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Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
farthest in LEO, before medium Earth orbit (MEO), have an altitude of 2,000 kilometers, about one-third of the radius of Earth and near the beginning of
Low_Earth_orbit
Topics referred to by the same term
Earth Geostationary orbit Geosynchronous orbit Low Earth orbit Medium Earth orbit High Earth orbit Earth Orbiter 1, a shuttle simulator This disambiguation
Earth_orbit
(1,200 mi). Medium Earth orbit (MEO): geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km (1,200 mi) to just below geosynchronous orbit at 35,786 kilometers
List_of_orbits
Void between celestial bodies
Low Earth orbits in general range in altitude from 180 to 2,000 km (110 to 1,240 mi) and are used for scientific satellites. Medium Earth orbits extends
Outer_space
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km
Geostationary_orbit
Satellite-provided Internet
satellite – historically in geostationary orbit (or GEO) but now increasingly in Low Earth orbit (LEO) or Medium Earth orbit MEO) – a number of ground stations
Satellite_Internet_access
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (92.96 million mi), or 8.317 light-minutes, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed
Earth's_orbit
orbits (GEO), 10 in 55° inclined geosynchronous orbits (IGSO) and 27 in Medium Earth orbits (MEO). Furthermore, 8 satellites (4 in Medium Earth orbit
List_of_BeiDou_satellites
EU satellite telecoms constellation project
consist of 264 satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), at an altitude of 1,200 km, and 18 satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO), at 8,000 km. It is intended
IRIS²
Communications satellite owner and operator
and operates over 70 satellites in two different orbits: geostationary orbit (GEO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO). These include European Astra TV satellites
SES_(company)
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
Medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites are closer to Earth. Orbital altitudes range from 2,000 to 36,000 kilometres (1,200 to 22,400 mi) above Earth. The
Communications_satellite
Orbit around Earth
A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. In 1997, NASA estimated
Geocentric_orbit
Chinese global navigation satellite system
types of orbits: 24 in medium Earth orbit (global coverage), 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit (Asia–Pacific coverage), and 3 in geostationary orbit (China
BeiDou
Group of telecommunications satellites
O3b is a satellite constellation in Medium Earth orbit (MEO) owned and operated by SES, and designed to provide lower-latency broadband connectivity to
O3b
Type of astronomical orbit
rotation. For Earth, a semi-synchronous orbit is considered a medium Earth orbit, with a period of just under 12 hours. For circular Earth orbits, the altitude
Semi-synchronous_orbit
Form of collision management in aeronautics
mean altitudes higher than LEO (such as Medium Earth orbits (MEO), Geosynchronous orbit/Geostationary orbit (GSO/GEO), and other species) are far from
Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
Collision_avoidance_(spacecraft)
Natural or artificial object that orbits another body
possible orbit classifications for an object are low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), high Earth orbit (HEO) or geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO)
Resident_space_object
Use of satellite signals for navigation or geo-spatial positioning
constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes. The actual systems vary, but all use orbital inclinations of
Satellite_navigation
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
of orbit around the Earth: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). According to orbital mechanics, an orbit lies
Orbital_spaceflight
NASA scientific research satellites
satellite is a high-density passive laser reflector in a very stable medium Earth orbit (MEO). The spacecraft are aluminum-covered brass spheres with diameters
LAGEOS
Curved path of an object around a point
Earth orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits with altitudes up to 2,000 km (0–1,240 miles). Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2
Orbit
Inter-satellite communications company in Japan
Warpspace is developing a medium Earth orbit satellite, WarpHub InterSat, which will communicate with other satellites in low Earth orbit using optical communication
Warpspace
Geocentric orbit with an altitude entirely above that of a geosynchronous orbit
high Earth orbit is a geocentric orbit with an apogee farther than that of the geosynchronous orbit, which is 35,786 km (22,236 mi) away from Earth. In
High_Earth_orbit
Military unit
that could use ground, air, and space systems such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) sensors to track and destroy missiles coming into
United States Space Forces – Northern
United_States_Space_Forces_–_Northern
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
negligible compared to the other mass, as the case for Earth and Sun, one can approximate the orbit velocity v o {\displaystyle v_{o}} as: v o ≈ G M r {\displaystyle
Orbital_speed
Portion of the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (26.5–40 gigahertz)
system and the Iridium Next satellite series; it is also used in medium Earth orbit (MEO) by the SES O3b system; and the James Webb Space Telescope. Planned
Ka_band
Satellite launched by the United States (1958)
designation 1958 Gamma) was an American artificial satellite launched into medium Earth orbit in 1958. It was the second successful launch in the Explorer program
Explorer_3
American satellite communications company
for funding and services using SES's fleet of geostationary and medium Earth orbit satellites and ground infrastructure to enhance Lynk's direct-to-device
Lynk_Global
Communications satellite system
The system uses high-throughput and low-latency satellites in a medium Earth orbit (MEO), along with ground infrastructure and intelligent software,
O3b_mPOWER
satellite is a high-density passive laser reflector in a very stable medium Earth orbit (MEO). "Kosmos-1989 - Satellite Information". www.heavens-above.com
Etalon_(satellite)
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
1978. It describes a situation in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) becomes so high due to space pollution that collisions between
Kessler_syndrome
Chinese deep-space crewed spacecraft in development
Long March 5B in 2020; the latter used a skip maneuver re-entry from medium Earth orbit. After a 2025 pad abort test, in February 2026 a Mengzhou craft was
Mengzhou_(spacecraft)
Technology development overview
types of orbits, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, Sun-synchronous orbit, polar orbit, highly elliptical orbit, Lagrange-point
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Telecommunications equipment
performance between VSAT (Geostationary orbit satellites in Ku-band, C-band and Ka-band) and Low Earth orbit or Medium Earth Orbit satellites with L-band technologies
Maritime_Vsat
European space weather monitoring satellites
full operational constellation of four to six small satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO) enabling a continuous auroral oval monitoring for improved understanding
Aurora_(satellites)
Topics referred to by the same term
surname Marco Enríquez-Ominami politician Medium Earth orbit, region of space around Earth above low Earth orbit Meo (ethnic group), also Mayo, Muslim inhabitants
Meo
Russian navigation satellite
23 March 2014. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2494
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
7 kg (15 lb), 3.66 m (12.0 ft) balloon which was deployed into a medium Earth orbit. The mission was conducted by NASA's Langley Research Center. The
Explorer_9
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Spacecraft
Directorate to perform experiments to study the radiation environment in medium Earth orbit. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is responsible for the development
Demonstration and Science Experiments
Demonstration_and_Science_Experiments
The Moon's circuit around Earth
geocentrically since the Moon is mainly bound to Earth, but it also orbits together with Earth, as the Earth-Moon system, around their shared barycenter.
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Topics referred to by the same term
platform Mpower Financing, a student loans program O3b mPOWER, a medium Earth orbit satellite constellation by SES S.A. MPower (TV series), a television
MPower
Russian navigation satellite
November 2011. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2477
First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon
elliptical medium Earth orbit in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to
Apollo_8
GPS III satellite
perform the first laser communications test from a GPS satellite at medium Earth orbit. The satellite's launch was originally awarded to SpaceX but it was
USA-585
Category of space launch vehicle
classification of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). An MLV is between a small-lift launch vehicle and a heavy-lift launch vehicle. Medium-lift vehicles comprise
Medium-lift_launch_vehicle
Satellite bus designed by ISS Reshetnev
originally designed for GEO, but that has been adapted for medium Earth orbit and to highly elliptical orbit. It has different versions and has been used from
Ekspress_(satellite_bus)
nominally consist of 30 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit, with 24 active and 6 spares equally divided into 3 orbital planes in a Walker 24/3/1 configuration
List_of_Galileo_satellites
Russian navigation satellite
November 2011. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2475
Russian navigation satellite
October 2007. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the International
Kosmos_2433
Height in relation to a specified reference point
approximately 90 minutes, and the circular orbital speed is 8 km/s (26,000 ft/s). Medium Earth orbit (MEO) Geocentric orbits with altitudes at apogee ranging between
Altitude
Experimental space-based radio communication project
The needles were placed in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of between 3,500 and 3,800 kilometers (2,200–2,400 mi) at orbital inclinations of 87 and 96
Project_West_Ford
American navigation satellite used for GPS
transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-27 apogee motor. By 29 March 1978, OPS 5111 was in an orbit with a perigee
OPS_5111
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five different Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon
Lagrange_point
Russian navigation satellite
September 2010. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2466
American navigation satellite used for GPS
transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor. On 25 November 1993, USA-96 was in an orbit with a
USA-96
American navigation satellite used for GPS
transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor. By 25 November 2006, USA-190 was in an orbit with a
USA-190
1958 American failed space mission which attempted to place a satellite into orbit
Explorer 1 mission, which placed a satellite into medium Earth orbit, the spacecraft was unable to reach orbit due to a failure in the launch vehicle during
Explorer_2
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
transferred two of its THEMIS spacecraft from Earth orbit to Lunar orbit by way of Earth–Moon L1 and L2 Lissajous orbits. In June 2018, Queqiao, the relay satellite
Lissajous_orbit
Type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body
horseshoe orbit of (419624) 2010 SO16 around the Earth-Sun system over 900 years In celestial mechanics, a horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion
Horseshoe_orbit
Type of geocentric orbit
A Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), also called a heliosynchronous orbit, is a nearly polar orbit around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
transfer orbit (GTO) or geosynchronous transfer orbit is a highly elliptical type of geocentric orbit, usually with a perigee as low as low Earth orbit (LEO)
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Cruise ship
equipped with satellite internet connectivity from SES using the O3b medium Earth orbit satellites to provide passengers with free ultra-fast, low-latency
Scarlet_Lady
Russian navigation satellite
Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue payload. The satellite is located in a medium Earth orbit with an apogee of 19,150 km (11,900 mi), a perigee of 19,121 km (11
Kosmos_2471
American navigation satellite used for GPS
transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37FM apogee motor. By 23 August 2004, USA-178 was in an orbit with a perigee
USA-178
Cruise line based in Florida
service that for the first time uses satellites in both Low Earth Orbit and Medium Earth Orbit to provide passengers with internet, social media and video
Virgin_Voyages
1960s experimental communications satellites
Relay 1 and Relay 2, two early American satellites in elliptical medium Earth orbit. Both were primarily experimental communications satellites funded
Relay_program
Network service provider
network communications service provider building and operating a medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite constellation primarily intended to provide voice
O3b_Networks
American astronaut and lunar explorer (1928–2023)
Borman's medium Earth orbit lunar module test mission was now planned as Apollo 9, and tentatively scheduled for early 1969, after a low Earth orbit one commanded
Frank_Borman
American navigation satellite used for GPS
transfer orbit. The satellite raised itself into medium Earth orbit using a Star-37XFP apogee motor. On 27 April 1996, USA-117 was in an orbit with a perigee
USA-117
American aerospace company (1982-2015)
of small- and medium- class space and launch vehicle systems for commercial, military and other government customers. In 2014, Orbital merged with Alliant
Orbital_Sciences_Corporation
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
on a spacecraft. Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., a Sun–Earth–orbiting satellite system or an Earth–Moon–orbiting satellite system. Continuous
Halo_orbit
Indian multinational technology company
SES-12 high-throughput geostationary satellite and the O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellite constellation, to extend JPL's terrestrial network, enhancing
Jio_Platforms
Missions and flights of NASA's Apollo Program
surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the CSM Columbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969. Five subsequent missions
List_of_Apollo_missions
Generations of US navigation satellites
Force. The GPS satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of about 20,000 km (12,427 miles) and complete two full orbits every day. Rockwell International
GPS_satellite_blocks
Chinese upper rocket stage
to deploy payloads directly to high-energy orbits such as medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Since the Long March third stage cannot
Yuanzheng
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
e.g. Earth around the Sun. Periods in astronomy are expressed in units of time, usually hours, days, or years. Its reciprocal is the orbital frequency
Orbital_period
Russian navigation satellite
December 2007. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the International
Kosmos_2434
Movement around a celestial body that remains below its Karman line
orbit (TAO) is an orbit around a celestial body in which a portion of the orbit intersects with the defined atmosphere. Transatmospheric Earth orbits
Transatmospheric_orbit
Japanese satellite
orbit at an altitude of approximately 1488 km, close to the (not firmly defined) boundary between low Earth orbit and medium Earth orbit. The orbital
Ajisai
American tech entrepreneur
2007. In 2007, he founded O3b Networks, Ltd. The idea for creating a medium Earth orbit satellite network to provide voice and data communications to remote
Greg_Wyler
Russian military satellite
14 June 2014. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2500
First satellite launched by the United States (1958)
Earth satellite program began in 1954 as a joint U.S. Army and U.S. Navy proposal, called Project Orbiter, to put a scientific satellite into orbit during
Explorer_1
Transfer manoeuvre between two orbits
to raise a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case, the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar
Hohmann_transfer_orbit
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
bound system of the Sun and the masses that orbit it, most prominently its eight planets, of which Earth is one. The Solar System is an isolated single-star
Solar_System
1966 NASA crewed spaceflight
the ambient medium produced by an orbiting vehicle, and to study the changes in the ion flux and wake caused by thruster firings. Earth-Moon Libration
Gemini_11
Russian navigation satellite
November 2011. The launch successfully placed the satellite into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international
Kosmos_2478
Satellite orbit with high inclination
polar orbit is one in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body being orbited (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly
Polar_orbit
Distance from center of Earth to center of Moon
or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. The
Lunar_distance
Third crewed mission of the Apollo space program
would go to lunar orbit without a LM. Until then, Apollo 8 was the D mission with Apollo 9 the "E mission", testing in medium Earth orbit. After NASA approved
Apollo_9
US Army network concept
JADC2 communications and the data fabric, to LEO (low Earth orbit) and to MEO (medium Earth orbit) satellites, as continued in Project Convergence 2021
Integrated_Tactical_Network
Material which fills the Solar System
plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magnetic field at the orbit of the Earth being over 100 times greater
Interplanetary_medium
Comparison of all orbital launch systems
first stage. Orbits legend: LEO, low Earth orbit SSO or SSPO, near-polar Sun-synchronous orbit polar, polar orbit MEO, medium Earth orbit GTO, geostationary
Comparison of orbital launch systems
Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems
U.S. federal agency
February 2024 the SDA had 38 satellites on orbit. SDA intends to have at least 1,000 satellites in low Earth orbit by 2026. The Space Development Agency's
Space_Development_Agency
Chinese navigation satellites
November 2017. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It later received the international designator 2017-069A. The United
BeiDou-3_M1
GPS III satellite
USA-293 directly into a semi-synchronous orbit. As of 2021, USA-293 was in a 55.4 degree inclination orbit with a perigee of 20,157 kilometres (12,525 mi)
USA-293
American satellite launched in 1958; oldest manmade object in Earth orbit
1958-002B) is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik
Vanguard_1
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