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+ (pz–px–q) H2O Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K: Hydrolysis constants (log values) in
Hydrolysis_constant
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. Hydrolysis reactions can
Hydrolysis
Chemical property
Baes, C. F.; Mesmer, R. E. (1976). "Chapter 18. Survey of Hydrolysis Behaviour". The Hydrolysis of Cations. Wiley. pp. 397–430. Schwarzenbach, G.; Flaschka
Equilibrium_constant
Properties and behavior of hydrated cations in aqueous solution
radius, r, increases. Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis. The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z2/r for most aqua ions. The
Metal ions in aqueous solution
Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution
Catabolism of ATP into ADP
phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute
ATP_hydrolysis
Constants that describe stability of coordination complexes
stability constant explicitly, as illustrated above. The formation of a hydroxo complex is a typical example of a hydrolysis reaction. A hydrolysis reaction
Stability constants of complexes
Stability_constants_of_complexes
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
addition, the metal ion is subject to hydrolysis, that is, it behaves as a weak acid, so the pK values for the hydrolysis reactions must also be known. Assessing
Acid_dissociation_constant
Chemical compound
hypochlorous acid: RR′NCl + H2O ⇌ RR′NH + HOCl The quantitative hydrolysis constant (K value) represents the bactericidal power of chloramines, and generally
Monochloramine
Free-energy relationship in organic chemistry
(+0.417) the hydrolysis of substituted benzyl chlorides in acetone-water at 69.8 °C (−1.875). The reaction constant, or sensitivity constant, ρ, describes
Hammett_equation
and 845 nm were observed for the mononuclear and dinuclear hydrolysis species. Hydrolysis of plutonyl is important for an understanding of pollution of
Plutonyl
extent of hydrolysis can be quantified when the values of the hydrolysis constants can be determined experimentally. The first hydrolysis constant refers
List of aqueous ions by element
List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element
implications for all protonation equilibria in aqueous solution and for hydrolysis constants in particular. It is quite usual to omit from the model those species
Determination of equilibrium constants
Determination_of_equilibrium_constants
Chemical element with atomic number 24 (Cr)
PMID 31967803. Rai, D; Sass, BM & Moore, DA (1987) Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide Inorganic Chemistry 26:345-349
Chromium
Chemical compound (Cr(OH)3)
(NIOSH). Rai, Dhanpat; Sass, Bruce M.; Moore, Dean A. "Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide" Inorganic Chemistry 1987
Chromium(III)_hydroxide
Equation in physical organic chemistry
hydrolysis of methyl esters (RCOOMe). The use of ester hydrolysis rates to study polar effects was first suggested by Ingold in 1930. The hydrolysis of
Taft_equation
When the ratio of reactants to products of a chemical reaction is constant with time
oxygen by hemoglobin in blood Acid–base equilibria: acid dissociation constant, hydrolysis, buffer solutions, indicators, acid–base homeostasis Metal–ligand
Chemical_equilibrium
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
acetate is rarely selected as a reaction solvent because it is prone to hydrolysis, transesterification, and condensations. Ethyl acetate is the most common
Ethyl_acetate
Relation between chemical reaction rate and concentrations of the reactants
bimolecular reaction and a simultaneous hydrolysis (which can be treated as pseudo order one) takes place: the hydrolysis complicates the study of the reaction
Rate_equation
Chemical compounds containing chromium
PMID 31967803. Rai, D; Sass, BM & Moore, DA (1987) Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(III) hydroxide. Inorganic Chemistry 26:345-349
Chromium_compounds
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant. The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, which
Adenosine_triphosphate
Model of enzyme kinetics
investigated the kinetics of invertase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. In 1913, they proposed a mathematical
Michaelis–Menten_kinetics
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
coworkers demonstrated 34S KIE at natural abundance measurements for the hydrolysis of sulfate monoesters. Their observation of a large KIE suggests S-O bond
Kinetic_isotope_effect
Mixture formed from bromide and water group
undergoes hydrolysis in water yielding hydrobromic acid and hypobromous acid. Br2 + H2O ⇌ HOBr + H+ + Br− The equilibrium constant for this hydrolysis or disproportionation
Bromine_water
Curved triangle with constant width
Reuleaux triangle [ʁœlo] is a curved triangle with constant width, the simplest and best known curve of constant width other than the circle. It is formed from
Reuleaux_triangle
Cyclic carboxylic ester
because although the enthalpies of the hydrolysis of esters and lactones are about the same, the entropy of the hydrolysis of lactones is less than the entropy
Lactone
Type of rechargeable battery
irreversible capacity loss. Electrolyte degradation mechanisms include hydrolysis and thermal decomposition. At concentrations as low as 10 ppm, water begins
Lithium-ion_battery
Recycling of bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate
MEG and PTA or DMT. The main processes are glycolysis, methanolysis or hydrolysis. After purification, the oligomers or monomers can be used to prepare
PET_bottle_recycling
Compound derived from an acid
Alton; Andrews, Roy C. (1928). "The Relation Between the Hydrolysis Equilibrium Constant of Esters and the Strengths of the Corresponding Acids". Journal
Ester
Chemical compound
grey-green-yellow powder or pellet due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. It is used by farmers, pest controllers, gamekeepers and
Aluminium_phosphide
Thermodynamic equilibrium between a solid and a solution of the same compound
temperature-dependent solubility product which functions like an equilibrium constant. Solubility equilibria are important in pharmaceutical, environmental and
Solubility_equilibrium
Oxygen-free break down of material
comprises four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials
Anaerobic_digestion
Anion with the chemical formula PF6–
spectrophotometrically with ferroin. Hydrolysis is extremely slow under basic conditions. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to the phosphate ion is also slow. Nonetheless
Hexafluorophosphate
Chemical compound (OH–)
fluoride ion F−, and the amide ion NH− 2. Ester hydrolysis under alkaline conditions (also known as base hydrolysis) R1C(O)OR2 + OH− ⇌ R1CO(O)H + −OR2 ⇌ R1CO2−
Hydroxide
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
numerical value of solubility constant. While the solubility constant is not as simple as solubility, the value of this constant is generally independent of
Solubility
Species of edible plant
hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction
Wasabi
Environmental cleanup method
contaminants have a short hydrolysis half-life. For contaminants like these, i.e. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, hydrolysis can be the primary
Electrical_resistance_heating
State of matter
which point the oxidation reaction occurs.[citation needed] Supercritical hydrolysis is a method of converting all biomass polysaccharides as well the associated
Supercritical_fluid
Fifth stage of death
amino acids, known as hydrolysis. The breakdown of the proteins of a decomposing body is a spontaneous process. Protein hydrolysis is accelerated as the
Putrefaction
Change in the position of an object
such as microtubules, and motor proteins are typically powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and convert chemical energy into mechanical
Motion
Breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
contributes substantially to shaping mammalian proteomes. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis
Proteolysis
Naturally produced monosaccharide
by enzymatic hydrolysis using glucose amylase or by the use of acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis has largely displaced acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. The
Glucose
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
organic molecule cleaves the molecule in two, hydrolysis is said to occur. Notable examples of hydrolysis are the saponification of fats and the digestion
Properties_of_water
Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
3, Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds EC 4, Lyases: cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation EC 5, Isomerases:
Enzyme
Organic compound (C6H5OH)
Early methods relied on extraction of phenol from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives. The original commercial route was developed by
Phenol
Medication used to treat myasthenia gravis
inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft, thus slowing down the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Like its predecessor neostigmine, it is a quaternary
Pyridostigmine
Buffer solution commonly used in biological research
of AMP, ADP, and ATP, and Calculations of Thermodynamic Data for the Hydrolysis Reactions". Biochemistry. 2 (3): 501–508. doi:10.1021/bi00903a019. PMID 14069537
Phosphate-buffered_saline
Molecule containing main group elements with more than eight valence electrons
during hydrolysis and from this a binucleophilic reaction mechanism was proposed. Corriu and coworkers then measured the rates of hydrolysis in the presence
Hypervalent_molecule
Chemical compound (H2SO4)
alkaline versions, such drain openers can dissolve fats and proteins via hydrolysis. Moreover, as concentrated sulfuric acid has a strong dehydrating property
Sulfuric_acid
Pharmaceutical compound
SucGly2Phe-4-nitroanilide hydrolysis by α-chymotrypsin by 20 times, without changing the Km. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for the lysozyme-chymotrypsin
4-Phenylbutylamine
Process of breaking down the intermolecular bonds of starch by water
molecules. Gelatinization improves the availability of starch for amylase hydrolysis. So gelatinization of starch is often used in cooking to make the starch
Starch_gelatinization
Chemical compound
simple hydrolysis of the borohydride. However, such a usage would need a cheap, relatively simple, and energy-efficient process to recycle the hydrolysis product
Sodium_borohydride
Chemical compound
inhibiting the formation of incrustations in textiles during laundering. The hydrolysis of nitrilotriacetonitrile with water in concentrated sulfuric acid yields
2,2′,2″-Nitrilotriacetonitrile
2,2′,2″-Nitrilotriacetonitrile
Chemical compound
1980). "Hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-chitotrioside catalyzed by hen and turkey lysozymes. pH dependence of the kinetics constants". Journal
Hymecromone
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
method is limited by the acid dichlorides' high cost, its sensitivity to hydrolysis and the occurrence of side reactions. The high temperature reaction (100
Polyester
Organic compound containing a –C(=O)OH group
prevalent carboxylic acids - citric, oxalic, amino acids, etc. - entail hydrolysis of thioesters and phosphate esters. In contrast to methods used on a laboratory
Carboxylic_acid
Organic compounds of the form >C=O
other methods have been developed, examples include: By geminal halide hydrolysis. By hydration of alkynes. Such processes occur via enols and require the
Ketone
Organic compound (C6H5COOH)
Olmstead, William N.; Bordwell, Frederick G. (1980). "Ion-pair association constants in dimethyl sulfoxide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (16): 3299–3305
Benzoic_acid
One of the lightest perfluoro compounds
electrofluorination of acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting trifluoroacetyl fluoride: CH 3COCl + 4 HF → CF 3COF +
Trifluoroacetic_acid
Chemical compound (H2N–NO2)
the hydrolysis of potassium nitrocarbamate: (K+)2(O2N−N−−CO−2) + 2 H2SO4 → H2N−NO2 + CO2 + 2 KHSO4 Other routes to nitramide include hydrolysis of nitrocarbamic
Nitramide
Subdiscipline of chemistry concerned with chemical equilibrium
a proton donor, because of the hydrolysis equilibrium B(OH) 3 + H 2O ⇌ B(OH)− 4 + H+. Similarly, metal ion hydrolysis causes ions such as [Al(H 2O) 6]3+
Equilibrium_chemistry
Organic compounds which are acetate esters of cellulose
as catalyst. Partial hydrolysis: The desired secondary cellulose acetate types are obtained from cellulose triacetate by hydrolysis. For this purpose, the
Cellulose_acetate
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
decompose proteins and lipids in living tissues via amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis, which consequently cause chemical burns and may induce permanent
Sodium_hydroxide
Chemical compound
973 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water Hydrolysis Structure Crystal structure cubic Space group Pn3m Lattice constant a = 5.339 Å Lattice volume (V) 151.2
Beryllium_cyanide
Chemical preparation for silica particles
H2O}}} Further hydrolysis of the ethoxy groups and subsequent condensation leads to crosslinking. It is a one-step process as the hydrolysis and condensation
Stöber_process
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links
are detrimental to the foam structure. Polyurethanes may degrade due to hydrolysis. This is a common problem with shoes left in a closet, and reacting with
Polyurethane
Chemical compound belonging to the class of triazine
crystallizes from water as the dihydrate. Cyanuric acid can be produced by hydrolysis of crude or waste melamine followed by crystallization. Acid waste streams
Cyanuric_acid
Protons hopping across hydrogen bonds between hydronium ions and water molecules
Loerting, Thomas; Liedl, Klaus R. (2001). "The reaction rate constant of chlorine nitrate hydrolysis". Chemistry - A European Journal. 7 (8): 1662–1669. doi:10
Grotthuss_mechanism
Chemical compound
widely used in plumbing for carrying sewage and other corrosive materials. Hydrolysis of DBP leads to phthalic acid and 1-butanol. Monobutyl phthalate (MBP)
Dibutyl_phthalate
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding
Acid
Family of digestive enzymes
system of many vertebrates, where it begins the digestion of proteins by hydrolysis, cutting long chains of amino acids into smaller pieces. Trypsin is formed
Trypsin
Chemical compound
3 HCl The second method entails hydrolysis of trichloroethylene: ClHC=CCl2 + 2 H2O → ClH2C−COOH + 2 HCl The hydrolysis is conducted at 130–140 °C in a
Chloroacetic_acid
Chemical compound
compounds and Grignard reagents react with DMF to give aldehydes after hydrolysis in a reaction called Bouveault aldehyde synthesis. Dimethylformamide forms
Dimethylformamide
Chemical compound
copper(II) hydroxide occurs: CuCl2 + 2 NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaCl Partial hydrolysis gives dicopper chloride trihydroxide, Cu2(OH)3Cl, a popular fungicide
Copper(II)_chloride
Chemical compound
foul smelling liquid with a boiling point of 117 °C. It has a Trouton constant (entropy of vaporization at the boiling point of the liquid) of 24.4, and
Thiophosphoryl_fluoride
Simplest carboxylic acid (HCOOH)
is sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid: HCO2CH3 + H2O → HCOOH + CH3OH Efficient hydrolysis of methyl formate requires
Formic_acid
Family of carboxylic acids
routes have been devised to these compounds. Common approaches include hydrolysis of polychloroethanes or polychloroethylenes and chlorination of acetic
Chloroacetic_acids
Organic ammonia derivative
Methylamine was first prepared in 1849 by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz via the hydrolysis of methyl isocyanate and related compounds. An example of this process
Methylamine
Object detection system using radio waves
military radars in the 1970s. However, it is hygroscopic, leading to hydrolysis and formation of highly flammable alcohol. The loss of a U.S. Navy aircraft
Radar
Chemical compound
ClO− ion does not participate in this reaction. This reaction occurs by hydrolysis with addition of chlorine to one of the carbons and a hydroxyl to the
Hypochlorous_acid
Transportation of solutes through membranes
Where ΔGb corresponds to a favorable thermodynamic reaction, such as the hydrolysis of ATP, or the co-transport of a compound that is moved in the direction
Membrane_transport
Molecule that delivers the amino acid to the ribosome during translation
The different aa-tRNAs have varying pseudo-first-order rate constants for the hydrolysis of the ester bond between the amino acid and tRNA. Such observations
Aminoacyl-tRNA
Measure of the tendency of an acid to dissociate
(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7. Guthrie, J.P. (1978). "Hydrolysis of esters of oxy acids: pKa values for strong acids". Can. J. Chem. 56
Acid_strength
Explanation of muscle contraction
force of contraction is the actin-myosin linkages which depend on ATP hydrolysis by the myosin. In spite of strong evidence, the sliding filament theory
Sliding_filament_theory
Chemical compound
down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine through hydrolysis. Inhibition of this enzyme causes a constant stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane by the
Pseudaconitine
Probability distribution
exponential at constant ATP concentration, revealing that each step of the motor takes a single ATP hydrolysis. If there were n ATP hydrolysis events, then
Gamma_distribution
Cyclic chemical compound, (CH2)4O
sugars as potential precursors to biofuels. Aqueous THF augments the hydrolysis of glycans from biomass and dissolves the majority of biomass lignin making
Tetrahydrofuran
British chemist (born 1943)
Caius College. Fersht studied for his PhD intramolecular catalysis in the hydrolysis of aspirin as a model for catalysis by enzymes. He was recruited by David
Alan_Fersht
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
this is very common—the delta G of ATP hydrolysis in cells is not the standard free energy change of ATP hydrolysis quoted in textbooks). From measuring
Glycolysis
Chemical compound
acid would form by treatment of tellurium dioxide with water, that is by hydrolysis. The related conjugate base is well known in the form of several salts
Tellurous_acid
Law about the rate of chemical reactions
equilibrium, the ratio between the concentration of reactants and products is constant. Two aspects are involved in the initial formulation of the law: 1) the
Law_of_mass_action
Material used for thermal insulation
material used to dissolve PU foam, depolymerisation technologies include hydrolysis, aminolysis, alcoholysis and glycolysis. Feedstock (or thermo-chemical)
Polyurethane_foam
Any chemical reaction with ammonia as a reactant
inorganic compounds to produce nitrides. This reaction is analogous to hydrolysis in which water molecules are split. Similar to water, liquid ammonia also
Ammonolysis
Antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals
system. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the following process: Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Lysozyme
Chemical element with atomic number 17 (Cl)
chloride gas. These methods work best when the chloride product is stable to hydrolysis; otherwise, the possibilities include high-temperature oxidative chlorination
Chlorine
Natural plant polysaccharides
cells by changing the degree of polymerization of inulin molecules by hydrolysis. By changing osmotic potential without changing the total amount of carbohydrate
Inulin
Class of lipid compounds
to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric
Phosphatidic_acid
Salts that produce acidic solutions
concentration of OH− ions due to more extensive cation hydrolysis compared to that of anion hydrolysis. The solution is alkaline if Ka < Kb. Anions hydrolyze
Acid_salt
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
secretes other proteases to complete the hydrolysis, these include trypsin and chymotrypsin. Protein hydrolysis is employed commercially as a means of producing
Protein
Structural fibrous protein
3880401. PMID 11557780. Mercer DK, Stewart CS (1 January 2019). "Keratin hydrolysis by dermatophytes". Medical Mycology. 57 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx160
Keratin
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
a VX hydrolysis product, was measured to confirm exposure in one poisoning victim. There also exist procedures for determination of VX hydrolysis products
VX_(nerve_agent)
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