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Phase of the estrous or menstrual cycle
The follicular phase, also known as the preovulatory phase or proliferative phase, is the phase of the estrous cycle (or, in primates for example, the
Follicular_phase
Release of egg cells from the ovaries
typically occurs near the midpoint in the menstrual cycle and after the follicular phase. Ovulation is stimulated by an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH)
Ovulation
Latter part of the menstrual cycle
menses (day 1–7) during the follicular phase (day 1–14), followed by ovulation (day 14) and ending with the luteal phase (day 14–28). While historically
Luteal_phase
Natural changes in the human female reproductive system
luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of estrogen in the follicular phase, discharges
Menstrual_cycle
Process of maturation of primordial follicles
has generally been documented to occur once in the early- to mid- follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, leading to ovulation. Folliculogenesis is continuous
Folliculogenesis
Chemical compound
of the ovarian cycle (early follicular phase) and from 80 to 300 pg/mL during the 2nd week (mid- and late follicular phase including periovulatory peak)
Estradiol
Eating edible seeds to alter menstrual cycle
phases of the menstrual cycle, with the aim of supporting hormonal balance. Typically, flaxseeds and pumpkin seeds are consumed during the follicular
Seed_cycling
More frequent menstruation
anovulation (failure to ovulate), an inadequate or short luteal phase, and/or a short follicular phase. Polymenorrhea is common in puberty and adolescence due
Polymenorrhea
Organ found in mammalian skin
Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases. Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis
Hair_follicle
anterior pituitary and the ovarian cycle. During the early to mid-follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, GnSAF acts on the anterior pituitary to attenuate
Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor
Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor
Lining of the mammalian uterus
estrogen (follicular phase of menstrual cycle), and later changes in this layer are engendered by progesterone from the corpus luteum (luteal phase). It is
Endometrium
Substance with biological function
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Steroid_hormone
Lowest body temperature each day
the BBT of women in their follicular phase. The higher levels of estrogen present during the pre-ovulatory (follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle lower
Basal_body_temperature
Idea that the menstrual cycle synchronizes with those of other women in close proximity
three different phases of the estrous cycle: ovulatory phase, follicular phase, and luteal phase. She hypothesized that ovulatory phase odors would lengthen
Menstrual_synchrony
Relationship between biological organs
preparation. As previously stated, during the follicular phase, estrogen and LH levels rise, and entry into the luteal phase does not occur unless a surge in these
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal_axis
Central nervous system stimulant
amphetamine are heightened during the follicular phase (i.e., when estrogen levels are higher), and reduced during the luteal phase (i.e., when progesterone is
Amphetamine
Largest living land animal
oestrous cycle of a cow lasts 14–16 weeks, with the follicular phase lasting 4–6 weeks and the luteal phase lasting 8–10 weeks. While most mammals have one
Elephant
odors of women during the follicular phase as more pleasant and 'sexy' than odors during the luteal (non-ovulatory) phase. Olfaction, therefore, transmits
Body odour and sexual attraction
Body_odour_and_sexual_attraction
Contraction of the uterus
involve only the sub-endometrial layer of the myometrium. In the early follicular phase, uterine contractions in the non-pregnant woman occur 1–2 times per
Uterine_contraction
Aesthetic assessment of physical traits
preference for the follicular phase (ovulation). This suggests that subtle shape differences in faces occurring during the female's ovulation phase are sufficient
Physical_attractiveness
Sex hormone
people. Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Blood test results should always be interpreted
Progesterone
Primary female sex hormone
through the menstrual cycle, with levels highest near the end of the follicular phase just before ovulation. Note that in males, estrogen is also produced
Estrogen
Birth control method taken orally
subjects perceived the late follicular phase images of the photographed women as being more attractive than the luteal phase images by more than expected
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill
Chemical compound
administration of menopausal replacement dosages of estradiol results in low, follicular phase levels of estradiol, whereas estrone levels resemble the high levels
Estrone
Primary male sex hormone
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Testosterone
Type of menstrual cycle
weeks (28 days, range 24–35 days) and consists of a follicular phase, ovulation, and a luteal phase followed by either menstruation or pregnancy, the anovulatory
Anovulatory_cycle
Part of the female reproductive tract
in macaques does keratinization of the epithelium occur during the follicular phase. The vaginal pH of macaques also differs, with near-neutral to slightly
Vagina
Gonadotropin that regulates the development of reproductive processes
spermatogenesis. Follicle-stimulating hormone is typically measured in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, typically day three to five, counted from last
Follicle-stimulating_hormone
Type of steroid hormone
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Sex_hormone
Any steroid hormone that promotes male characteristics
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Androgen
induced by administration of recombinant human LH during the late follicular phase of stimulated cycles in World Health Organization type I and type II
Ceiling_effect_(pharmacology)
Process which prevents follicles from ovulating
through follicular atresia as they cycle through the growth phases. In summary, follicular atresia is a process that leads to the follicular loss and
Follicular_atresia
Sex-specific adaptations
sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte
Sexual_dimorphism
Physical transition from a child to an adult
follicles in the ovaries increase in size. The ovaries usually contain small follicular cysts visible by ultrasound. The first menstrual bleeding is referred
Puberty
Steroid hormone that activates the progesterone receptor
pregnancy (i.e., progestational), although they are also present at other phases of the estrous and menstrual cycles. The progestogens are one of three types
Progestogen
Ratio of males to females in a population
studies include vaginal pH, length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the menstrual cycle phase at conception, and genetic factors. Other
Sex_ratio
Lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system
by the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen dominates and cervical mucus gradually
Cervix
Practices with established treatment efficacy for ADHD
to be heightened during the follicular phase (i.e., when estrogen levels are higher), and reduced during the luteal phase (i.e., when progesterone is
Management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Management_of_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder
Endogenous weak androgen
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Androstenedione
experience increased sexual activity with partners in the last third of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and at ovulation (when levels of endogenous
Effects of hormones on sexual motivation
Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation
Ovulation cycle occurring in most female mammalian therians
oxytocin levels. Additionally, heat stress has been linked to impairment of follicular development, especially impactful to the first-wave dominant follicle
Estrous_cycle
Swelling of genital and perineal skin in some mammals as a sign of fertility
size during the follicular phase is correlated with increased estrogen levels, and the decrease in swelling size during the luteal phase is associated with
Sexual_swelling
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
8 nmol/L 20–81 ng/dL Estrone Follicular phase 110 μg/day 80 μg/day 2200 L/day 110–400 pmol/L 30–110 pg/mL Luteal phase 260 μg/day 150 μg/day 2200 L/day
Steroid
Ligament injury near the knee
is at its peak just before ovulation, which makes it fall into the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. These hormonal rises often fall within a 2-3
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury
Natural capability to produce offspring
assigned, with menses. Next is the follicular phase where estrogen levels build as an ovum matures (due to the follicular stimulating hormone, or FSH) within
Fertility
Medical term for ovulation pain
the point of being released, a number of follicles grow during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (non-dominant follicles atrophy prior to ovulation)
Mittelschmerz
Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
are almost twice as high during ovulation and the luteal phase than during the follicular phase. Oxytocin levels are higher, by about 2-fold, in new romantic
Oxytocin
normal physiological circumstances, luteal phase levels of progesterone are 4 to 30 ng/mL, while follicular phase levels of progesterone are 0.02 to 0.9 ng/mL
Pharmacokinetics of progesterone
Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone
Rate of energy expenditure by an endotherm at rest
the Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences found that during a woman's follicular phase and menstrual cycle is no significant difference in BMR, however the
Basal_metabolic_rate
Fingering Fisting Fixation (psychology) Fleshlight Flirting Flogging Follicular phase Food and sexuality Food play Foot fetishism Footjob Forced orgasm Foreplay
Index of human sexuality articles
Index_of_human_sexuality_articles
are 40 pg/mL in the early follicular phase, 250 pg/mL at the middle of the cycle, and 100 pg/mL during the mid-luteal phase. Mean integrated levels of
Pharmacokinetics_of_estradiol
Genus of marsupial mammals
reported to be a reliable indicator of reproductive status: during the follicular phase pouches are red and have secretions, and after ovulation pouches are
Quoll
Plug sealing the cervical canal during pregnancy
menstrual cycle, the cervical mucus undergoes distinct changes. During the follicular phase, increasing levels of estrogen result in greater mucus volume and gradual
Cervical_mucus_plug
Chemical compound
11 ng/mL in men, 0.96 ± 0.17 ng/mL during the follicular phase in women, 1.74 ± 0.32 ng/mL during the luteal phase in women, 0.74 ± 0.11 ng/mL in women taking
Estrone_sulfate
Mammal reproductive system cell
(coming from the thecal cells) to estradiol by aromatase during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. However, after ovulation the granulosa cells
Granulosa_cell
Human hormone
Adult men 23.0 2.23 44.3 3.56 49.9 Adult women Follicular phase 1.3 1.36 66.0 2.26 30.4 Luteal phase 1.3 1.37 65.7 2.20 30.7 Pregnancy 4.7 0.23 95
Dihydrotestosterone
Stimulation of ovulation by medication
oocyte release from relatively mature ovarian follicles during late follicular phase. In any case, ovarian stimulation (in the sense of stimulating the
Ovulation_induction
Medical condition
diagnosed in the context of infertility assessment in women. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone accumulates along with 17α-hydroxyprogesterone
Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Late_onset_congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia
Class of medications
in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Typically they are administered in the mid-follicular phase in stimulated cycles after administration of gonadotropins and prior
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist
Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_antagonist
X-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes
usually made during the 4th to 10th days of regular menstrual cycle (follicular phase). The subject should not have undergone any sexual intercourse before
Hysterosalpingography
Diagnostic technique
base levels of cortical when women are not ovulating. Women in the follicular phase and women taking oral contraceptives reportedly have significantly
Saliva_testing
Mammalian protein found in humans
Weak evidence suggests that AMH should be measured only in the early follicular phase because of variation over the menstrual cycle. Also, AMH levels decrease
Anti-Müllerian_hormone
Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries
partially regulated by circadian rhythms.[citation needed] During the follicular phase (which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation)
Thermoregulation
Loop that increases an initial effect
more prolactin to produce more milk. A spike in estrogen during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle causes ovulation. The generation of nerve signals
Positive_feedback
Common human medical data ranges for blood test results
plasma. These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma. Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation. Autoantibodies are usually absent
Reference ranges for blood tests
Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests
Procedure used to induce stress in human research participants
are comparable to men, but the cortisol response of women in their follicular phase is comparable to women taking oral contraceptives.[clarification needed]
Trier_social_stress_test
Species of Old World monkey
menstrual cycle of 26.4 days, with their follicular phase lasting an average of 13.1 days and their luteal phase lasting 14.8 days. Estradiol and estrone
Red-shanked_douc
Birth control measures taken after sexual intercourse
of administration in the menstrual cycle. Administration in the mid-follicular phase causes inhibition of folliculogenesis and reduction of estradiol concentration
Emergency_contraception
Extreme or rapid change in mood
include a lack of symptoms during the follicular phase, a peak of symptoms during the late luteal or premenstrual phase, and a sudden decrease of symptoms
Mood_swing
Drug affecting hormone receptors
stroma and glandular epithelium during follicular phase, but is down-regluated in both tissues during luteal phase. On the contrary, PR-A is upregulated
Selective progesterone receptor modulator
Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulator
Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine or hormonal systems
Phthalate Metabolites and Bisphenol A and Associations with Follicular-Phase Length, Luteal-Phase Length, Fecundability, and Early Pregnancy Loss". Environmental
Endocrine_disruptor
Medical technique
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to replace FSH during the late follicular phase in women undergoing hyperstimulation as part of IVF may make little
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
Controlled_ovarian_hyperstimulation
Mammalian pheromone also found in truffles
found to decrease luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency during the follicular phase of the human menstrual cycle. In accordance, it has been proposed that
Androstenol
Protein family and hormone
upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular
Prolactin
Chemical compound
considerably affected. At this dosage, estradiol levels are reduced to early follicular phase levels of about 30 to 50 pg/mL. Such levels are insufficient for reactivation
Dienogest
Chemical compound
Median levels of estradiol were partially suppressed to 42 pg/mL (follicular phase levels) with 150 mg once daily and were fully or near-fully suppressed
Elagolix
Supplement and medication used to treat sleep disorders
respectively, in a group of young healthy men and in women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle [70]. Similarly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Melatonin as a medication and supplement
Melatonin_as_a_medication_and_supplement
Hematologic cancer that affects lymphocytes
(2023-07-01). "Randomized Phase III Trial Evaluating Subcutaneous Rituximab for the First-Line Treatment of Low-Tumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma: Results of
Lymphoma
Monoclonal antibody
CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody that is used for the treatment of follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It was developed by Regeneron
Odronextamab
Medical device used to assist in achievement of pregnancy
low temperatures before ovulation in the follicular phase, and higher ones after ovulation in the luteal phase. Using a basal thermometer in connection
Conception_device
Regulators of feedback on FSH-production
peak in the early- to mid-follicular phase, and a second peak at ovulation. Inhibin A reaches its peak in the mid-luteal phase. Inhibin secretion is diminished
Activin_and_inhibin
Russian-American physician and scientist
may trigger ovulation during a narrow time-window at the end of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, while blocking it at all other times when administered
Dmitri_Dozortsev
Medical condition
to block the androgen effects and/or induce ovulation. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone accumulates along with 17OHP which
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency
Medical condition
miscarriage in the first trimester by enhancing the oestrogen dependent follicular phase and implantation of blastocysts. DES is a known teratogen, by crossing
Müllerian_anomalies
Chemical compound
patients with follicular lymphoma from a phase II clinical trial. To assess the safety of the drug, data from 168 adults with follicular lymphoma and other
Copanlisib
Human glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens
affinity Plasma protein binding in men Plasma protein binding in women (follicular phase) RBA (%) K (106 M−1) Total (nM) Unbound (%) SHBG (%) CBG (%) Albumin
Sex_hormone–binding_globulin
Steroidal hormone medication
are 40 pg/mL in the early follicular phase, 250 pg/mL at the middle of the cycle, and 100 pg/mL during the mid-luteal phase. Mean integrated levels of
Estradiol_(medication)
Disease complication
menarche (≤11 years of age) Short menstrual cycles (≤27 days) Higher follicular-phase estradiol levels in taller women Lower BMI First-degree relative with
Endometriosis_and_infertility
Estrogen medication
administration of menopausal replacement dosages of estradiol results in low, follicular phase levels of estradiol, whereas estrone levels resemble the high levels
Estrone_(medication)
Protein hormone
[citation needed] IGF-2 promotes granulosa cell proliferation during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, acting alongside follicle stimulating hormone
Insulin-like_growth_factor_2
Inner lining of the vagina
tissue and appears as a raised, red surface. During the luteal and follicular phases of the estrous cycle the structure of the vaginal epithelium varies
Vaginal_epithelium
Cell division producing haploid gametes
production of additional oocyte maturation factors like steroids and follicular fluid-derived meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) in cumulus cells. FF-MAS
Meiosis
Series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue after an injury
rete ridges (basal stem cells or BSC), the bulge of hair follicles (hair follicular stem cell or HFSC), and the papillary dermis (dermal stem cells). Moreover
Wound_healing
Process through which human hair grows
follicular melanocytes. Ultimately, the follicle is 1/6 its original length, causing the hair shaft to be pushed upward. The telogen (resting) phase of
Human_hair_growth
Obesity caused by a mutation in a single gene
development in adult females was observed, and hormonal levels during the follicular phase were still within the normal range, suggesting that activation of the
Monogenic_obesity
estradiol levels to about 200 to 500 pg/mL occurs at the end of the follicular phase (mid-cycle) during the normal menstrual cycle and paradoxically triggers
Pharmacodynamics_of_estradiol
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
menstrual cycle, the level of SFRP1 mRNA in leiomyoma was highest in the follicular phase. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) decreases estrogen
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1
Secreted_frizzled-related_protein_1
Group of disorders
(Th cells), and follicular B helper T cells (TFH cells). The means by which EBV establishes a dendritic-histiocytic cell (i.e. follicular dendritic cell)
Epstein–Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative diseases
Epstein–Barr_virus–associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases
Drug delivery into hair follicles
Follicular drug delivery is a mechanism that enables the transport of therapeutic agents through the hair follicles present on the skin. This approach
Follicular_drug_delivery
Medical drug glass
for different diseases in five phase III trials: Follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) in the phase III trial CITADEL-302 Mantle cell
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor
Phosphoinositide_3-kinase_inhibitor
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