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Protein family and hormone
Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential
Prolactin
Prolactin-releasing hormone, also known as PRLH, is a hypothetical human hormone or hormone releasing factor. Existence of this factor has been hypothesized
Prolactin-releasing_hormone
Excess of prolactin hormone in the blood
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. In women, normal prolactin levels average to about 13 ng/mL, while in men, they
Hyperprolactinaemia
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
supplies the pituitary gland. The prolactin cells that produce prolactin, in the absence of dopamine, secrete prolactin continuously; dopamine inhibits
Dopamine
Pituitary gland cell which produces the hormone prolactin
A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotroph, mammotroph, or lactotrope) is a specialized endocrine cell located in the anterior pituitary gland in most
Prolactin_cell
Hormone pathway
The hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis (HPP axis), also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–mammary axis or hypothalamic–pituitary–breast axis, is
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin_axis
Type I cytokine receptor and coding gene in humans
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin_receptor
Pituitary gland tumor which secretes the hormone prolactin
hormone prolactin. It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the
Prolactinoma
Release of milk from the mammary glands
Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires prolactin. Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling
Lactation
Process of development of a close, interpersonal relationship
arousal of a new relationship. Prolactin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin affects reproduction and lactation
Human_bonding
Drug class
hormone prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin inhibitors suppress and prolactin releasers induce the secretion of prolactin, respectively
Prolactin_modulator
Biological process in primates
factors), the most important of which include estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and growth hormone. The master regulators of breast development are the
Breast_development
Milk secreted from the breasts of some newborn human infants of either sex
synthesis and secretion of prolactin. Prolactin's primary functions are breast milk production and mammary gland development. Prolactin has a stimulating effect
Witch's_milk
Recovery period after orgasm before another is possible
which some consider to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin, which is repressed by dopamine and is responsible for sexual arousal
Refractory_period_(sex)
Spontaneous flow of milk from the breast
cause is found in about 50% of cases. Lactation requires the presence of prolactin, and the evaluation of galactorrhea includes eliciting a history for various
Galactorrhea
Intense physical sensation of sexual release
relaxing experience due to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin, as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine"). Human orgasms usually
Orgasm
Human hormones produced during pregnancy
growth. The corpus luteum produces the 6-kDa peptide hormone relaxin. Prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein are two examples of the
Pregnancy_hormones
Peripheral D2 receptor antagonist
like gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying). It raises the level of prolactin in the human body. It may be taken by mouth or rectally. Side effects
Domperidone
hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis), and prolactin (HPPTooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis) axes are branches. The function of these hormones
Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone
Hypothalamic–pituitary_hormone
results in variations in behavior. These include estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone. While hormones are not necessary for the
Endocrinology_of_parenting
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the PRLH gene. PrRP binds to the receptor PrRPR and seems to be involved
Prolactin-releasing_peptide
Absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
hypothalamus, which in turn increases both TSH and prolactin release. This increase in prolactin suppresses the release of LH and FSH through a negative
Amenorrhea
Normal or spontaneous enlargement of breasts
bicalutamide, and finasteride, growth hormone, and drugs that elevate prolactin levels such as D2 receptor antagonists like antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone)
Mammoplasia
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Prolactin-inducible protein also known as gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15), extra-parotid glycoprotein (EP-GP), gp17 seminal actin-binding
Prolactin-induced_protein
Inactive form of prolactin
prolactin which are found in blood. The most common complex found in blood consists of prolactin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). While the free prolactin
Macroprolactin
Pharmaceutical compound
BAY-1158061, also known as HMI-115, is a monoclonal antibody against the prolactin receptor (PRLR) which is under development for the treatment of alopecia
BAY-1158061
Medical condition
called cretinism. Prolactin (PRL) plays a role in breastfeeding, and inability to breastfeed may point at abnormally low prolactin levels. Antidiuretic
Hypopituitarism
Medical condition
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is increased blood prolactin levels associated with galactorrhea (abnormal milk secretion). It may be caused by such things
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia
Galactorrhea_hyperprolactinemia
Peptide hormone that stimulates growth
placental lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic
Growth_hormone
Fetus-free apparent pregnancy
is not well understood, but prolactin and its receptors are known to be involved in pseudopregnancy. The role of prolactin in maintaining pseudopregnancy
Pseudopregnancy
Area of the brain below the thalamus
in the cortex influences the secretion of releasing hormones; GHRH and prolactin are stimulated whilst TRH is inhibited. [citation needed] The hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Medical condition
deficiency in the serum levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary hormone prolactin. Hypoprolactinemia is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women, and
Hypoprolactinemia
Form of human sexual intercourse
self-pleasuring to orgasm, it was found that in both sexes the increase in prolactin was 400% higher after vaginal intercourse than after masturbation. This
Penile–vaginal_intercourse
Polypeptide placental hormone in humans
potent agonist of the prolactin receptor and a weak agonist of the growth hormone receptor. hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal
Human_placental_lactogen
Group of dopamine neurons that project from arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus
in the brain. Dopamine released at this site inhibits the secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland lactotrophs by binding to dopamine receptor
Tuberoinfundibular_pathway
produces both somatotropin (growth hormone) and prolactin. Cells that secrete only somatotropin or only prolactin are known as somatotrophs and mammotrophs
Somatomammotrophic_cell
Part of the female primate torso that has mammary glands
complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar
Breast
Initiation of breast milk production
is mainly controlled by three hormones, prolactin, oxytocin, and feedback inhibitor of lactation. Prolactin, produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
Establishment of breastfeeding
Establishment_of_breastfeeding
Post-partum infertility due to breast feeding
Mechanical detection of suckling increases prolactin levels in the body to increase milk synthesis. Excess prolactin may inhibit the menstrual cycle directly
Lactational_amenorrhea
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRLHR
Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor
Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor
Peptide selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor
bone growth. Like pralmorelin and GHRP-6, ipamorelin does not affect prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), or thyroid-stimulating
Ipamorelin
Medical condition
prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and growth hormone (GH).[medical citation needed] Prolactinoma results in overproduction of prolactin Excess
Hyperpituitarism
Brain changes in male parent
motivation. An increase in levels of oxytocin, glucocorticoids, estrogen and prolactin occur in the paternal brain. These hormonal changes occur through the
Paternal_brain
Rarely, CPA can produce blood clots, liver damage, excessively high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, and meningiomas. Upon discontinuation from high
Side effects of cyproterone acetate
Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate
Canadian endocrinologist (1934–2025)
professor emeritus of the University of Manitoba and the discoverer of human prolactin, a hormone which stimulates lactation in mammary glands. Born in Morden
Henry_Friesen
Expectant parent who is not pregnant shows pregnancy symptoms
shifts during their partner's pregnancy, including increased levels of prolactin, cortisol, and estradiol and decreased levels of testosterone. These hormonal
Couvade_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Prolactin regulatory element-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PREB gene. This gene encodes a protein that specifically binds
PREB
Sexual activity between women
a woman's nipples promotes the production and release of oxytocin and prolactin. During the stimulation of the nipples, large amounts of oxytocin are
Sexual practices between women
Sexual_practices_between_women
Chemical compound
and prolactin expression in the pituitary gland compared to the solvent only group, while the estradiol group showed higher levels. Serum prolactin levels
4-Hexylresorcinol
Chemical compound
dopamine and may displace dopamine from its receptors and thereby disinhibit prolactin secretion, which in turn may be responsible for the galactagogue effects
Anethole
Pharmaceutical compound
CH 29-717) is a dopamine agonist of the ergoline family described as a prolactin inhibitor which was never marketed. It is known to be a metabolite of
Disulergine
Chemical compound
the ergoline group which is used as a prolactin inhibitor in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels) and to suppress lactation. Metergoline
Metergoline
Condition in which an individual cannot feel pleasure from an orgasm
Additionally, it is thought that depression, drug-addiction, high levels of prolactin, low testosterone, and uses of certain medications might play a role in
Sexual_anhedonia
Human sexual practice
including breastfeeding, promotes the production and release of oxytocin and prolactin. Besides creating maternal feelings, it also decreases a woman's anxiety
Nipple_stimulation
American biologist
for his research into the pituitary gland and for isolating the hormone prolactin. Riddle was born and raised on a farm in Cincinnati, Indiana, where he
Oscar_Riddle
Active form of vitamin D
Additional effects on the production of calcitriol include an increase by prolactin, a hormone which stimulates lactogenesis (the formation of milk in mammary
Calcitriol
Chemical compound
prolactin in the pituitary gland in lactating rats and lactating sheep. Administration of a solution of salsolinol was not shown to raise prolactin levels
Salsolinol
Secretion used by some birds to feed their young
and in penguins, only by the male. Lactation in birds is controlled by prolactin, which is the same hormone that causes lactation in mammals. Crop milk
Crop_milk
Chemical compound
among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications
Cabergoline
Rare human disease
histologic sensitivity to certain hormones such as female sex hormones, prolactin, and growth factors. Breast hypertrophy is a benign progressive enlargement
Breast_hypertrophy
Enlargement of the human male breast
typical finding, but may be seen in a gynecomastic individual with a prolactin secreting tumor. An increase in the diameter of the areola and asymmetry
Gynecomastia
Chemical compound
which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, migraine, and high prolactin levels. It is taken by mouth. Side effects of lisuride include nausea
Lisuride
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
vasoconstriction, increased plasma levels also result in hyperthermia and prolactin decreases with decreasing temperature values. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Anterior_pituitary
Italian psychiatrist, second husband of Audrey Hepburn (1938–2007)
A, Lostia O, Rubino IA, Bersant G, Carilli L, Zorreta D (1981). "The prolactin response in patients receiving neuroleptic therapy. The effect of fluphenazine
Andrea_Dotti_(psychiatrist)
Hormonal disorder affecting the female repoductive system
(assessed via thyroid stimulating hormone), hyperprolactinemia (assessed via prolactin), and non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (tested via 17-hydroxy
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome
Polyendocrine_metabolic_ovarian_syndrome
Antidepressant medication
observed, possibly due to the formation of reactive metabolites. Elevated prolactin concentrations have been observed in people taking trazodone. They appear
Trazodone
Factor that stimulates the growth of bone tissue
Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex
Bone_growth_factor
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy without the presence of a fetus
in hormonal regulation, can significantly increase prolactin levels. Prolactinemia (high prolactin levels) can lead to many of the symptoms of true pregnancy
False_pregnancy
Chemical compound
nandrolone esters, oxandrolone, fluoxymesterone) D2 receptor antagonists (prolactin releasers) (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone, haloperidol
Imlunestrant
Inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation
liver function, oestradiol/estradiol, total testosterone, SHBG, FSH/LH, prolactin, thyroid function, lipids and fasting blood sugar) to check for other
Anorgasmia
Hormone
stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as well as prolactin from the anterior pituitary. TRH has been used clinically in diagnosis
Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone
Pharmaceutical compound
ABS-201 is an AI-designed monoclonal antibody against the prolactin receptor (PRLR) currently in Phase 1/2a clinical trial for the treatment of androgenic
ABS-201
Termination or consumption of newborn rodents by the parent or another rodent
have shown that infanticide is influenced by various hormones such as: prolactin, corticosterone, and progesterone. Evidence from studies on female cooperative
Infanticide_in_rodents
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
hypothalamic suppression) or organic lesions (trauma, tumor). Elevated prolactin levels decrease GnRH activity. In contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
Area of heightened sensitivity of the body
nipple stimulation may result in a surge in the production of oxytocin and prolactin which could have a significant effect on the individual's genitals, even
Erogenous_zone
Evolutionary reproductive strategy of mammals
melatonin and prolactin, this increase in melatonin decreases prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland. The decrease in prolactin consequently decreases
Embryonic_diapause
Chemical compound
family. It is approved for and used as a prolactin inhibitor in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels) in Japan. Terguride is taken by
Terguride
Atypical antipsychotic medication
5th best for reducing extrapyramidal symptoms, the best for reducing prolactin levels, 2nd best for prolongated QTc interval, and 5th best for sedative
Aripiprazole
Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex
Relaxin-3
Antipsychotic medication
gain, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, dry mouth, constipation, elevated prolactin levels, and restlessness. Serious side effects may include the potentially
Risperidone
Genus of birds
'helpers' at each nest, usually relatives of the breeding pair. Increased prolactin in the breeding pair leads to the expression of parental behavior and
Aphelocoma
Pharmaceutical compound
5-HT2C receptor full agonist. The drug promotes the secretion of serum prolactin and cortisol in humans. MK-212 did not produce hallucinogenic effects
MK-212
Tumor of the pituitary gland
secrete more than one hormone, the most common combination being GH and prolactin, which present as gigantism or acromegaly and unexpected lactation (in
Pituitary_adenoma
Protein family
(lactogen), its placental analogue; prolactin, which promotes lactation in the mammary gland, and placental prolactin-related proteins; proliferin and proliferin
Somatotropin_family
Pharmaceutical drug classification
ATC code G02 Other gynecologicals is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes
ATC_code_G02
Behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs to incubate them
Broodiness is due to the secretion of the hormone prolactin by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Prolactin injection in hens provokes egg laying to stop
Broodiness
Type of gender-affirming medical treatment
prolactin levels, body weight, and blood pressure. If prolactin levels are greater than 100 ng/mL, estrogen therapy should be stopped and prolactin levels
Feminizing_hormone_therapy
Hormone whose molecules are peptides
hormone (MSH) Orexin/Hypocretin Oxytocin Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Prolactin Renin Somatostatin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin-releasing
Peptide_hormone
Behavior in birds
suggested that prolactin is involved in the pre-migratory hyperphagia (feeding), fattening and Zugunruhe. However, others have found that prolactin may merely
Zugunruhe
Exocrine gland in humans and other mammals
development until pregnancy, if it occurs. During pregnancy, progesterone and prolactin are essential for mediating lobuloalveolar development in estrogen-primed
Mammary_gland
Hormones that stimulate or inhibit release of other hormones
in the pituitary gland as it should stimulate the release of TSH and prolactin from this gland. The main releasing hormones are as follows: The hypothalamus
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
Releasing_and_inhibiting_hormones
Diminished gonad activity due to dysfunction of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland
mammals. Prolactin inhibits GnRH neurons and therefore inhibits the subsequent release of LH, FSH and sex steroids. The mechanism of prolactin induced
Hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism
Psychedelic drug
blood concentrations of beta-endorphin, corticotropin, cortisol, and prolactin; growth hormone blood levels rose equally in response to all doses of
Dimethyltryptamine
Pharmaceutical compound
inhibitory concentration = 141 nM and 723 nM, respectively). The drug inhibits prolactin secretion in animals. The chemical synthesis of RU-28251 has been described
RU-28251
Hormone-producing glands of a body
expression of LH and FSH expressing gonadotrophs. At 24 weeks of gestation, prolactin-expressing lactotrophs begin to emerge. A hormone is any of a class of
Endocrine_system
Mental disorder with psychotic symptoms
mostly gradual. Side-effect profiles, including weight gain, sedation, prolactin elevation, and QTc prolongation, vary more distinctly; clinicians weigh
Schizophrenia
Instinct in pregnant animals related to estradiol
maintenance of high estradiol levels, and increasing prolactin levels. This release of prolactin (from the anterior pituitary) is likely caused by the
Nesting_instinct
American scientist (born 1958)
(1987). The interaction of opioid and serotonergic systems regulation prolactin secretion in the developing rat (PhD dissertation). Durham, NC: Duke University
Lisa_Bero
Antipsychotic medication
because dopamine plays a primary role in regulating prolactin release by binding to D2 receptors on prolactin-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary. Thus
Tiapride
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex
Growth hormone–releasing hormone
Growth_hormone–releasing_hormone
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