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Organisation of elements within a gene
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to
Gene_structure
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
structure but most of these definitions fall into two categories, the Mendelian gene or the molecular gene. The Mendelian gene is the classical gene of
Gene
Academic journal
structure of ribonucleic acids" by Boris Magasanik and Erwin Chargaff (1951), part of the evidence on which Watson and Crick's model of the structure
Biochimica_et_Biophysica_Acta
Science of genes, heredity and variation
modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the
Genetics
File format for genomic features
The Gene transfer format (GTF) is a file format used to hold information about gene structure. It is a tab-delimited text format based on the general
Gene_transfer_format
Database of nematode genomics
of gene structures, but the best of them only predict about 80% of the complete gene structures correctly. They have difficulty predicting genes with unusual
WormBase
Consortium of scientific researchers
The Center for Study of Gene Structure and Function (Gene Center) is a consortium of fifty-three researchers (twelve from minority groups underrepresented
The Center for Study of Gene Structure and Function
The_Center_for_Study_of_Gene_Structure_and_Function
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
Gene expression is the process by which the information contained within a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein or a functional
Gene_expression
Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule
group is not involved in a peptide bond. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the gene corresponding to the protein. A specific sequence of
Protein_structure
list of software tools and web portals used for gene prediction. Gene prediction List of RNA structure prediction software Comparison of software for molecular
List of gene prediction software
List_of_gene_prediction_software
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
date 25-Jan-2008. Spieth J, Lawson D (January 2006). "Overview of gene structure". WormBook: 1–10. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.65.1. PMC 4781370. PMID 18023127
Transfer_RNA
Protein found in humans
Examination of complete genome sequences revealed that adrenodoxin reductase gene is present in most metazoans and prokaryotes. The name of the enzyme was
Adrenodoxin_reductase
Gene
The arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene is a gene whose product is proteolytically cleaved to produce vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH)
AVP_gene
' had a genes-in-pieces structure, from which all three lineages evolved. They speculated that the precellular stage had primitive RNA genes which had
Split_gene_theory
Software program to identify complete gene structures in genomic DNA
to identify complete gene structures in genomic DNA. It is a GHMM-based program that can be used to predict the location of genes and their exon-intron
GENSCAN
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Discipline in genetics
on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well
Genomics
Portion of gene's sequence which codes for protein
The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding DNA sequence (CDS), is the portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein. Studying the
Coding_region
Biomolecular structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA
DNA supercoil Gene structure Non-helical models of DNA structure Nucleic acid design Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid structure determination (experimental)
Nucleic_acid_structure
Protein involved in multiple prion diseases
The major prion protein (PrP) is encoded in the human body by the PRNP gene also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230). Expression of the protein
Major_prion_protein
Theory in genetics
The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme
One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
One_gene–one_enzyme_hypothesis
Enzyme for controlling the production of melanin
different strains. In each strain only one structure-determining genetic region was found for the enzyme. The gene for tyrosinase is regulated by the
Tyrosinase
Concept in plant genetics
The gene-for-gene relationship is a concept in plant pathology that plants and their diseases each have single genes that interact with each other during
Gene-for-gene_relationship
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution
Gene_duplication
hemochromatosis. In humans, the hemojuvelin protein is encoded by the HFE2 gene. Hemojuvelin is a member of the repulsive guidance molecule family of proteins
Hemojuvelin
Dog with disposition for hairlessness
type of genetic structure is said to be homozygous pre-natal lethal for the dominant gene. This means that zygotes with two dominant genes cannot live. Therefore
Hairless_dog
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
complex ABCDE model, which adds an additional two gene groups to explain the development of structures like ovules. The transition to flowering is one of
Flower
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
HIST2H4A gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. This structure consists
HIST2H4A
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
a model of the structure of DNA. In 1961, it was demonstrated that when a gene encodes a protein, three sequential bases of a gene's DNA specify each
Molecular_biology
3D conformation of a biological sequence, like DNA, RNA, proteins
simulation software Gene structure List of RNA structure prediction software Non-coding RNA Here quaternary means "fourth-level structure", not "four-way
Biomolecular_structure
American geneticist (1925–2018)
1001/jama.218.7.1026, PMID 4940311 Yanofsky, C (1967), "Gene structure and protein structure", Harvey Lect., vol. 61, pp. 145–68, PMID 5338072 The International
Charles_Yanofsky
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
strand. The gene neighborhood of DEPDC1B includes 5 other genes. Downstream are two genes SEPT21 and PDE4D. Upstream are another two genes ELOV7 and KRT8P31
DEPDC1B
Biochemical material
Look up gene product or gene products in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting
Gene_product
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(CYR61), is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the CCN1 gene. CCN1 is a secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling protein
CCN_family_member_1
Public misconceptions about genetic science
information from macroscopic structures and functions. The following simplified diagram of causality illustrates this: Genes → Gene expression → Proteins →
Common misunderstandings of genetics
Common_misunderstandings_of_genetics
Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid
such as for example in motif and rearrangements detection. Gene structure Nucleic acid structure determination Quaternary numeral system Single-nucleotide
Nucleic_acid_sequence
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the ZFY gene of the Y chromosome. This gene encodes a zinc finger-containing protein that may function as a transcription factor. This gene was once
ZFY
Collection of molecular regulators
in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the
Gene_regulatory_network
RNA component
Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Evolutionary algorithm
of the phenotypic expression of GEP genes, whereas the genes are linear strings encoding these complex structures. For this particular example, the linear
Gene_expression_programming
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. It is encoded in humans by the gene APOE. Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins
Apolipoprotein_E
Genetic modification technique
services related to gene knockdown treatments. Gene knockout Summerton JE (2007). "Morpholino, siRNA, and S-DNA compared: impact of structure and mechanism
Gene_knockdown
DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
eukaryotes. Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA
Homeobox
Genes regulating the development of anatomical structures in various organisms
Homeotic genes are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants
Homeotic_gene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. The enzyme is encoded in humans by the DNMT3A gene. This enzyme is responsible
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A
DNA_(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase_3A
1976 book by Richard Dawkins
The Selfish Gene is a 1976 popular science book by Richard Dawkins that espouses the gene-centred view of evolution. It builds upon the thesis of George
The_Selfish_Gene
Genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen available to living organisms. The primary
Nif_gene
Harmonin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USH1C gene. It is expressed in sensory cells of the inner ear and retina, where it plays a role
USH1C
Protein allowing tissue in the body to resume shape after stretching
disorder is a constitutive feature of elastin structure and function. Deletions and mutations in this gene are associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis
Elastin
Process in computational biology
gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes
Gene_prediction
Type of protein
Gephyrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPHN gene. This gene encodes a neuronal assembly protein that anchors inhibitory neurotransmitter
Gephyrin
Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, drug design, drug discovery, protein structure alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction of gene expression
Bioinformatics
Human protein-coding gene
Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene. It is expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissues during development
Tenascin_C
Enzyme that metabolizes compounds containing epoxides
epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1): Gene, structure, function, and role in human disease". Gene. 571 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.071. PMC 4544754. PMID 26216302
Epoxide_hydrolase
Protein found in humans
differentiation 35) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR1 gene. This gene is a member of the regulators of complement activation (RCA) family
Complement_receptor_1
Description of the structure and function of a genome
PMID 27896725. Brent MR, Guigó R (June 2004). "Recent advances in gene structure prediction". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 14 (3): 264–272
DNA_annotation
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
encoded by the HFE gene. The HFE gene is located on short arm of chromosome 6 at location 6p22.2 The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane
HFE_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and coactivation of cell cycle genes. The MECOM gene is located in the human genome on chromosome 3 (3q26.2). The gene spans 60 kilobases and encodes
MECOM
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
FOLR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOLR1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the folate receptor (FOLR) family. Members
Folate_receptor_1
for by the PRR30 gene. PRR30 is a member in the family of Proline-rich proteins characterized by their intrinsic lack of structure. Copy number variations
Proline-rich_protein_30
PMID 34145065. "Entrez Gene: OAS1 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46kDa". Justesen J, Hartmann R, Kjeldgaard NO (October 2000). "Gene structure and function
OAS1
Field of biological research
horizontal evolution processes, one can understand vital parts of the gene structure and its regulatory function. Similarity of related genomes is the basis
Comparative_genomics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 386334. PMID 3016707. Max EE, Korsmeyer SJ (April 1985). "Human J chain gene. Structure and expression in B lymphoid cells". The Journal of Experimental Medicine
J_chain
Aspect of population genetics
be inherited together was unknown. Later work revealed that genes are physical structures related by physical distance. The typical unit of genetic linkage
Genetic_linkage
Mammalian protein found in humans
CD37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD37 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known
CD37
Group of genes
'position', ensuring that the correct structures form in the correct places of the body. For example, Hox genes in insects specify which appendages form
Hox_gene
Protein family
produces the well-characterized myelin basic proteins. This complex gene structure is conserved among species, suggesting that the MBP transcription unit
Myelin_basic_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
AL, Casero RA (September 1992). "Structure of the human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase gene (exon/intron gene organization and localization to
SAT1_(gene)
Identification and study of genomic sequences
sequence such as active sites, post translational modification sites, gene-structures, reading frames, distributions of introns and exons and regulatory
Sequence_analysis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
low-density lipoprotein) form lactone-like structures that are PON substrates. PON1 in humans is encoded by the PON1 gene, which is located on the long arm of
PON1
Enzymes responsible for polyamine metabolism
phosphorylase (MTAP) gene on chromosome 9. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene, but their full-length
MTAP
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
is encoded by the HIST1H2BK gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes
HIST1H2BK
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
major peripheral myelin protein zero gene: structure and localization in the cluster of Fc gamma receptor genes on human chromosome 1q21.3-q23". Human
Myelin_protein_zero
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
pathways. This gene encodes a ubiquitous form of hexokinase which localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Mutations in this gene have been associated
Hexokinase_I
Class of reduction–oxidation proteins
elevated in some human tumors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1218 (3): 292–296. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90180-5
Thioredoxin
Interactions between nucleic acid modules
Nucleic acid quaternary structure is important for understanding DNA, RNA, and gene expression because quaternary structure can impact function. For
Nucleic acid quaternary structure
Nucleic_acid_quaternary_structure
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
paragraph genetics). SCN5A is the gene that encodes the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5. SCN5A is a highly conserved gene located on human chromosome 3, where
SCN5A
Process that prevents the expression of a gene
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. Gene silencing can occur during either transcription
Gene_silencing
Protein and coding gene in humans
expression, functional characterization, chromosomal localization, and gene structure of junctate, a novel integral calcium binding protein of sarco(endo)plasmic
ASPH
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
[quinone] 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NQO1 gene. This protein-coding gene is a member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family and
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)
NAD(P)H_dehydrogenase_(quinone_1)
Protein-coding gene in humans
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX3X gene. DEAD box proteins are putative RNA helicases characterized by the conserved
DDX3X
Protein controlling mammalian coloration
pigmentation in the chicken". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1308 (2): 164–168. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(96)00100-5
Melanocortin_1_receptor
Aspartic protease protein and enzyme
M, O'Connor BA, Schaefer IM, Chirgwin JM (Aug 1984). "Human renin gene: structure and sequence analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Renin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Genomic structure of the gene for mouse germ-cell nuclear factor (GCNF). II. Comparison with the genomic structure of the human GCNF gene". Genome Biology
Germ_cell_nuclear_factor
Molecule that carries genetic information
stringy clumps. The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes, in a structure called chromatin. Base modifications
DNA
Protein that initiates male sex determination in therian mammals
the SRY gene, which normally take place 6–8 weeks after fetus formation, inhibit the growth of female anatomical structure in males. The gene also contributes
Sex-determining region Y protein
Sex-determining_region_Y_protein
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear
Protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Lemons RS, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K (Mar 1991). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the gene for the oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein". J Cell
Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein
Oligodendrocyte-myelin_glycoprotein
Group of open reading frames under the same regulation
functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and
Operon
Non-coding RNA
Xist RNA gene is located on the long (q) arm of the X chromosome. The Xist RNA gene contains conserved repeats within its structure. Its gene product is
XIST
Protein family
recombination-activating genes (RAGs) encode parts of a protein complex that plays important roles in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes encoding immunoglobulin
Recombination-activating_gene
Protein-coding gene in humans
factor I (cAMP-GEFI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF3 gene. As the name suggests, EPAC proteins (EPAC1 and EPAC2) are a family of intracellular
RAPGEF3
Non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides
repression of gene expression in response to stress. A dissection of the functional sequences within Alu RNA transcripts has drafted a modular structure analogous
Long_non-coding_RNA
Type of globular protein produced by the liver
Hawkins JW, Dugaiczyk A (1982). "The human serum albumin gene: structure of a unique locus". Gene. 19 (1): 55–8. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(82)90188-3. PMID 6292049
Serum_albumin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
S2CID 41426196. "Entrez Gene: ME1 malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic". Povey S, Wilson DE, Harris H, et al. (1978). "Sub-unit structure of soluble and
ME1_(gene)
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
The primary structure of a protein is encoded by a gene. Therefore, any changes to the sequence of the gene can alter the primary structure of the protein
Protein_biosynthesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2215/cjn.00490206. PMID 17699297. Morel F, Schulz WA, Sies H (1995). "Gene structure and regulation of expression of human glutathione S-transferases alpha"
Glutathione_S-transferase_A1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
domains. Although the structure of GAS1 gene is similar to GFRαs, the function of GAS1 is largely different from GFRαs since the GAS 1 gene has the ability
GAS1
Type of insect gene
CNS, helping form complex neural structures. Drosophila' s gooseberry gene has been used to study the vertebrate genes PAX3 and PAX7 in clinical settings
Gooseberry_(gene)
Shared ancestry between DNA, RNA or protein sequences
Such partial homology may result from a gene fusion event. Proteins are known to conserve their tertiary structure more strongly than their amino acid sequences
Sequence_homology
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