plane or axis of direction of the orbiting object. For a satellite orbiting the Earth directly above the Equator,
Orbital_inclination
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
Orbital mechanics , astrodynamics or space dynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft
Orbital_mechanics
Star at the centre of the Solar System
on Earth. The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures and a central subject of astronomical research since antiquity. The Sun orbits the
Sun
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
velocity to go into low Earth orbit, and then de-orbit before completing their first full orbit, are not considered sub-orbital. Examples of this include
Sub-orbital_spaceflight
Fifth planet from the Sun
disk orbiting the Sun and the orbital resonances from Saturn caused it to migrate inwards. This upset the orbits of several super-Earths orbiting closer
Jupiter
Weapons used in space warfare
weapons that can attack space systems in orbit (for example, anti-satellite weapons), attack targets on the earth from space or disable missiles travelling
Space_weapon
Configuration of two or more astronomical objects
orbit centered on a position ahead of the position of Earth. This orbit slowly moves further ahead of Earth's orbital position. When Cruithne's orbit
Co-orbital_configuration
Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969
List_of_spaceflight_records
Maintenance of a particular orbit
thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e
Orbital_station-keeping
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
Snowball Earth argue that it was caused in the first place by a reduction in atmospheric CO2. The hypothesis also warns of future Snowball Earths. In 2009
Ice_age
Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere
the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere, resulting from Earth's orbit around the Sun. It was a central concept in a number of ancient sciences
Ecliptic
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Satellite designed to observe Earth from orbit
An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy
Earth_observation_satellite
Australian clean-engine and alternative-fuel company
Orbital Corporation Limited (ASX: OEC), formerly Orbital Engine Corporation Limited pioneered by Ralph Sarich, is an Australian company based in Balcatta
Orbital_Corporation
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmoɫnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote sensing coverage
Molniya_orbit
Hypothetical planet on the other side of the Sun from Earth
ISBN 1-58542-250-9 Book of Earths, by Edna Kenton, Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-2856-3 Media related to Counter-Earths at Wikimedia Commons Portals:
Counter-Earth
American satellite launched in 1958; oldest manmade object in Earth orbit
1958-002B) is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik
Vanguard_1
Propulsive maneuver used to arrive at the Moon
parking orbit around Earth. The large TLI burn, usually performed by a chemical rocket engine, increases the spacecraft's velocity, changing its orbit from
Trans-lunar_injection
Satellite-provided Internet
geosynchronous satellite—one that could orbit the Earth above the equator and remain fixed by following the Earth's rotation—was first proposed by Herman
Satellite_Internet_access
First planet from the Sun
a 3:2 ratio, in a spin–orbit resonance. Consequently, one solar day (sunrise to sunrise) on Mercury lasts for around 176 Earth days, or twice Mercury's
Mercury_(planet)
First artificial Earth satellite
simply Sputnik, was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as
Sputnik_1
Method for conducting round trip human flights to the Moon
Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) is a method for conducting round trip human flights to the Moon, involving the use of space rendezvous to assemble, and possibly
Earth_orbit_rendezvous
Rotation of Earth around its axis
indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 degrees relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is
Earth's_rotation
Launch system that only uses one rocket stage
A single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle reaches orbit from the surface of a body using only propellants and fluids and without expending tanks, engines
Single-stage-to-orbit
Temporary satellite of Earth
when it can temporarily enter Earth orbit through temporary satellite capture (TSC). Most recently, it was in Earth orbit from July 2006 to July 2007,
2006_RH120
Event wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon
circular orbit and in the same orbital plane as Earth, there would be total solar eclipses at every new moon. Instead, because the Moon's orbit is tilted
Solar_eclipse
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
trajectory In orbital mechanics, a Lissajous orbit (pronounced [li.sa.ʒu]), named after Jules Antoine Lissajous, is a quasi-periodic orbital trajectory that
Lissajous_orbit
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
satellite of Earth. It orbits around Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometers (238,854 mi), a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes
Moon
Orbit in the two body case with high eccentricity
elliptical orbit (HEO) or highly eccentric orbit is an orbit of one body about another with high eccentricity, usually referring to one around Earth. Examples
Highly_elliptical_orbit
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
valuable, such as rare earths and precious metals. However, low gravity, distance from Earth and disperse nature of their orbits make it difficult to settle
Space_colonization
extraterrestrial orbiters is a listing of spacecraft that achieved an extraterrestrial orbit. The first artificial object to orbit the sun is the Luna
List of extraterrestrial orbiters
List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters
Orbit around the barycenter of the Sun
heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the Sun. The inner planets are mainly influenced by the Sun's gravity, and orbit points
Heliocentric_orbit
American space and aeronautics agency
customers with satellites in low earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), highly elliptical orbits (HEO), and lunar orbits. The NSN accumulates ground
NASA
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
pertaining to orbits around the Sun are named aphelion for the farthest and perihelion for the nearest point in a heliocentric orbit. Earth's two apsides
Apsis
Shape of the Moon's sunlit portion as viewed from Earth
gradually changes over a lunar month as the relative orbital positions of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun, shift. The visible side of the Moon
Lunar_phase
British musician and record producer (1956–2026)
Wainwright (15 December 1956 – 23 July 2026), known professionally as William Orbit, was an English musician and record producer. With a career spanning four
William_Orbit
Division of the year
daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperate and polar
Season
Rocket able to lift 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
rocket that can lift a payload of 50 metric tons (110,000 lb) to low Earth orbit according to the United States, and more than 100 metric tons (220,000 lb)
Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle
Technology development overview
types of orbits, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, Sun-synchronous orbit, polar orbit, highly elliptical orbit, Lagrange-point
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
describe an orbit. Contrast descending node. aspect The position of a planet or Earth's Moon with respect to the Sun, as viewed from Earth. asterism Any
Glossary_of_astronomy
Orbital data format
three-line element set (3LE) is a data format encoding a list of orbital elements of an Earth-orbiting object for a given point in time, the epoch. Using a suitable
Two-line_element_set
Type of astronomical orbit
rotation. For Earth, a semi-synchronous orbit is considered a medium Earth orbit, with a period of just under 12 hours. For circular Earth orbits, the altitude
Semi-synchronous_orbit
Proposed orbital infrastructure
data centers or orbital AI infrastructure are proposed concepts to build AI data centers in the sun-synchronous orbit or other orbits using space-based
Space-based_data_center
Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit
List_of_space_telescopes
Method of launching an object into outer space via a large gun or cannon
place satellites into Earth's orbit (although after-launch propulsion of the satellite would be necessary to achieve a stable orbit), and could also launch
Space_gun
Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program
included the regaining of significant astronaut experience beyond low Earth orbit and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human
Constellation_program
Designation of part of the Saturn V rocket
permanent heliocentric orbit in November 1969, but is now believed instead to have gone into an unstable high Earth orbit which left Earth's proximity in 1971
J002E3
Missions and flights of NASA's Apollo Program
surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the CSM Columbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969. Five subsequent missions
List_of_Apollo_missions
EARTHS ORBIT
EARTHS ORBIT
Girl/Female
Teutonic
Mother earth.
Female
English
(Hebrew מַרְתָּה, Aramaic: מַרְתָּ×, Greek: ΜάÏθα): Greek name of Aramaic origin, MARTHA means "lady, mistress." In the bible, this is the name of a sister of Lazarus.
Girl/Female
American, British, English, German
Earth; Worldly
Female
English
Old English name EARTHA means "earth, ground."
Male
Irish
Short form of Irish Gaelic Parthalán, possibly PARTH means "son of Talmai."
Girl/Female
German English
The earth.
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : variant of Harts. In the U.S. this name is concentrated in NC.
Girl/Female
English American German
Worldly. Earth, from the Old English eorthe. Famous bearer: American creole singer Eartha Kitt.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of East. Compare Estes.
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Christian, English, German, Indian
Earthy; Born of the Earth; Child of the World
Female
Greek
(Hebrew מַרְתָּה, Aramaic: מַרְתָּ×, Greek: ΜάÏθα): Greek name of Aramaic origin, MARTHA means "lady, mistress." In the bible, this is the name of a sister of Lazaros (Latin Lazarus).
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Hebrew
Son of the Earth; Form of Bartholomew; Son of Farmer
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Earl.
Male
French
French form of Latin Bartholomaeus, BARTHÉLMY means "son of Talmai."Â
Girl/Female
Norse
Protection.
Male
Welsh
 Contracted form of Welsh Gareth, possibly GARTH means "old." Compare with another form of Garth.
Female
French
French and German form of Greek Martha, MARTHE means "lady, mistress."Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Way of offering prayer to God
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian surname derived from Greek Bartholomaios, BARTOS means "son of Talmai."
Boy/Male
English
Son of the earth;often used as a surname.
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