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King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians
Khosrow IV (Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩) was a claimant to the throne of the Sasanian Empire from 632 to 642, overlapping with the first decade of the
Khosrow_IV
Emperor of the Sasanian Empire from 590 to 628
including an interruption of one year. Khosrow II was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590), and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last
Khosrow_II
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579
Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau, Khusro or Chosroes; Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan (Middle Persian:
Khosrow_I
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 579 to 590
was the son and successor of Khosrow I (r. 531–579) and his mother was a Khazar princess. During his reign, Hormizd IV had the high aristocracy and Zoroastrian
Hormizd_IV
Male given name
Khasru. Khosrow I, Sasanian ruler 531–579 Khosrow II, Sasanian ruler 590–628 Khosrow III, Sasanian ruler 630 Khosrow IV, Sasanian ruler 631–633 Khosrow (son
Khosrow_(name)
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire in 420 CE
Khosrow (Middle Persian: 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩), was briefly the King of Kings of the Sasanian Empire in 420. Khosrow was the son of Bahram IV (r. 388–399),
Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)
1936 history book by Arthur Christensen
III, Shahrbaraz, Khosrow III, and the queens Boran and Azarmidokht. It lists the subsequent, unstable reigns of Hormizd V, Khosrow IV and Peroz II, culminating
L'Iran_sous_les_Sassanides
Last Sasanian King from 632 to 651
based. In the south, a Sasanian claimant to the throne who called himself Khosrow IV minted his own coinage at Susa in Khuzestan; he would do so till 636.
Yazdegerd_III
Sasanian queen of Iran
an interruption of some months. She was the daughter of king (or shah) Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and the Byzantine princess Maria. She is the second of
Boran
enumerated as Artabanus V or Artabanus VI (see note on Artabanus II). Khosrow's rule was brief and ephemeral and he is not counted in the numbering of
List_of_monarchs_of_Iran
504, however, the slogan abzōn ("may he prosper/increase") was added. Khosrow II (r. 590–590, 591–628), during his second reign, added the ideogram GDH
List of monarchs of the Sasanian Empire
List_of_monarchs_of_the_Sasanian_Empire
Persian tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi
Hormizd IV. Khosrow asks forgiveness and repents his offence. Hormizd IV, who is now pleased with his son, forgives him. That very night, Khosrow sees his
Khosrow_and_Shirin
Civil war between Hormizd IV and Bahram Chobin
against him, resulting in the blinding and eventually death of Hormizd IV. His son, Khosrow II, was thereafter crowned as king. However, this did not change
Sasanian_civil_war_of_589–591
King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians
had even married the Sasanian shah Hormizd IV (r. 579–590), and was the mother of Hormizd's heir, Khosrow II. Nevertheless, the family suffered, along
Vistahm
Sasanian general and political leader (died 591)
VIII of Ferdowsi's 11th-century Shahnameh on the reigns of Hormizd IV and Khosrow II are both almost as much about Bahram Chobin. In his catalogue Kitab
Bahram_Chobin
Middle Persian army title
the reigns of Khosrow I and his successor, Hormizd IV (r. 579–590); P. Pourshariati suggests that two may date to the reign of Khosrow II (r. 590–628)
Spahbed
Iranian imperial family from 224 to 651
Ardashir I in 224, who defeated the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, Artabanus IV (Persian: اردوان Ardavan) and ended when the last Sasanian monarch, Yazdegerd
Sasanian_family_tree
Iranian crowns
Verethragna. Khosrow IV (r. 631–631) Farrukh Hormizd (r. 630–631) Same crown as Khosrow II. Hormizd VI (r. 630–632) Same crown as Khosrow II. Yazdegerd
Sasanian_crowns
King of Kings (498–531) Khosrow I, Shahanshah, King of Kings (531–579) Hormizd IV, Shahanshah, King of Kings (579–590) Khosrow II, Shahanshah, King of
List of state leaders in the 3rd century
List_of_state_leaders_in_the_3rd_century
War between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire
and sacked Singara. Khosrow again sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor Hormizd IV (r. 579–590) broke off
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
Byzantine–Sasanian_War_of_572–591
of Khosrow IV. 631: Successful coup by Rostam Farrokhzad; Azarmidokht is killed, and Borandukht is restored to throne. 632: Revolt of Piruz Khosrow; Borandukht
List of Sasanian revolts and civil wars
List_of_Sasanian_revolts_and_civil_wars
6th-century Iranian sage and dignitary
successor Khosrow I (r. 531–579). He also served as the military commander (spahbed) of Khwarasan under Khosrow I and his successor Hormizd IV (r. 579–590)
Bozorgmehr
(630–631) Hormizd VI, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (630–631) Khosrow IV, rival/usurper Shahanshah, King of Kings (631) Farrukhzad Khosrau V,§
List of state leaders in the 7th century
List_of_state_leaders_in_the_7th_century
was active during the reign of the Sasanian shahanshahs Khosrow I (r. 531–579) and Hormizd IV (r. 579–590). A member of the House of Suren, he was perhaps
Mahbod_(envoy)
Kurdish noble and politician
from the mid-1750s until his death in 1785, when the Ardalan governor Khosrow Khan Bozorgi defeated him and seized the city. Lambton, A.K.S. (1954).
Allahqoli_Khan_Zanganeh
Lakhmid king of al-Hirah (582 – c. 602)
to al-Nu'man's refusal to give his horse to Khosrow or marry one of his daughters, Hind, to one of Khosrow's relatives. More likely it had to do with the
Al-Nu'man_III_ibn_al-Mundhir
Governor of al-Hirah (r. 613–618)
gave Sasanian king Khosrow II (r. 590–628) a horse and slaughtered a camel for him when he met Iyas having fled from Bahram. Khosrow II showed his gratitude
Iyas_ibn_Qabisah_al-Ta'i
Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)
Hephthalites issued numerous coins imitating the coinage of Khosrow II. In c. 606/607, Khosrow recalled Smbat IV Bagratuni from Persian Armenia and sent him to Iran
Sasanian_Empire
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire in 628
Kings (shahanshah) of Iran briefly in 628. Born Sheroe, he was the son of Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and Maria, and with help of different factions of the nobility
Kavad_II
Sasanian queen of Iran
(banbishn) of Iran from 630 to 631. She was the daughter of king (shah) Khosrow II (r. 590–628). She was the second Sasanian queen; her sister Boran ruled
Azarmidokht
Wife of Khosrau II
wife of the Sasanian emperor Khosrow II (r. 590–628). In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took
Shirin
6th-century Iranian official and military commander
aristocrat who held high military and civil offices under Khosrow I (r. 531–579) and Hormizd IV (r. 579–590). Bahram-i Mah Adhar is the name given to this
Bahram-i_Mah_Adhar
King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians
a sister of Khosrow II, was made shah of Iran. However, he was not recognized by the Parsig faction of the powerful general Piruz Khosrow. Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Farrukh_Hormizd
Persian archeological site in Iraq
Ayvān-e Kesrā (Persian: ایوان خسرو, romanized: Eivâne Xosrow, lit. 'Iwan of Khosrow') are the remains of a Sasanian-era Persian monument, dated to c. the 3rd
Taq_Kasra
Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641
Battle of Nineveh and devastating much of Mesopotamia. The Persian Shah Khosrow II was overthrown and executed by his son Kavad II, who soon sued for a
Heraclius
Roman emperor from 582 to 602
Singara. Sassanid emperor Khosrow I sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor Hormizd IV (r. 579–590) broke off
Maurice_(emperor)
Shah of the Sasanian Empire in 630
Before usurping the Sasanian throne he was a spahbed (general) under Khosrow II (590–628). He is furthermore noted for his important role during the
Shahrbaraz
Topics referred to by the same term
Kaykhusraw, Kaykhosrow, Kay Khosrow, Kaikhosro, Kaikhosrow, Kai Khusraw, Kai Khusrau, Kay Khusrau, or Kay Khusraw (Persian: کیخسرو) may refer to one of
Kaykhusraw
Iranian noblewoman of House of Mihran
Vistahm, and ultimately the wife of the last prominent Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II. Gordiya was a member of the House of Mihran, one of the seven Great
Gordiya
Battle during the Byzantine-Persian War of 572-591
slain in a power struggle and his son Khosrow was placed on the throne. Upon the arrival of Bahram and his army, Khosrow fled to Byzantine territory. Bahram
Battle_of_Blarathon
Armenian nakharar
the eldest son of Smbat IV Bagratuni. Along with his brother Garikhpet, he grew up in the Sassanid Persian court of Khosrow II (r. 590–628). Following
Varaztirots_II_Bagratuni
Persian musician-poet under Khosrow II (r. 590–628)
Sasanian music. He served as chief minstrel-poet under the Shahanshah Khosrow II (r. 590–628). A barbat player, he was the most distinguished Persian
Barbad
Ancient city in present-day Iraq
repelled the newly ascended Sasanian ruler Khosrow II from Iraq, and conquered the region. One year later, Khosrow II, with aid from the Byzantine Empire
Ctesiphon
Third class-rank of the Sasanian aristocracy
Hormizd's son Khosrow II the new ruler of the Sasanian Empire. However, the wuzurgan and other nobles later became displeased with Khosrow II, and in 628
Wuzurgan
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 488 to 531
traditional links between the aristocracy and the crown under Hormizd IV (r. 579–590) and Khosrow II (r. 590–628), to the degree that many belonging to the wuzurgan
Kavad_I
Marzban of Hyrcania
programmatic one.As is evident from the contents of Emperor Maurice's letter to Khosrow II, Armenia continued to maintain its military power, which prevented the
Smbat_IV_Bagratuni
Iranian nobleman in the Sasanian Empire
Mihran, who served as one of Khosrow I's viziers (wuzurg framadar). Izadgushasp is first mentioned during the reign of Khosrow I, as one of the highest dignitaries
Izadgushasp
Iranian-American professional wrestler (born 1984)
American retired professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Khosrow Daivari or simply Daivari. As of June 2021, he is signed to WWE, where
Shawn_Daivari
Persian mythological hero of the epic poem Shahnameh
Kay Khosrow's army. He is depicted as an Iranian hero from the Kayanian dynasty, tasked by Kay Khosrow to governor of Makran. during Kay Khosrow's campaign
Ashkash
Last war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires
helped the Sasanian king Khosrow II regain his throne. In 602, Maurice was murdered by his political rival Phocas. Khosrow declared war, ostensibly to
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Byzantine–Sasanian_War_of_602–628
Sasanian military general (died 636)
King of Kings (shahanshah) Khosrow II (r. 590–628), while his great-grandfather Shapur was the first cousin of shahanshah Khosrow I (r. 531–579). Although
Rostam_Farrokhzad
Sultan of Rûm
"Kaykhusraw" is based on the name of the legendary Shahnameh hero Kay Khosrow. Kaykhusraw's date of birth is unknown. He was the eleventh and youngest
Kaykhusraw_I
Medieval Persian military campaign (618–621)
completely under Persian rule within a couple of years. The Persian shah, Khosrow II, had taken advantage of the internal turmoil of the Byzantine Empire
Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt
Persian military leader
Kardarigan (Greek: Καρδαριγάν) was a Sassanid Persian general of the late 6th century AD, who fought in the Byzantine–Persian War of 572–591. Since he
Kardarigan_(6th_century)
Persian dynasty
of the Parthian general Bahrām Chobin. 590 – Hormizd IV is assassinated; Coronation of Khosrow II. 590 – Uprising of Bahrām Chobin and his seizure of
Timeline of the Sasanian Empire
Timeline_of_the_Sasanian_Empire
Claimant to Parthian throne (c.190)
Osroes II (also spelled Chosroes II or Khosrow II; Parthian: 𐭇𐭅𐭎𐭓𐭅 Husrōw), was a claimant of the throne of the Parthian Empire c. 190. He is unknown
Osroes_II
Mihransitad's visit in Central Asia, Khosrow married Qaqim-khaqan. According to some sources, Hormizd IV, the successor of Khosrow, was the son of the Turkic princess
Mihransitad
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 388 to 399
Bahram IV (also spelled Wahram IV or Warahran IV; Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭), was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 388 to 399.
Bahram_IV
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia
first parts built in the 6th century during the reign of Persian Emperor Khosrow I and maintained by various later Arab, Turkish and Persian regimes, the
Fortifications_of_Derbent
Period of Sasanian suzerainty over Iberia
obverse with an image of either Hormizd IV or Khosrow II, there are no Kartvelo-Sasanian coins that predate Hormizd IV's rule (which started in 579). The production
Sasanian_Iberia
Iranian nobleman (died 493)
reign of Kavad's successor, Khosrow I (r. 531–579). He thereafter served as spahbed under Khosrow I's successor Hormizd IV. Zarmihr Karen, along with Sukhra's
Sukhra
6th-century Byzantine general
pressure off, Khosrow attacked some Byzantine towns. Sacking Callinicum, Khosrow could claim success. Some claimed that by not harassing Khosrow, Belisarius
Belisarius
Province of the Sasanian Empire
some parts of Adurbadagan. He was, however, defeated by Khosrow II and the Sasanian general Smbat IV Bagratuni. During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Adurbadagan
6th-century Sasanian general
Adarmahān (in Greek sources given as Ἀδααρμάνης, Adaarmanes; fl. late 6th century) was a Persian general active in the western frontier of the Sassanid
Adarmahan
Coins of the Sasanian Empire
obverse with an image of either Hormizd IV or Khosrow II, there are no Kartvelo-Sasanian coins that predate Hormizd IV's rule (which started in 579). The production
Sasanian_coinage
Part of the Persian Qanat, Iranian national heritage site
The Qanats of Ghasabeh (Persian: قنات قصبه), also called Kariz e Kay Khosrow, is one of the world's oldest and largest networks of qanats (underground
Qanats_of_Ghasabeh
Rashidun Caliphate's conquest of the Sasanian Empire
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. Following the execution of Sasanian shah Khosrow II in 628, Persia's internal political stability began to deteriorate rapidly
Muslim_conquest_of_Persia
Central Asian war
a decisive Sasanian victory and the reconquest of lost lands. In 557, Khosrow I (r. 531–579), the king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, who had greatly
Perso-Turkic_war_of_588–589
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 399 to 420
ascending the throne; his eldest son, Shapur IV, was quickly killed after his accession and replaced with Khosrow. Another son, Bahram V, hurried to the Sasanian
Yazdegerd_I
Ancient city in modern Iraq near Ctesiphon and Seleucia
comprised were Aspanbur, Veh-Ardashir, Hanbu Shapur, Darzanidan, Veh Jondiu-Khosrow, Nawinabad and Kardakadh. According to Perso-Arabic sources, Ctesiphon
Al-Mada'in
as darigbed under Khosrow I (r. 531–579). Bahram Chobin, aristocrat from the House of Mihran, who served as darigbed under Hormizd IV (r. 579–590). Rostam
Darigbed
5th–8th-century nomadic confederation in Central Asia
raided the Sasanian Empire, reaching the province of Isfahan. Khosrow recalled Smbat IV Bagratuni from Persian Armenia and sent him to Iran to repel the
Hephthalites
11th-century Persian Isma'ili poet, scholar, philosopher, and missionary
language." His name is also transliterated as Nasir-i Khusraw and Naser-e Khosrow. Nasir is the subject of many tales, including a fake autobiography that
Nasir_Khusraw
6th-century conflict between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires
elderly Kavadh I (r. 488–531) proposed the adoption of his favoured son Khosrow I by the Emperor Justin I. Whilst initially optimistic of the proposal
Iberian_War
Ancient Sasanian city
and the abandonment of many parts of the city. During the reign of king Khosrow II (590-628), a palace was constructed near a garden named Bagh-i Hinduvan
Veh-Ardashir
Roman emperor from 527 to 565
Sasanian Empire in the east during Kavad I's reign, and later again during Khosrow I's reign; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions
Justinian_I
Part of the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628
the first known uses by the Byzantines. In response, the Sassanian shah Khosrow II sent 1,000 cavalry under General Shahraplakan to reinforce the city
Siege_of_Tbilisi_(627–628)
Arab tribe
II in the 4th century or by Khosrow (possibly confused by the Arabic sources for the more well-known, 6th-century Khosrow I) in the early 5th century
Iyad_(tribe)
Daylam) unknown Khosrow I Mardanshah Nemroz (Sistan) Shahrbaraz Hormizd IV, Khosrow II Shahin Vahmanzadegan Mesopotamia (Assyria) unknown Khosrow II Marzban
Padgospan
King of the Daylamites in late 6th century
Sasanian Empire from 590 until he was defeated and killed in 591. Hormizd IV's son Khosrow II thereafter became king, but Vistahm later rebelled himself; Zoarab
Zoarab
Long smoothed rock surface on Mount Behistun in Iran
Tarāsh-e Farhād was originally meant to become the rear wall of a palace of Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and was supposed to be decorated with a relief of Semiramis
Farhād_Tarāsh
destroying the city of Antioch and deporting its population to Weh Antiok Khosrow in Persia; as he withdrew, he extorted large sums of money from the cities
Roman–Persian_wars
6th-century Sassanid general
Marzban of Persian Armenia In office 577–579 Monarchs Khosrau I, Hormizd IV Preceded by Vardan III Mamikonian Succeeded by Varaz Vzur Personal details
Tamkhosrow
Byzantine campaigns in Persia
attained a significant victory over a Sasanian invasion led by Shahenshah Khosrow Anoushirvan at the Battle of Melitene, as a result of which they were able
Maurice's Sasanian Campaigns (578–581)
Maurice's_Sasanian_Campaigns_(578–581)
Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 383 to 388
the penultimate monarch to have a rock relief carved, the last one being Khosrow II (r. 590–628), who mimicked and magnified Shapur III's work. The king
Shapur_III
Ghaznavid sultan from 1157 to 1160
tried to recapture the lost lands in India, he was stopped by Vigraharaja IV, an Indian king from Chahamanas dynasty. His struggles with Ghurid Empire
Khusrau_Shah_of_Ghazna
Roman province (114 – 118)
to find refuge in Persia.[citation needed] In 591, the treaty between Khosrow II and Maurice ceded most of Persarmenia to the Eastern Roman Empire. The
Roman_Armenia
Former populated place in Syria
Iranica notes that this might have been one of the reasons why Sasanian King Khosrow I (r. 531–579), during his offensive in 540, decided to invade the Roman
Circesium
Iranian philosopher of the 6th century CE
East Syriac theologian and philosopher in the court of the Sassanid king Khosrow I (r. 531–579). Paul's treatises on Aristotle would influence medieval
Paul_the_Persian
Buyid Emir of Iraq from 1048 to 1055
ISBN 0-521-20093-8. Nagel, Tilman (1990). "BUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586. Brill, E. J. (1993)
Al-Malik_al-Rahim
Persian poet (c. 1141 – 1209)
beloved" wife. His only son Mohammad was from this wife. She died after "Khosrow and Shirin" was completed. Mohammad was seven at the time. Nizami mentions
Nizami_Ganjavi
Sasanian province in late antiquity
Zabulistan, Kawus rebelled in c. 532 against his recently crowned brother Khosrow I (r. 531–579), claiming himself as the rightful ruler of the empire due
Padishkhwargar
Hellenistic city, modern Antakya, Turkey
was completed in 540 by Khosrow I, who deported the population to a newly built city in Persian Mesopotamia, Weh Antiok Khosrow. Antioch lost as many as
Antioch
Surname list
aka Izadgushasp, Iranian nobleman from the House of Mihran, and one of Khosrow I's viziers Mah-Adhur Gushnasp, aka Mahadharjushnas, Iranian nobleman,
Gushnasp
Person who is first in line of succession
King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat: ...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may
Heir_apparent
Region of southwestern Asia
to have served as part of the region's forces during the reign of Kai Khosrow. This is depicted in the mythological part of the Shahnamah, written in
Balochistan
Country in West Asia
periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts. By the time of Khosrow II, the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, Bamshad
Iran
Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i and Nakhiragan al-Hira Khosrow II Azadbeh al-Hira Khosrow II Vistahm Gurgan Khosrow II Smbat IV Bagratuni Gurgan Khosrow II
List_of_marzbans
Province of the Sasanian Empire (618–628)
with the soldiers. In 626, Shahrbaraz quarrelled with the Sasanian king Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and mutinied against him. It is not known whom Sahralanzoyan
Sasanian_Egypt
Calendar year
account of a Swedish kingdom). The Sassanid Empire, under the reign of King Khosrow I, controls the trade of silk destined for Europe and the Byzantine Empire
550
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