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The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to: Concerted evolution, whereby individual members of a DNA family within one
Horizontal_evolution
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
evolution while more significantly shifting perspectives on bacterial evolution. Horizontal gene transfer is the primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic
Horizontal_gene_transfer
Concept in genetics
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between distant branches on the tree of life. In evolution, it can scramble the information
Horizontal gene transfer in evolution
Horizontal_gene_transfer_in_evolution
Stage of stellar evolution
The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red-giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's
Horizontal_branch
Changes to stars over their lifespans
U. (1991). "Atmospheres and Abundances of Blue Horizontal Branch Stars and Related Objects". Evolution of Stars: The Photospheric Abundance Connection:
Stellar_evolution
Change in the heritable traits of populations
2022. Baldo, Angela M.; McClure, Marcella A. (September 1999). "Evolution and Horizontal Transfer of dUTPase-Encoding Genes in Viruses and Their Hosts"
Evolution
Independent evolution of similar features
closely related molluscs, suggesting convergent evolution, though with the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. Distant homologues of the metal ion
Convergent_evolution
Merging of lineages
recombination causes evolution to be reticulate; at a species level, reticulation arises through hybrid speciation and horizontal gene transfer; and at
Reticulate_evolution
of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Harvard Business School Press, 2006. Frances Stewart. Horizontal Inequalities:
Horizontal_inequality
Period during the evolution of the first cells
transition period during the evolution of the first cells when genetic transmission moves from a predominantly horizontal mode to a vertical mode. The
Darwinian_threshold
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
collective genome" at the time of the LUCA, and that horizontal gene transfer was important in the evolution of later groups; Nicolas Glansdorff states that
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
Theory in evolutionary biology
equilibrium is commonly contrasted with phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolution generally occurs uniformly by the steady and gradual transformation of
Punctuated_equilibrium
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
genetic heritage, though the suggestion of substantial horizontal gene transfer during early evolution has led to questions about the monophyly (single ancestry)
Common_descent
Subfield of genetics
PMID 18511688. S2CID 11862013. Baldo, A.; McClure, M. (1 September 1999). "Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts"
Population_genetics
Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer
Means of transmitting infection
be horizontal which is explicitly reified in Dual Inheritance Theory. Horizontal transmission is implicit in the meme theory of cultural evolution, where
Horizontal_transmission
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
The evolution of the eye is the origin and development with diversification by natural selection over geological time of organs of photosensitivity and
Evolution_of_the_eye
Model of sailboat
rudder releasing mechanism that automatically released the rudder into a horizontal position for easy beaching. By the late 1950s the option of either a nylon
Sailfish_(sailboat)
Historic Welsh county flag
The Glamorgan flag (Welsh: Baner Morgannwg) is the flag of the county of Glamorgan. It was registered with the Flag Institute on 24 September 2013. The
Flag_of_Glamorgan
Clustering of stars in astronomy diagram
field stars (e.g. the Hipparcos stars). The red clump giants are cool horizontal branch stars, stars originally similar to the Sun which have undergone
Red_clump
Field of biological research
variety of biological genome data and the study of vertical and horizontal evolution processes, one can understand vital parts of the gene structure and
Comparative_genomics
System property to handle growing work
Internet. Resources fall into two broad categories: horizontal and vertical. Scaling horizontally (out/in) means adding or removing nodes, such as adding
Scalability
Species of flowering plant
are rather small, only 10 mm long and 1 mm broad. Its branches grow horizontally, up to 400 mm in diameter. It has inflorescence in cyathium with a single
Euphorbia_flanaganii
Monumental capital discovered in India
Allahabad pillar, as well as the Diamond throne built by Ashoka in Bodh Gaya. Evolution of the load-bearing pillar capital, down to 1st century Sanchi Similarities
Pataliputra_capital
Anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
plane. It is also called the axial plane or horizontal plane, especially in human anatomy, but horizontal plane can be misleading with other animals.
Transverse_plane
Television that uses analog signals
and sorts the pulses into horizontal and vertical sync. The horizontal sync pulse separates the scan lines. The horizontal sync signal is a single short
Analog_television
important development in the study of microbial evolution came with the discovery in Japan in 1959 of horizontal gene transfer. This transfer of genetic material
History of evolutionary thought
History_of_evolutionary_thought
Concerted evolution is the phenomenon where paralogous genes within one species are more closely related to one another than to members of the same gene
Concerted_evolution
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times, and many—in
Viral_evolution
Modernist art theory
Neoplasticism's reliance on horizontal and vertical lines to symbolize equilibrium between nature and spirit ultimately limited the evolution of art. To transcend
Elementarism
Totality of psychological phenomena
Erulkar & Lentz 2024, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System Hatfield 2013, pp. 6–7 Erulkar & Lentz 2024, § Evolution and Development of the
Mind
Domain of organisms
apply, as archaea reproduce only asexually. Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages. Some researchers suggest that individuals
Archaea
Species of bacterium
heterotrophic aerobe. It is notable for the prevalence of horizontal gene transfers in its evolution, possibly due to dormancy because of its habitat. Klassen
Hymenobacter_elongatus
Protein found in humans
the complement receptor 1 (CR1) gene. An example of concerted (horizontal) evolution within a gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (2): 974–980
Complement_receptor_1
2004 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins & Yan Wong
"History doesn't repeat itself, but it rhymes." The authors argue that "Evolution rhymes, patterns occur. And this doesn't just happen to be so. It is so
The_Ancestor's_Tale
Special case of mutualism
vertical and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission involves the passage of symbionts from parent to offspring hosts. Horizontal transmission
Obligate_mutualism
Study of changes in DNA and RNA over time
molecular evolution Horizontal gene transfer Human evolution Molecular clock Molecular paleontology Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution Neutral
Molecular_evolution
Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
processes such as evolvability, phenotypic plasticity, reticulate evolution, horizontal gene transfer, symbiogenesis are said by proponents to have been
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Extended_evolutionary_synthesis
Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
[citation needed] Prokaryotic genomes have two main mechanisms of evolution: mutation and horizontal gene transfer. A third mechanism, sexual reproduction, is
Genome_evolution
Hot, giant star of early spectral type
usually with spectral types of A, lie across the middle of the horizontal branch. Horizontal-branch stars hotter than the RR Lyrae gap are generally considered
Blue_giant
Order of reptiles with a shell
discrimination. Visual acuity, studied in hatchlings, is highest in a horizontal band with retinal cells packed about twice as densely as elsewhere. This
Turtle
Pride flag used by the non-binary community
Kye Rowan in 2014. The non-binary flag consists of four equally-sized horizontal bars: yellow, white, purple, and black. There is no official or agreed-upon
Non-binary_flag
Map for business strategy
consumer, business, government or other); in the horizontal dimension or x-axis, the component's evolution or commoditization (ranging from "genesis" through
Wardley_map
continental shelf, on the margin of the continental crust. Its tectonic evolution can be divided in to three periods. The first period was from Paleocene
Taixinan_Basin
Family of camouflage patterns
the original form had a strong horizontal orientation, disrupting the vertical form of the soldier's body. Horizontal lizard patterns in different colour
Lizard_(camouflage)
Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
sexual reproduction arose early in the evolution of cells and has had a continuous evolutionary history. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of
Evolution_of_cells
bulla has retained its ancestral shape. The ventral edge of the dog's horizontal ramus of the mandible has a convex curve that does not exist in the wolf
Evolution_of_the_wolf
Species of fish
a strong lower jaw, projecting forward and upward that becomes nearly horizontal to the surface of each remora's adhesion disk. Additionally, remoras'
Whalesucker
mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that offspring were likely to have different genomes from their parents, and evolution occurred at
History_of_life
Medium format single-lens reflex camera
early as 1907. The RB67 film backs can be rotated 90 degrees to provide a horizontal or vertical composition. The orientation is shown in the ground glass
Mamiya_RB67
Maldivian music & dance
known as a bodu beru, and an onugandu - a small piece of bamboo with horizontal grooves, including a few lines, from which raspy sounds are produced by
Boduberu
increase to about 4,770 K (4,500 °C; 8,130 °F). The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion, much like it burns
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
Flat part of a boat's squared stern
Traditional timber construction with horizontal transom members in pale yellow-green (6) and turquoise (7)
Transom_(nautical)
Common ancestor evolutionary evidence
facilitates rapid evolution by providing substantial quantities of genetic material under weak or no selective constraints; horizontal gene transfer, the
Evidence_of_common_descent
Development from a Tethytherian ancestor and radiation of species
body with flipper-like front legs with no hind limbs, powerful tail with horizontal caudal fin, with up and down movements which move them through the water
Evolution_of_sirenians
Video or display resolutions with a width of around 16,000 pixels
resolution is a display resolution with approximately 16,000 pixels horizontally. The most commonly discussed 16K resolution as of 2025, is 15360 × 8640
16K_resolution
into three groups: Western (mainly from United States and Europe) or horizontal (though not all are in that orientation); Eastern or vertical (mainly
List_of_emoticons
Gene that has limited phylogenetic distribution
remain to be explored and characterized, and another 7% arise through horizontal gene transfer from distant cellular sources (with an unknown proportion
Orphan_gene
Country in South Asia
ISBN 978-1-108-17351-3. Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine
India
Theory of human behavior
inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain human behavior
Dual_inheritance_theory
Historical and opposition flag of Iran
Iranian national and opposition flag consisting of a green–white–red horizontal tricolour charged with the Lion and Sun emblem. It served as the state
Lion_and_Sun_flag
Model for the evolution of species
is a metaphor, conceptual model, and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living
Tree_of_life_(biology)
Evolutionary process
Adaptation is related to biological fitness, which governs the rate of evolution as measured by changes in allele frequencies. Often, two or more species
Adaptation
Human male external reproductive organ
zero degrees is pointing straight up against the abdomen, 90 degrees is horizontal and pointing straight forward, while 180 degrees would be pointing straight
Human_penis
Structures made of large upright stones
whose burial chambers are accessible by a stone staircase rather than a horizontal passage. The only example of this type in the Netherlands is the Eext
Megaliths_in_the_Netherlands
Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium
degrees from horizontal. As a result of the 45-degree turn and some vector addition, it can be demonstrated that out of the new horizontal and vertical
Phonograph_record
Type of large cool star
surrounding an inert helium core. Red-clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch fuse helium into carbon in their cores via the triple-alpha process
Red_giant
Fermentation with oxygen
evolved through mechanisms that include interspecific hybridization, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), gene duplication, pseudogenization, and gene loss
Aerobic_fermentation
Organ located in innermost part of ear
gene-controlled morphogenesis of the horizontal semicircular canal and the origin of the gnathostome characteristics". Evolution & Development. 2 (4): 186–193
Semicircular_canals
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
variable runners to a longitudinal position, whereas previously they were horizontally placed, opposing each other. This greatly improved the extension range
Honda V6 hybrid Formula One power unit
Honda_V6_hybrid_Formula_One_power_unit
Class of parthenogenetic freshwater rotifers
10%, having been obtained through horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, fungi and plants. How and why horizontal gene transfer occur in bdelloids is
Bdelloidea
Life arising from non-living matter
diversity of thermophiles today could be a product of convergent evolution and horizontal gene transfer rather than an inherited trait from LUCA. The reverse
Abiogenesis
laboratory studies the evolution of genes and genomes particularly in the chloroplast, mitochondrial DNA and during horizontal gene transfer. His former
Jeffrey_D._Palmer
Independent production company founded in 1982 by Gary David Goldberg
(minority) Amblin Entertainment DreamWorks Pictures A24 2AM (backing) Horizontal production/ distribution companies AMC Global Media Apple Studios Condé
Ubu_Productions
American independent film distribution company
(minority) Amblin Entertainment DreamWorks Pictures A24 2AM (backing) Horizontal production/ distribution companies AMC Global Media Apple Studios Condé
1-2_Special
Extinct genus of worms
with early panarthropod legs. It was a detritivore, living in shallow horizontal burrows, sometimes in great concentration. Cricocosmia specimens are easily
Cricocosmia
Process of forming the first eukaryotic cell
which created the eukaryotic cell and lineage, is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular
Eukaryogenesis
Evolutionary biological process
Reductive evolution is a process involving the progressive loss of genes, also known as reductive genomic evolution. This process has occurred across
Reductive_evolution
Instrument for measuring, keeping or indicating time
surface that has markings that correspond to the hours. Sundials can be horizontal, vertical, or in other orientations. Sundials were widely used in ancient
Clock
Model for presenting evolutionary relationships
Gogarten, J. Peter; Townsend, Jeffrey P. (2005). "Horizontal gene transfer, genome innovation and evolution". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 3 (9): 679–687
Coral_of_life
Informal classification of marine mammals, closely related to whales and porpoises
hindlimbs (with only vestigial pelvic skeleton), and the tail forming a horizontal fluke. Though not quite as flexible as the semiaquatic seals, they are
Dolphin
Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
microorganisms that reproduce asexually via binary fission, although horizontal gene transfer is also common. Some prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria form
Prokaryote
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution. Memes do this through processes analogous to those of variation, mutation
Meme
The national flag of Egypt is a tricolour consisting of the three equal horizontal red, white, and black bands of the Arab Liberation Flag that dates back
Flag_of_Egypt
Part of the ethmoid bone in the skull
mammalian anatomy, the cribriform plate (Latin for lit. sieve-shaped), horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa is part of the ethmoid bone. It is received
Cribriform_plate
to a hyoid bone in a lowered position. Partly as a result of this, the horizontal (inside-the-mouth) and vertical (down-the-throat) tubes forming the supralaryngeal
Origin_of_speech
1989 video game
Act-Fancer: Cybernetick Hyper Weapon (アクトフェンサー) is a horizontally scrolling run and gun video game developed and published by Data East. It was released
Act-Fancer: Cybernetick Hyper Weapon
Act-Fancer:_Cybernetick_Hyper_Weapon
Period of major evolutionary diversification of animal life
Luciana Macis; Joachim Reitner; Gert Wörheide (2011). "A horizontal gene transfer supported the evolution of an early metazoan biomineralization strategy". BMC
Cambrian_explosion
Natural number
roots back to the Indic Brahmic script, where "2" was written as two horizontal lines. The modern Chinese and Japanese languages (and Korean Hanja) still
2
Suborder of mammals
distinguished from more primitive elephantiforms by the development of horizontal tooth replacement. It is disputed as to whether Phiomia is closely related
Elephantiformes
demonstrate Bernoulli's Principle by blowing over a piece of paper held horizontally across your lips." a. Craig, Gale M. "Physical Principles of Winged Flight"
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Possible earliest ancestor of the LUCA ancestral cell
Proto-metabolism, that FUCA may or may not have had[citation needed] Horizontal gene transfer in evolution Prosdocimi, Francisco; José, Marco V.; de Farias, Sávio
First universal common ancestor
First_universal_common_ancestor
Species of bacterium
heterotrophic aerobe. It is notable for the prevalence of horizontal gene transfers in its evolution, possibly due to dormancy because of its habitat. Klassen
Hymenobacter_glaciei
Glacier in the Swiss Alps
1870 1900 2005 2008 2010 2018 2021 Because of its easy accessibility the evolution of the Rhône Glacier has been observed since the 19th century. During
Rhône_Glacier
Analog videocassette recording format
recording time respectively, but these speed reductions cause a reduction in horizontal resolution – from the normal equivalent of 250 vertical lines in SP, to
VHS
Tribe of flowering plants
higher number of smaller pores with fewer spinulae per operculum. The horizontal or more rarely vertical ovary is uniovulate, with a distinct style and
Camphorosmeae
Snake defensive behavior
tails vertically when tail vibrating, whereas other snakes hold the tail horizontally. Presumably, this is because the rattlesnake rattle produces its own
Tail_vibration
Genus of fossil montremes
New South Wales, Australia. The specimen consists of a partial left horizontal mandibular ramus. This bone was first mentioned by Anne Musser in part
Dharragarra
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