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1583–1619 unification of the Jurchen tribes
The Jurchen unification was a series of events in the late 16th and early 17th centuries that led to the unification of the Jurchen tribes under the Jianzhou
Jurchen_unification
Tungusic-speaking people in East Asia
Jurchen (Manchu: ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ, romanized: Jušen, [dʒuʃən]; Chinese: 女真, romanized: Nǚzhēn, [nỳ.ʈʂə́n]) were a number of East Asian Tungusic-speaking people.
Jurchen_people
Former ethnic group
The Jianzhou Jurchens (Chinese: 建州女真) were one of the three major groups of Jurchens as identified by the Ming dynasty. Although the geographic location
Jianzhou_Jurchens
Jurchen-led dynasty in Manchuria
representative of imperial Ming power, the Jianzhou Jurchen leader Nurhaci promoted the unification of the Jurchens living in Manchuria at the beginning of the
Later_Jin_(1616–1636)
Exonymic term applied by Han Chinese to an ethnic group or groups
while the rest of Jurchens who did not establish constant connection with the Ming are known as the wild Jurchens. Jurchen unification List of Manchu clans
Wild_Jurchens
1627 invasion of Korea by Jurchens
remaining forces and insisted that Joseon did not hold anything against the Jurchens, having only sent reinforcements to repay an obligation to the Ming. In
Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon
1636 invasion of Korea by Manchu China
translators. They replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using textbooks in the Jurchen script. Joseon's first textbooks of Manchu were
Qing_invasion_of_Joseon
Former ethnic group
The Haixi Jurchens (Chinese: 海西女真) were a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty. They inhabited an area that consists
Haixi_Jurchens
1626 battle
conducting a major strengthening of Ningyuan's defenses in anticipation of a Jurchen attack. However, the defensive preparation was hindered when Sun Chengzong
Battle_of_Ningyuan
1619 Later Jin–Ming battles
unified the Jurchen people, excluding the Yehe, and took a hostile attitude towards the Ming for favoritism and meddling in the affairs of the Jurchen tribes
Battle_of_Sarhū
1683 naval battle during the Qing conquest of Taiwan
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Penghu
Korean dynasty (918–1392)
several clashes with the Jurchens, usually resulting in Jurchen victory with their mounted cavalrymen. In 1104, the Wanyan Jurchens reached Chongju while
Goryeo
1618 Manchu declaration of war against the Ming dynasty
establishing the Qing dynasty rule in China. Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification Transition from Ming to Qing Manchu: ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ ᡴᠣᡵᠣ nadan koro; Chinese:
Seven_Grievances
East Asian ethnic group
were established and ruled by the Manchus, who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern
Manchu_people
Rebellion in Ming China (1621–1629)
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
She–An_Rebellion
Period of Chinese history (1618–1683)
after he unified Jurchen tribes. Many of the grievances he presented dealt with conflicts against the Ming-backed Yehe clan of the Jurchens. Nurhaci's demand
Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing
Former empire in East Asia
collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty in 1635, which was later renamed as the Qing dynasty
Northern_Yuan
Chinese noodle dish
Nurhaci, the Emperor Taizu of Qing. Sources claim that during the Jurchen unification, Nurhaci commanded his troops to "supplant rations with jiang" (以醬代菜)
Zhajiangmian
Emperor of China from 1644 to 1661
Roth Li 2002, pp. 25–26. Roth Li 2002, pp. 29–30 (campaigns of Jurchen unification) and 40 (seizing of patents). Roth Li 2002, p. 34. Roth Li 2002,
Shunzhi_Emperor
Chinese dynasty during the Ming–Qing transition (1644–1646)
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Shun_dynasty
Chinese imperial dynasty from 1643 to 1647
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Xi_dynasty
1644 rebellion in Beijing, China which deposed the Ming dynasty
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Jiashen_Incident
capital forces like the Embroidered Uniform Guard, and other peoples such as Jurchens were also prominent. A cavalry-based army modeled on the Yuan military
Military_of_the_Ming_dynasty
1673–1681 revolt in Qing dynasty China
v t e Qing dynasty topics History Early (1616–1683) Jurchen unification Later Jin Seven Grievances Later Jin invasion of Joseon Qing invasion of Joseon
Revolt of the Three Feudatories
Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories
Language family of Siberia and Manchuria
of the Jurchen script was written in 1526. The Tungusic languages appear in the historical record again after the unification of the Jurchen tribes under
Tungusic_languages
Military conflict in Fushun, China
consolidate his position as khan among the recently assimilated Jurchen tribes such as the Haixi Jurchens. Fushun, located on the Hun River about 10 kilometers
Battle_of_Fushun
Mongol and Jurchen rulers on the eve of the Jurchen unification and conquest (early 17th century) Mainland East Asia in 1616 Chahar-Jurchen War (1619–1634)
Timeline_of_the_Qing_dynasty
Chinese cash coin, minted 1408–1424
Liaoluo Bay Great Tianqi Explosion Transition from Ming to Qing Jurchen unification Seven Grievances Sarhū Great Plague She-An Rebellion Peasant rebellions
Yongle_Tongbao
This is a timeline of the Jurchens. Timeline of the Song dynasty Timeline of the Ming dynasty Timeline of the Tanguts Timeline of the Khitans Wang 2013
Timeline_of_the_Jurchens
1644 battle in China
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass
Taiwanese Kingdom (1661–1683)
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Kingdom_of_Tungning
17th-century evacuations of coastal China
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Great_Clearance
Founding khan of the Later Jin dynasty
founding khan of the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty. As leader of the Aisin Gioro clan, Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later Manchu)
Nurhaci
Former capital of Later Jin; renamed to Xing Jing in 1636 by Hong Taiji
Ala (Chinese: 赫圖阿拉城; Manchu:ᡥᡝᡨᡠ ᠠᠯᠠ) was the first capital city of the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty of China. It was the capital from 1616 to 1622. It
Hetu_Ala
v t e Qing dynasty topics History Early (1616–1683) Jurchen unification Later Jin Seven Grievances Later Jin invasion of Joseon Qing invasion of Joseon
1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang
1641–2 battle between Qing and Ming dynasties
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Song-Jin
History of Primorsky Krai territory
victory over Goryeo. After the unification of the Jurchen tribes by the Wanyan clan during the war against Goryeo, Aguda, a Jurchen leader, defies the Liao emperor
History_of_Primorye
Rump state in China during the Ming–Qing transition
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Southern_Ming
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Siege_of_Guilin_(1647)
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Ning-Jin
cannons, which was a huge boost to the siege warfare capability of the Jurchens, who previously could only rely on foot soldiers to attack Ming fortifications
Wuqiao_mutiny
Commissioner of Guangning, proposed hiring 400,000 Mongols to attack the Jurchens. The officials at the Ming court thought this was a dumb idea and refused
Battle_of_Guangning
Revolts in China (1628–1644)
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions
Military conflict between the Later Jin dynasty and the Ming dynasty
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Jisi_Incident
The Chahar–Jurchen War was a military conflict waged between the Chahar Mongols and the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty and several other Mongol groups from
Chahar-Jurchen_War
Disease outbreak in China
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty
Military conflict between the Jurchen Later Jin and Ming dynasty in 1618
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Qinghe
1540s–1567 Jiajing wokou raids 1542 Palace plot of Renyin year 1583–1619 Jurchen unification 1590–1600 Bozhou rebellion 1592 Ordos campaign (1592) 1618–1683 Transition
List_of_conflicts_in_Asia
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Siege_of_Lüshun
between the Yehe Jurchens, their Ming allies, and the Later Jin. In the fall of 1619 Nurhaci invaded Xicheng, the home of the Yehe Jurchens. Nurhaci personally
Battle_of_Xicheng
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Kaiyuan
Dalinghe (大凌河; present-day Linghai) in Liaoning. Using a combined force of Jurchen and Mongol cavalry, along with recently captured Ming artillery units,
Battle_of_Dalinghe
Character encoding standard
the Unicode Consortium website. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen and Khitan large script, encoding proposals have been made and they are
Unicode
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Fort_Zhenjiang
Military and administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty
Nurhaci, the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people (who would later be renamed the "Manchu" under Nurhaci's
Eight_Banners
1621 battle between Later Jin and Ming
between the Later Jin and the Ming dynasty. In early 1621 Nurhaci, the Jurchen khan of the Later Jin, invaded Liaodong and captured the cities of Shenyang
Battle_of_Shen-Liao
for successfully defending the northern borders from the Khitans and the Jurchens. But the Imperial Court and the official scholars mistreated the military
Military_of_Goryeo
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Battle_of_Tieling
Manchu-led dynasty of China (1644–1912)
the sovereignty of Ming overlordship in order to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor. After a series of
Qing_dynasty
his successors renamed in 1636 to Qing dynasty). The process of unification of the Jurchen people completed by Nurhaci was followed by his son's, Hong Taiji
History_of_Manchuria
Social movement
the Jurchen, practiced Jurchen culture, and spoke Jurchen, while Chinese banners (Hanjun, or Han Bannermen) included descendants of sinicized Jurchen who
De-Sinicization
married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames
Military history of China before 1912
Military_history_of_China_before_1912
East Asian historiographic dispute
relationships between Mohe and Jurchen and that the Bohai population certainly contributed culturally to the ethnogenesis of the Jurchen. However, some differences
Balhae_controversies
7th-10th century kingdom in East Asia
found elsewhere in the Jurchen script. Based on these findings, Vovin believes that the Parhae script was a prototype of the Jurchen script, but also notes
Parhae
Form of Chinese characters from the Qin dynasty
varieties used in other ancient Chinese states following Qin's wars of unification and establishment of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) under Qin Shi Huang
Small_seal_script
10th and 11th century conflicts in Korea
Liao and Goryeo up to the Yalu River, which was at the time occupied by Jurchen tribes, citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo. With this
Goryeo–Khitan_War
ally and maintained friendly relations as equal partners. In 1115 the Jurchen founded the Jin dynasty, and in 1125 Jin annihilated Liao and started invasion
History of Sino-Korean relations
History_of_Sino-Korean_relations
Historical Chinese concept
the fact that the Jurchens were descended from the Mohe people, who were once subjects of Goguryeo and Balhae. In addition, the Jurchens were widely recognised
Hua–Yi_distinction
Korean folk song
praising her virtues. Others have speculated that the term is linked to the Jurchen word "arin", meaning "hometown", or the name of an Indian god with a similar
Arirang
Modern forms of kanji used in Japan after 1946
and modern forms of jōyō and jinmeiyō kanji, see Kyūjitai. Due to Han unification, some shinjitai characters are unified with their kyūjitai counterparts
Shinjitai
10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall expanded southward and made the city
History_of_Beijing
Beijing Shanhai Pass Guilin Penghu Related Manchuria under Ming rule Jurchen unification 1st invasion of Joseon 2nd invasion of Joseon Seven Grievances Revolt
Amur_campaign
Song victory over Jin. Battle of Caishi 26–27 Nov Song dynasty defeats Jurchen Jin dynasty. Portuguese Reconquista Battle of Alcácer do Sal The Almohad
List_of_battles_301–1300
Overview of the names for the Asian country
Siksin), although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the Jurchen people. Other scholars believe 朝鮮 was a translation (like Japanese kun'yomi)
Names_of_Korea
Chinese cultural, philosophical, and political concept
dynasty, northern China was ruled by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty. After being threatened
Tianxia
Municipal city in North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea
and before Goryeo reacquired the area, the region was occupied by the jurchens. During the Goryeo period, it was known as guju, meaning "turtle province"
Chongju
Yuanjing (陈元靓), updated their geographic knowledge from the preceding Jurchen Jin and Southern Song Dynasties to the contemporary Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty
Cartography_of_China
Language family
is sometimes considered a separate language. When King Sejong drove the Jurchen from what is now the northernmost part of North Hamgyong Province in 1434
Koreanic_languages
Mongol-led dynasty of China (1271–1368)
most of whom were former subjects of the Jurchen Jin dynasty such as Han Chinese in Northern China, Jurchens, Khitans, but also Koreans and other ethnicities
Yuan_dynasty
Historical territories of the Manchu-led Qing Empire
the sovereignty of Ming overlordship in order to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor. After a series of
Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia
Empire in Eurasia from 1206–1368
the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains. The empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership
Mongol_Empire
Book set
ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5. This volume covers the Khitan Liao dynasty, the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the Tangut Western Xia dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty
The Cambridge History of China
The_Cambridge_History_of_China
Ancient city in northern China
southern capital of the Liao dynasty and then the main capital of the Jurchen Jin dynasty. In the 13th century, Kublai Khan built a new capital city
Ji_(Beijing)
Second wife of Hong Taiji
Married Bandi (班第; d. 1647), of the Aohan Borjigin clan, on 25 May 1633 The Jurchens had multiple wives with very little distinction between them, all being
Consort_Ji_(Hong_Taiji)
Korean kingdom (57 BCE–935 CE)
comes from the name of the ancient kingdom of Silla; (5) It comes from Jurchen *Solgo(r) ~ Solho which in turn stems from Old Korean 수릿골 suɾiskol > 솔골
Silla
Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1206 to 1227
of the decade following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant of the Jurchen Jin dynasty in North China. Zhao Hong recorded that the future Genghis
Genghis_Khan
Writing systems descended from oracle bone script
script, Khitan large script, Khitan small script and its offspring, the Jurchen script, as well as the Yi script, Sui script, and Geba syllabary, which
Chinese_family_of_scripts
Dynasties of China ruled by non-Han ethnicities
as "Zhongguo" and claimed yogurt as a food of Zhongguo. Similarly, the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty referred to itself as "Zhongguo". In 1271, Kublai Khan
Conquest_dynasty
East Asian ethnic group
Liao dynasty (916–1125) Mongol-lead Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), and the Jurchen-lead Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Qing dynasty (1644–1912; initially the
Han_Chinese
memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan in the 1019 Toi invasion, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians"
Slavery_in_China
Emperor of the Liao dynasty from 916 to 926
a warlike tribe on the Mongolian Plateau. East and north-east lay the Jurchens all the way to the Amur river. They were a peaceful people who resided
Abaoji
Historical dress of the Han Chinese people
The Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values
Hanfu
Imperial titles in Korean history
interaction on the Korean Peninsula that marked the first step toward the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The earliest known tianxia view of the
Korean_imperial_titles
Emperor, supposedly reigned from AD 1646 to AD 1664, are disputed. The Jurchen ethnic group was renamed "Manchu" in AD 1635 by the Emperor Taizong of
Dynasties_of_China
Sino-Tibetan language
After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty and subsequent reign of the Jurchen Jin and Mongol Yuan dynasties in northern China, a common speech (now called
Chinese_language
Battle of Gwiju) Campaigns of General Yun Kwan against the Jurchens (see also Korean-Jurchen border conflicts) Mongol invasions of Korea Sambyeolcho Rebellion
Military_history_of_Korea
Aspect of Chinese military history
frontier defense. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD), the Northern Qi (550–574), the Jurchen-ruled Jin (1115–1234), and particularly the Ming (1369–1644) were among
History of the Great Wall of China
History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China
Chinese-based Vietnamese writing system
given in Nôm Proper Code Table: Version 2.1 by Ngô Thanh Nhàn. "Han Unification History", The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0 (2006). (in Vietnamese) Nguyễn
Chữ_Nôm
Eurasian steppe confederation and empire
393. Shimunek, Andrew. "Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China". Philology of the
Xiongnu
Hong Kong television series
Prince of Jurchen kingdom 金國太子 A Jurchen kingdom Prince who wants to back off from invading the Song dynasty in fear of losing the entire Jurchen kingdom
Ghost_Dragon_of_Cold_Mountain
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